426 KiB
426 KiB
| 1 | 201.1 | unit | single thing | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + UNIT </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> large, small | basic, fundamental </B><I>The family is the basic unit of society. </I><B>| discrete, individual, single </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + UNIT </U><B> break sth down into, divide sth into </B><I>Large departments were broken down into smaller units. </I> </P> | noun |
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| 2 | 201.2 | unit | fixed amount | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> UNIT + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> basic, standard | monetary | lexical, linguistic </B> </P> <P> <U> UNIT + NOUN </U><B> cost, length, weight </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ of </B><I>a unit of currency a unit of length fifty units of electricity </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> per unit </B><I>Electricity is ten pence per unit. </I> </P> | noun |
| 3 | 201.3 | unit | group of people | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + UNIT </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> cohesive </B><I>The new manager changed a talented collection of individuals into a cohesive unit. </I><B>| baby, casualty, emergency, intensive care, maternity, psychiatric, surgical, etc. </B><I>She works in the maternity unit at the local hospital. </I><B>| army, enemy, military | intelligence | policy | research | family, social </B><I>the role of the family unit in the community </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + UNIT </U><B> be attached to </B><I>The cancer research unit is attached to the local university. </I> </P> | noun |
| 4 | 201.4 | unit | piece of furniture/equipment | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + UNIT </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> cooking, kitchen, sink, storage | air-conditioning, control, power, processing, shower </B><I>the central processing unit in a computer </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + UNIT </U><B> install </B><I>We're having new kitchen units installed. </I> </P> | noun |
| 5 | 202 | total | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TOTAL </U> </P> <P> <U> TOTAL + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> annual, monthly | combined, cumulative, grand, overall, sum </B><I>His two goals give him a grand total of 32 for the season. The sum total of my knowledge of biology is not impressive. </I><B>| final | high, huge, large, record </B><I>a record total of victories </I><B>| low, small | global, national, world/worldwide | jobless, unemployment </B><I>Britain's jobless total rose by 20,000 last month. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TOTAL </U><B> add up to, give, make (up) </B><I>Their earnings were </I>£</B><I>250, </I>£</B><I>300 and </I>£</B><I>420, giving a total of </I>£</B><I>970. </I><B>| bring, take </B><I>A donation of </I>£</B><I>250 has been received, bringing the total to </I>£</B><I>3,750. </I><B>| achieve </B><I>The Greens achieved a total of 18 seats. </I> </P> <P> <U> TOTAL + VERB </U><B> rise | fall </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>In total, they spent 420 hours on the project. </I><B>| out of a ~ of </B><I>180 vehicles out of a total of 900 examined were not roadworthy. </I><B>| ~ of</B> </P> | noun | |
| 6 | 203.1 | complex | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + COMPLEX </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + COMPLEX </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, look, seem, sound | become </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> enormously, especially, exceedingly, exceptionally, extraordinarily, extremely, highly, hugely, immensely, incredibly, infinitely, particularly, very </B><I>This is a highly complex matter. </I><B>| increasingly | fairly, quite, rather, relatively, somewhat | surprisingly | unnecessarily | technically </B><I>technically complex surgery </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 7 | 203.2.1 | complex | set of buildings | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + COMPLEX </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> huge, large, vast | conference, entertainment, factory, holiday, hospital, housing, industrial, leisure, museum, office, shopping, sports </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + COMPLEX </U><B> build </B> </P> | noun |
| 8 | 203.2.2 | complex | mental/emotional problem | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + COMPLEX </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> real, terrible | inferiority, superiority | castration, guilt, Oedipus, persecution </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + COMPLEX </U><B> have, suffer from | develop, get </B><I>Don't keep on at him about his handwriting or he'll get a complex. </I><B>| give sb </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ about </B><I>She has a complex about her big ears. </I> </P> | noun |
| 9 | 204.1 | employ | pay sb to work | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> directly, indirectly </B><I>By 1960 the arms industry in America directly employed 3.5 million people. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in </B><I>A large part of the workforce is employed in agriculture. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> be fully employed </B><I>10% of 10?15-year-old girls were fully employed as late as 1911. </I><B>| be gainfully employed </B><I>Those not gainfully employed are dependent on their savings. </I><B>| be permanently/temporarily employed, be regularly/irregularly employed </B> </P> | verb |
| 10 | 204.2 | employ | use | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EMPLOY </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> commonly, extensively, frequently, often, widely </B><I>The safety net is an image commonly employed in everyday life. </I><B>| generally, usually | actively, deliberately </B><I>teaching that actively employs computers in innovative and fruitful ways </I><B>| successfully, usefully </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EMPLOY </U><B> can/could </B><I>The army has far more junior officers than it can usefully employ. </I></P> | verb |
| 11 | 204.3 | employ | be employed: be busy doing sth | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> better </B><I>You'd be far better employed taking care of your own affairs. </I><B>| busily, usefully </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in </B><I>Will and Joe were busily employed in clearing out all the furniture. </I> </P> | verb |
| 12 | 205.1 | promote | encourage sth | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROMOTE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> strongly </B><I>The idea of equal opportunities was strongly promoted by many Labour MPs. </I><B>| actively, directly | indirectly | deliberately, intentionally </B><I>They claimed that the authorities had deliberately promoted and condoned the violence. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROMOTE </U><B> aim to, seek to, try to | help (to) </B><I>Basketball stars from the United States have helped promote the sport in Italy and Spain. </I><B>| be designed to </B><I>measures designed to promote economic growth </I><B>| be likely to | serve to, tend to </B><I>Bonus payments to staff serve to promote commitment to the company. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> through </B><I>Young people's awareness of agricultural issues is promoted through publicity material. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> be aimed at promoting sth, be widely promoted, a campaign/scheme to promote sth, efforts/measures to promote sth </B> </P> | verb |
| 13 | 205.2 | promote | advertise sth | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> aggressively, heavily </B><I>The new products have been very heavily promoted. </I><B>| widely </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> as </B><I>The town is now being promoted as a holiday destination. </I><B>| through </B><I>The company's products have been promoted mainly through advertising in newspapers. </I> </P> | verb |
| 14 | 206.1 | literature | written works of art | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + LITERATURE </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> classical, contemporary, modern | great </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> piece, work </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + LITERATURE </U><B> read, study </B> </P> | noun |
| 15 | 206.2 | literature | writing on a particular subject | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> extensive, voluminous | promotional, sales </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> body </B><I>the growing body of literature on development issues </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ about </B><I>I picked up some literature about pensions. </I><B>| ~ on </B><I>There's an extensive literature on the subject. </I> </P> | noun |
| 16 | 207 | procedure | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PROCEDURE + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complex, complicated | simple, straightforward | correct, normal, proper, standard, usual </B><I>There are standard procedures for dismissing staff. </I><B>| agreed, established | special | administrative, appeals, application, assessment, complaints, court, criminal, disciplinary, emergency, parliamentary, safety, scientific, selection, surgical </B><I>a minor surgical procedure </I> </P> <P> <U> PROCEDURE + NOUN </U><B> adopt, follow, use </B><I>Did you follow the emergency procedure when you heard the alarm? </I><B>| establish </B><I>A straightforward complaints procedure must be established from the outset. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> under a/the ~ </B><I>under a procedure established by legislation </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>the correct procedure for hiring staff </I> </P> | noun | |
| 17 | 208 | appropriate | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, seem | consider sth, deem sth, think sth </B><I>It was thought appropriate to award her the prize. </I> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> extremely, very | entirely, quite </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>It might be appropriate for him to attend the course. </I><B>| to </B><I>Tutors can construct tests appropriate to individual students' needs. </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 18 | 209.1 | estimate | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ESTIMATE </U> </P> <P> <U> ESTIMATE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ESTIMATE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> official, unofficial | current, recent </B><I>Current estimates suggest that supplies will run out within six months. </I><B>| early, initial, preliminary | accurate, fair, good, realistic, reasonable, reliable | best </B><I>Flight times in the brochure are based on our best estimate, and will be confirmed as soon as possible. </I><B>| approximate, rough | conservative, low </B><I>I think 15,000 will turn out to be a very low estimate. </I><B>| high </B><I>According to the highest estimate, over 100,000 men died in the battle. </I><B>| optimistic, pessimistic | cost </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ESTIMATE </U><B> make </B><I>Can you make an estimate of the numbers involved? </I><B>| give (sb), provide (sb with), submit </B><I>Three firms submitted estimates for the work. </I><B>| revise </B> </P> <P> <U> ESTIMATE + VERB </U><B> be based on sth | indicate sth, predict sth, show sth, suggest sth </B><I>One estimate suggests that 30,000 jobs may be lost. </I><B>| put sth at </B><I>Some estimates put the figure as high as 50%. </I><B>| range, vary </B><I>Cost estimates vary from $50,000 to $200,000. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> according to an/the ~ </B><I>According to the revised estimate, four million people will be without homes. </I><B>| at an ~ </B><I>Even at a conservative estimate, there is a lot of work to be done. </I><B>| in an/the ~ </B><I>In his first estimate, he suggested a figure of </I>£</B><I>5,000. </I><B>| ~ by, ~ from </B><I>According to an estimate by a leading newspaper, she earns </I>£</B><I>40 million a year. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>We will send you an estimate for the repairs. </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>an estimate of profits an estimate of </I>£</B><I>300 </I> </P> | noun | |
| 19 | 209.2 | estimate | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ESTIMATE </U> </P> <P> <U> ESTIMATE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ESTIMATE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> currently | accurately, reliably | provisionally | conservatively </B><I>It is conservatively estimated that not less than half a million people died in the famine. </I><B>| officially, unofficially </B><I>The strike was officially estimated to have cost $80 million. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ESTIMATE </U><B> be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to | be used to </B><I>The results of the survey were used to estimate the preferences of the population at large. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> at </B><I>We estimated the cost at </I>£</B><I>50,000. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 20 | 210.1.1 | negative | only thinking about/showing sb/sth's bad qualities | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, feel, seem, sound | become | remain </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> distinctly, extremely, strongly, terribly, very </B><I>the strongly negative implications of these survey results Their attitude was terribly negative. </I><B>| completely, entirely, exclusively, purely, totally, wholly </B><I>She spoke in entirely negative terms. </I><B>| largely, mainly, overwhelmingly | fairly, rather, slightly, somewhat | apparently | essentially </B><I>Critical thinking is essentially negative as it seeks to dissect and not to build. </I><B>| generally </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> about </B><I>He's been rather negative about the idea. </I> </P> | adj. |
| 21 | 210.1.2 | negative | showing that sth has not happened/been found | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, prove, test </B><I>The breathalyser test proved negative. He tested negative for HIV infection. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>The urine tests were negative for protein. </I> </P> | adj. |
| 22 | 210.2.1 | negative | denial | <P> <U> VERB + NEGATIVE </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERB + NEGATIVE </U><B> answer (sth) in, reply in </B><I>She answered the question in the negative. </I> </P> | noun |
| 23 | 210.2.2 | negative | developed photographic film | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + NEGATIVE </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> original | photographic | film, glass </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> strip </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + NEGATIVE </U><B> produce | develop </B><I>His interest in photography started with him developing negatives that he found lying around the house. </I><B>| keep </B><I>We must assume that the spy kept the negatives. </I><B>| destroy</B> </P> | noun |
| 24 | 211.1 | characteristic | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CHARACTERISTIC </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be | become </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> deeply, extremely, highly, very </B><I>his highly characteristic features </I><B>| entirely, utterly | fairly, quite </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> of </B><I>a problem that was fairly characteristic of late eighteenth century society </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 25 | 211.2 | characteristic | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CHARACTERISTIC </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> defining, distinctive, distinguishing, identifying, individual, marked, special, striking, unique | personal | common, family, inherited, national, shared | basic, general | chief, dominant, main, major, outstanding, principal | essential, fundamental, important, key, salient | desirable | behavioural, biological, cultural, demographic, economic, genetic, physical, psychological, racial, sexual, social | human </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CHARACTERISTIC </U><B> have </B><I>The two species have several characteristics in common. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 26 | 212 | typically | ||||
| 27 | 213.1.1 | challenge | sth new and difficult question whether sth is right/true | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CHALLENGE </U> </P> <P> <U> CHALLENGE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, considerable, enormous, great, huge, radical, real, serious, significant, strong | difficult, tough | major, main | fresh, new | exciting, interesting | economic, environmental, intellectual, political, technical, technological </B><I>Liszt's piano music presents an enormous technical challenge. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CHALLENGE </U><B> be, pose, present | face, meet, respond to, rise to, take on/up </B><I>The gallery has risen to the challenge of exhibiting the works of young artists. He has taken on some exciting new challenges with this job. </I> </P> <P> <U> CHALLENGE + VERB </U><B> face sb </B><I>the challenges facing nurses in casualty </I> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> directly </B><I>The newspaper was directly challenging the government's legitimacy. </I><B>| seriously | effectively </B><I>She was effectively challenging the whole basis on which society was run. </I><B>| successfully </B><I>The story was completely untrue and was successfully challenged in court. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on </B><I>She challenged him on his old-fashioned views. </I> </P> | noun |
| 28 | 213.1.2 | challenge | that shows that sb refuses to accept sth invite sb to compete, argue, etc. | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CHALLENGE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> serious | direct | effective | legal </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CHALLENGE </U><B> be, present, represent </B><I>The demonstration represents a direct challenge to the new law. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to </B><I>a legal challenge to the president's power </I> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> seriously </B><I>No one has seriously challenged the champion. </I><B>| successfully, unsuccessfully </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>She was poised to challenge for the party leadership. </I><B>| to </B><I>The count challenged him to a duel. </I> </P> | noun |
| 29 | 213.1.3 | challenge | invitation to compete | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CHALLENGE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CHALLENGER </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> leadership, title </B><I>his title challenge to the heavyweight champion </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CHALLENGE </U><B> issue, mount </B><I>plans to mount a leadership challenge within the party </I><B>| accept, take up </B><I>I accepted his challenge to a game of chess. </I><B>| beat off, fight off </B><I>Our team will have to fight off the challenge from better trained teams. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ from </B><I>a challenge from the other political party </I> </P> </DIV><DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>challenger </B><I>noun </I> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> closest, main, nearest, serious, strong </B><I>Her nearest challenger is the vice-president. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CHALLENGER </U><B> take on </B><I>He took on various challengers, but refused to fight Jackson. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>the main challengers for the European title </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>a challenger to the prime minister </I> </P> </DIV><DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>challenge </B><I>verb </I> </P> <P> <SUP> 1 </SUP> <TT> question whether sth is right/true </TT> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> directly </B><I>The newspaper was directly challenging the government's legitimacy. </I><B>| seriously | effectively </B><I>She was effectively challenging the whole basis on which society was run. </I><B>| successfully </B><I>The story was completely untrue and was successfully challenged in court. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on </B><I>She challenged him on his old-fashioned views. </I> </P> <P> <SUP> 2 </SUP> <TT> invite sb to compete, argue, etc. </TT> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> seriously </B><I>No one has seriously challenged the champion. </I><B>| successfully, unsuccessfully </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>She was poised to challenge for the party leadership. </I><B>| to </B><I>The count challenged him to a duel. </I> </P> | noun |
| 30 | 213.1.4 | challenge | noun | |||
| 31 | 213.1.5 | challenge | noun | |||
| 32 | 213.2.1 | challenge | sth new and difficult | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CHALLENGE </U> </P> <P> <U> CHALLENGE + VERB </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, considerable, enormous, great, huge, radical, real, serious, significant, strong | difficult, tough | major, main | fresh, new | exciting, interesting | economic, environmental, intellectual, political, technical, technological </B><I>Liszt's piano music presents an enormous technical challenge. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CHALLENGE </U><B> be, pose, present | face, meet, respond to, rise to, take on/up </B><I>The gallery has risen to the challenge of exhibiting the works of young artists. He has taken on some exciting new challenges with this job. </I> </P> <P> <U> CHALLENGE + VERB </U><B> face sb </B><I>the challenges facing nurses in casualty </I> </P> | noun |
| 33 | 213.2.2 | challenge | that shows that sb refuses to accept sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CHALLENGE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> serious | direct | effective | legal </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CHALLENGE </U><B> be, present, represent </B><I>The demonstration represents a direct challenge to the new law. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to </B><I>a legal challenge to the president's power </I> </P> | noun |
| 34 | 213.2.3 | challenge | invitation to compete | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CHALLENGE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CHALLENGER </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> leadership, title </B><I>his title challenge to the heavyweight champion </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CHALLENGE </U><B> issue, mount </B><I>plans to mount a leadership challenge within the party </I><B>| accept, take up </B><I>I accepted his challenge to a game of chess. </I><B>| beat off, fight off </B><I>Our team will have to fight off the challenge from better trained teams. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ from </B><I>a challenge from the other political party </I> </P> </DIV><DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>challenger </B><I>noun </I> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> closest, main, nearest, serious, strong </B><I>Her nearest challenger is the vice-president. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CHALLENGER </U><B> take on </B><I>He took on various challengers, but refused to fight Jackson. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>the main challengers for the European title </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>a challenger to the prime minister </I> </P> | noun |
| 35 | 213.3.1 | challenge | question whether sth is right/true | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> directly </B><I>The newspaper was directly challenging the government's legitimacy. </I><B>| seriously | effectively </B><I>She was effectively challenging the whole basis on which society was run. </I><B>| successfully </B><I>The story was completely untrue and was successfully challenged in court. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on </B><I>She challenged him on his old-fashioned views. </I> </P> | verb |
| 36 | 213.3.2 | challenge | invite sb to compete, argue, etc. | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> seriously </B><I>No one has seriously challenged the champion. </I><B>| successfully, unsuccessfully </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>She was poised to challenge for the party leadership. </I><B>| to </B><I>The count challenged him to a duel. </I> </P> | verb |
| 37 | 214.1 | principle | basic general rule | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PRINCIPLE </U> </P> <P> <U> PRINCIPLE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> basic, broad, central, fundamental, general </B><I>the basic principles of car maintenance </I><B>| cardinal, essential, key | universal | democratic, legal, market, political, scientific, theoretical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PRINCIPLE </U><B> establish, formulate, lay down | apply | explain </B> </P> <P> <U> PRINCIPLE + VERB </U><B> apply </B><I>This principle applies to all kinds of selling. </I><B>| underlie sth, underpin sth </B><I>the principles underlying Western philosophy </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>I agree with you in principle, but we'll need to discuss the details. </I><B>| ~ behind </B><I>She went on to explain the principles behind what she was doing. </I> </P> | noun |
| 38 | 214.2 | principle | rule for good behaviour | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PRINCIPLE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high | guiding | Christian | moral </B><I>He was a man of high moral principles. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PRINCIPLE </U><B> betray, compromise </B><I>I refuse to compromise my principles by eating meat. </I><B>| adhere to, stick to </B><I>She sticks to the principle that everyone should be treated equally. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> against your ~s </B><I>Eating meat was against her principles. </I><B>| on ~ </B><I>She's opposed to abortion on principle. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a matter of principle </B><I>They reject the proposal as a matter of principle. </I><B>| a person of principle </B>(= a person with high moral standards) </P> | noun |
| 39 | 215.1 | element | one part of sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ELEMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> basic, critical, crucial, decisive, essential, fundamental, important, key, main, major, necessary, principal, significant, vital | dominant </B><I>The promise of tax cuts became the dominant element in the campaign. </I><B>| considerable, large </B><I>There is a considerable element of danger in her job. </I><B>| competitive </B><I>There is too much of a competitive element in the sales department. </I><B>| racial, sexual </B><I>Police say there may have been a racial element to the attacks. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ELEMENT </U><B> be, constitute, form | contain, have, include, involve </B><I>These rumours do contain an element of truth. </I><B>| introduce </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ in </B><I>This constitutes one of the key elements in this reform programme. </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>Practical work will form a major element of the syllabus. There may have been an element of jealousy in her response. </I></P> | noun |
| 40 | 215.2 | element | the elements: bad weather | <P> <U> VERB + ELEMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERB + ELEMENT </U><B> brave </B><I>I put on my thick coat ready to brave the elements. </I><B>| battle (against) </B><I>He told us stories of how he had battled the elements on his mountaineering trips. </I><B>| be exposed to, be open to </B><I>The place was completely exposed to the elements. </I><B>| be protected from, be sheltered from </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> protection/shelter from the elements</B> </P> | noun |
| 41 | 216 | ethnic | ||||
| 42 | 217.1 | depend | be affected by sth | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEPEND </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> crucially, greatly, very much </B><I>The future of the company will depend crucially on how consumers respond. </I><B>| entirely, solely | largely, mainly | partly, rather, to some extent | ultimately </B><I>Whether or not we can go ultimately depends on the weather. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEPEND </U><B> seem to </B><I>The outcome seems to depend on the type of soil used. </I> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>depend </B><I>verb </I><B>PHRASAL VERBS depend on/upon sb/sth </B> </P> |
| 43 | 217.2 | depend | need | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> heavily | entirely, solely </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>She depends entirely on her parents for money. </I> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>depend </B><I>verb </I><B>PHRASAL VERBS depend on/upon sb/sth </B> </P> |
| 44 | 218 | creation | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CREATION </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> employment, job | wealth </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CREATION </U><B> advocate, call for, propose, recommend, urge </B><I>They recommended the creation of a new government agency to be responsible for the environment. </I><B>| encourage, foster, support | allow for </B><I>The new Act allows for the creation of vocational schools. </I><B>| allow, enable | avoid, prevent | lead to</B> </P> | noun | |
| 45 | 219.1 | integration | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INTEGRATION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> INTERACTION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> true | complete, full | close, seamless | further, greater, improved, increased | rapid | economic, monetary, political, racial, social </B><I>We are working to bring about closer political integration in the EU. </I><B>| internal | systems </B><I>(computing) </I> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> degree, level </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INTEGRATION </U><B> achieve, bring about | accelerate, encourage, facilitate, promote, speed up, stimulate </B><I>measures to promote the social integration of mentally handicapped people </I><B>| require | lead to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ between </B><I>integration between research and higher education </I><B>| ~ into </B><I>the integration of disabled pupils into the general education system </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>He called for greater integration with Europe. </I><B>| ~ within </B><I>economic integration within the three communities </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a move towards integration </B><I>a move towards greater internal integration in Europe </I><B>| a need for integration, a process of integration</B> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complex | informal | social | human | face-to-face, group | classroom </B> </P> <P> <U> INTERACTION + NOUN </U><B> processes </B><I>the interaction processes of chimpanzees </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ among </B><I>Informal interaction among employees is seen as part of the ongoing training process. </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>the complex interaction between animals and their environment </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>What is her interaction with her boss like? </I><B>| ~ within </B><I>interaction within the group </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> patterns of interaction </B><I>Specific patterns of interaction in the family have been observed. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 46 | 219.2 | integration | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INTEGRATION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> INTERACTION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> true | complete, full | close, seamless | further, greater, improved, increased | rapid | economic, monetary, political, racial, social </B><I>We are working to bring about closer political integration in the EU. </I><B>| internal | systems </B><I>(computing) </I> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> degree, level </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INTEGRATION </U><B> achieve, bring about | accelerate, encourage, facilitate, promote, speed up, stimulate </B><I>measures to promote the social integration of mentally handicapped people </I><B>| require | lead to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ between </B><I>integration between research and higher education </I><B>| ~ into </B><I>the integration of disabled pupils into the general education system </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>He called for greater integration with Europe. </I><B>| ~ within </B><I>economic integration within the three communities </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a move towards integration </B><I>a move towards greater internal integration in Europe </I><B>| a need for integration, a process of integration</B> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complex | informal | social | human | face-to-face, group | classroom </B> </P> <P> <U> INTERACTION + NOUN </U><B> processes </B><I>the interaction processes of chimpanzees </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ among </B><I>Informal interaction among employees is seen as part of the ongoing training process. </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>the complex interaction between animals and their environment </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>What is her interaction with her boss like? </I><B>| ~ within </B><I>interaction within the group </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> patterns of interaction </B><I>Specific patterns of interaction in the family have been observed. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 47 | 220 | aspect | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASPECT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> central, crucial, essential, fundamental, important, key, main, major, principal, significant | basic, broad, general </B><I>Questions also cover much broader aspects of general health and fitness. </I><B>| appealing, attractive, beneficial, encouraging, exciting, fascinating, interesting, pleasing, positive | alarming, controversial, difficult, disappointing, disturbing, negative, sinister, terrible, worst </B><I>the worst aspects of tourism </I><B>| bizarre, curious, intriguing, puzzling | remarkable, striking | subtle | mundane | neglected | formal, functional, practical, theoretical </B><I>the formal aspects of the language system </I><B>| business, commercial, cultural, economic, environmental, ethical, financial, historical, human, legal, military, moral, physical, political, psychological, religious, scientific, social, technical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASPECT </U><B> have </B><I>The project ha</I>s </B><I>two main aspects. </I><B>| take on </B><I>Events began to take on a mor</I>e </B><I>sinister aspect. </I><B>| consider, cover, deal with, discuss, emphasize, examine, explore, focus on, look at, study </B><I>We will be looking a</I>t </B><I>many different aspects o</I>f </B><I>pollution. </I><B>| demonstrate, illuminate, illustrate </B><I>a uniqu</I>e </B><I>collection illustrating aspects o</I>f </B><I>Irish transport history </I><B>| ignore, neglect </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from the … ~ </B><I>This scheme i</I>s </B><I>very good from the social aspect. </I>| <B>~ to </B><I>the positive aspects t</I>o </B><I>retiremen</I>t </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> all aspects of sth, (in) every aspect (of sth) </B><I>The servic</I>e </B><I>was excellent in every aspect</I>. </B> </P> | noun | |
| 48 | 221 | publish | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PUBLISH </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> recently | posthumously </B><I>Her last book was published posthumously in 1948. </I><B>| anonymously </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PUBLISH </U><B> decide to | intend to, plan to | refuse to | be free to </B><I>The press should be free to publish and comment on all aspects of political and social life. </I><B>| dare (to) </B><I>Freud had not dared to publish the third chapter of his book in Vienna. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 49 | 222.1 | perspective | in art | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> distorted | horizontal, vertical </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~, out of ~ </B><I>That tree is out of perspective. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the laws of perspective </B> </P> | noun |
| 50 | 222.2 | perspective | attitude to sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PERSPECTIVE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> different, new | broader, wider | proper, true </B><I>We can now see things in their true perspective. </I><B>| cultural, historical, political, social, theoretical, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PERSPECTIVE </U><B> get sth in/into, place sth in/into, put sth in/into, see sth in </B><I>Her death put everything else into perspective. </I><B>| gain, get, put </B><I>When you reach middle age you get a different perspective on life. This website puts a completely different perspective on world news. </I><B>| keep | lose | adopt </B><I>The book adopts a historical perspective. </I><B>| shift | provide </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from the ~ of </B><I>We should view this from the perspective of the people involved. </I><B>| in/into ~ </B><I>Let's get this into perspective. </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>a feminist perspective in philosophy </I><B>| ~ on/upon </B><I>It's easy to lose perspective on things when you are under stress. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a sense of perspective</B> </P> | noun |
| 51 | 223 | basic | <P> <U> VERB + BASICS </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERB + BASICS </U><B> grasp, know, learn, master, pick up, understand | cover </B><I>The book covers the basics of massage. </I><B>| concentrate on, stick to </B><I>It's best to stick to basics when planning such a large party. </I><B>| get/go back to, get down to </B><I>It's time our education system got back to basics </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> get the basics right </B><I>The important thing is to get the basics right. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 52 | 224 | belief | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> BELIEF + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> BELIEF + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BELIEF </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> absolute, deep-seated, deeply held, fervent, firm, passionate, profound, strong, strongly held, unshakeable | genuine, honest, sincere </B><I>She was strict with her children in the genuine belief that it was the right thing to do. </I><B>| entrenched, fanatical | common, commonly held, general, popular, widely held, widespread | growing | long-held, long-standing | </B><I>belief how things could have got this bad. </I> </P> <P> <U> BELIEF + VERB </U><B> persist </B><I>Belief in the magical properties of this herb persisted down the centuries. </I> </P> <P> <U> BELIEF + NOUN </U><B> system </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> beyond ~ </B>(= too great, difficult, etc. to be believed) <I>Dissatisfaction with the government has grown beyond belief. icy air that was cold beyond belief </I><B>| in the ~ that </B><I>She did it in the belief that it would </I> <B>basic, central, core, fundamental </B><I>the basic beliefs of Christianityhelp her career. </I><B>| ~ about </B><I>beliefs </I> <B>| personal, private </B><I>I think the rights and wrongs of eating meat are a matter of personal belief. </I><B>| rational, reasonable | irrational, superstitious | instinctive | naive | strange | conflicting, contradictory | erroneous, false, misguided, mistaken </B><I>I took the job in the mistaken belief that I would be able to stay in London. </I><B>| ancient, traditional </B><I>The people still follow their traditional beliefs. </I> <B>| orthodox | cultural, moral, political, religious, spiritual </B><I>They were persecuted for their religious beliefs. </I><B>| Catholic, Christian, pagan, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> set, system </B><I>Each religion has its set of beliefs. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BELIEF </U><B> have, hold </B><I>I have very firm beliefs about moral issues. </I><B>| share </B><I>He shared his father's belief that people should work hard for their living. </I><B>| adhere to, cling to, follow, hold on to, stick to </B><I>She clung to the belief that he would come back to her. The Labour Party must stick to its beliefs. </I><B>| abandon, give up, renounce | lose </B><I>She has lost her belief in God. </I><B>| affirm, assert, declare, express, state </B><I>Here the apostle Peter affirms his belief that the scriptures are ‘inspired’. </I><B>| emphasize, stress | encourage, foster, fuel </B><I>The exam results encouraged the belief that he was a good teacher. </I><B>| confirm, reinforce, strengthen, support </B><I>This latest evidence strengthens our belief that the government is doing the right thing. </I><B>| question, shake, shatter, undermine, weaken </B><I>The child's death shook her belief in God. </I><B>| respect </B><I>You must respect other people's beliefs. </I><B>| beggar, defy </B>(= to be impossible to believe) <I>It beggars about the origin of the universe </I><B>| ~ among </B><I>There is a belief among young people that education is a waste of time. </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>a belief in God </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> contrary to popular belief </B>(= in spite of what people think) <I>Contrary to popular belief, rainforests are not jungles through which you have to slash a path. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 53 | 225 | technique | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TECHNIQUE </U> </P> <P> <U> TECHNIQUE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> effective, powerful, useful | basic, simple | conventional, established, standard, traditional | advanced, modern, sophisticated | ingenious | alternative, experimental | assessment, communication, dating, evaluation, exam/examination, farming, interview, management, manufacturing, marketing, problem-solving, recording, relaxation, research, sales, teaching, training </B><I>She needs to work on her interview technique if she's going to get a job. </I><B>| analytical, mathematical, medical, photographic, scientific, statistical, surgical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TECHNIQUE </U><B> have </B><I>He has an ingenious technique for dealing with problems of that sort. </I><B>| adopt, apply, deploy, employ, implement, try, use </B><I>On the walls I applied the same technique as I had used for the ceiling. </I><B>| develop, devise, pioneer </B><I>The technique was pioneered in California. </I><B>| acquire, learn, master, practise </B><I>struggling to master the new technique </I><B>| adapt, improve, perfect, work at/on | demonstrate, describe </B> </P> <P> <U> TECHNIQUE + VERB </U><B> allow sth, enable sth </B><I>Modern freezing techniques enable the chickens to be stored for weeks. </I><B>| work </B><I>The new technique works better than the one it has replaced. </I><B>| be based on sth, be derived from sth </B><I>singing techniques derived from Tibetan music </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>techniques for the storage of data </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>They learn basic techniques in self-defence. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 54 | 226 | outcome | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + OUTCOME </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> desirable, desired, favourable, good, happy, positive, satisfactory, successful | negative, unfortunate, unsatisfactory | fatal, tragic | possible | likely, probable | anticipated, expected, inevitable, intended, logical, predicted | unexpected | immediate | actual, eventual, final, long-term, ultimate | direct </B><I>a direct outcome of the strike </I><B>| practical | educational, electoral, political, etc. </B><I>(all technical) </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + OUTCOME </U><B> affect, influence | decide, determine | achieve, have, produce </B><I>Their strategy produced the desired outcome. </I><B>| evaluate, measure </B><I>(technical) The aim is to evaluate possible outcomes. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ of </B><I>the outcome of the election </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> whatever the outcome </B><I>Whatever the final outcome of the talks, the war should end soon. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 55 | 227.1 | explore | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPLORE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPLORE </U> </P> | noun | ||
| 56 | 227.2.1 | explore | travel around an area | <P> <U> VERB + EXPLORE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERB + EXPLORE </U><B> be keen to, want to, wish to | be free to </B><I>In the afternoon you'll be free to explore a little on your own. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>exploring for oil </I> </P> | verb |
| 57 | 227.2.2 | explore | think about sth in detail | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPLORE </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> extensively | briefly | fully, thoroughly </B><I>These questions have not been fully explored yet. </I><B>| properly, systematically | carefully, in detail </B><I>This idea is worth exploring in some detail. </I><B>| further | usefully </B><I>The film usefully explores some of the issues surrounding adoption. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPLORE </U><B> need to | be keen to, want to, wish to | aim to, seek to | begin to, continue to</B> </P> | verb |
| 58 | 228.1 | distribution | way sth is shared or exists over an area | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISTRIBUTION </U> </P> <P> <U> DISTRIBUTION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> egalitarian, equitable, fair </B><I>to ensure a fair distribution of wealth </I> <B>| inequitable, unfair | equal </B><I>an equal distribution of wealth between people of different age groups </I><B>| unequal | even, uniform </B><I>After applying the cream, comb through to ensure even distribution. </I><B>| uneven </B><I>The country was noted for its uneven distribution of land resources. </I><B>| optimal, optimum | relative </B><I>the relative distribution of continents and oceans </I><B>| general, overall </B><I>the general distribution of earthquakes around the world </I><B>| broad, wide, widespread </B><I>the broad distribution of Bronze Age artefacts across Europe the wider distribution of wealth throughout society </I><B>| local, localized </B><I>Fish populations assume highly localized distributions within each river. </I><B>| global, regional, </B> worldwide | spatial | income, wealth | weight | age, class, <B>geographical, population, sex, social </B><I>the social class distribution of the male population </I><B>| normal, random, skewed, smooth </B><I>(all mathematics) a normal distribution with a bell-shaped frequency curve </I><B>| binomial, frequency, probability </B><I>(all mathematics) </I> </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISTRIBUTION </U><B> achieve, ensure </B><I>The engine is mounted in the middle to achieve a more even weight distribution. </I><B>| determine </B><I>Radiology was used to determine the distribution of the disease. </I><B>| have, show </B><I>(mathematics) These birds have a wide geographical distribution. IQs within the population show a normal distribution. </I> </P> <P> <U> DISTRIBUTION + NOUN </U><B> pattern </B><I>Animal herds may form in response to the distribution patterns of food. </I><B>| map </B><I>an atlas containing distribution maps of the most important tropical diseases </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ across </B><I>the distribution of resources across society </I><B>| ~ among </B><I>data on wealth distribution among age groups </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>a disparity in age distribution between groups </I><B>| ~ over </B><I>the distribution of trees over the estate </I><B>| ~ throughout </B><I>uniform distribution of the chemical throughout the timber </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a change in distribution </B><I>changes in the distribution of wealth and income </I> </P> | noun |
| 59 | 228.2 | distribution | giving/delivering sth to people | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISTRIBUTION </U> </P> <P> <U> DISTRIBUTION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> free </B><I>The document contains sensitive information and is not suitable for free </I>(= unrestricted) </B><I>distribution. The previously free </I> (= not paid for) </B><I>distribution of textbooks will now be confined to students who are needy. </I><B>| general </B><I>Our catalogue lists all our books that are available for general distribution. </I><B>| selective | exclusive </B><I>The publisher has signed an agreement for the exclusive distribution of the books in the US. </I> <B>| proper | electronic </B><I>the electronic distribution of software to customers </I><B>| global, international, local, national, worldwide </B><I>Roads are used for local distribution of goods. </I><B>| electricity, food, fuel, gas, land, milk, water </B><I>the creation of 1,500 smallholdings as part of a land distribution programme </I><B>| retail, wholesale </B><I>the wholesale and retail distribution of a huge variety of goods </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISTRIBUTION </U><B> control, handle, organize </B><I>The company is to handle the distribution of the product in Europe. </I><B>| available for </B><I>2,000 copies of the booklet have been printed and are available for distribution. </I><B>| ensure </B><I>to ensure the proper distribution of medical aid </I><B>| allow (for) </B><I>to allow for the distribution of aid </I> </P> <P> <U> DISTRIBUTION + NOUN </U><B> agreement, arrangement, deal </B><I>Her company has signed a non-exclusive distribution agreement. </I><B>| list </B><I>I attach a copy of the distribution list so you can see who got the last edition. </I><B>| rights | costs | channel </B><I>We have man </I> <B>| network | method | system | facilities </B><I>The company wants to invest in new distribution facilities. </I> <B>| base, centre, depot, outlet, point </B><I>The company has decided to use Belfast as its distribution base. </I> | operation </B><I>The company has manufacturing or distribution operations in 33 countries worldwide. </I><B>| business, company | industry </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for ~ </B><I>free colour leaflets for distribution overseas </I><B>| ~ among </B><I>food for distribution among the villagers </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>the distribution of the health budget between various hospitals </I><B>| ~ by </B><I>the distribution by the government of a leaflet explaining the new tax </I><B>| ~ through </B><I>distribution through department stores </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>The food was parcelled up for distribution to outlying communities. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a/the chain of distribution </B><I>There are savings to be made where retailers are bypassed in the chain of distribution. </I><B>| a channel of distribution </B> </P> | noun |
| 60 | 228.3 | distribution | payment | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISTRIBUTION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> capital, dividend, share | cash </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISTRIBUTION </U><B> make </B><I>When are distributions likely to be made to creditors? </I><B>| be available for </B><I>These are company reserves available for distribution as the directors may determine. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to </B><I>The promissory notes were purchased for distribution to investors. </I> </P> | noun |
| 61 | 229.1 | future | time that will come after the present | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FUTURE </U> </P> <P> <U> FUTURE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> foreseeable, immediate, near, not-too-distant </B><I>Things will continue as they are for the foreseeable future. A new branch of the shop will be opening in the near future. </I><B>| distant, remote </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FUTURE </U><B> look to, plan for </B><I>Don't think too much about past troubles?look to the future. </I><B>| foretell, look into, predict </B> </P> <P> <U> FUTURE + VERB </U><B> bring (sb), hold </B><I>whatever the future may bring you Who can tell what the future holds? </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for the ~ </B><I>What are your plans for the future? </I><B>| in (the) ~ </B><I>In future, employees will park their vehicles away from the works entrance. The possibility of travel to other solar systems still lies in the distant future. </I><B>| of the ~ </B><I>The stars of the future are competing in the world junior athletics championships this month. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a vision for/of the future </B><I>In her speech, the director outlined her vision for the future. </I> </P> | noun |
| 62 | 229.2 | future | what will happen to sb/sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FUTURE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> bright, great, promising, rosy, secure </B><I>He has a great future as a designer. </I><B>| bleak, dire, gloomy, grim, uncertain </B><I>He forecasts a dire future for the industry. </I><B>| long-term | economic, financial, political </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FUTURE </U><B> face, have </B><I>The firm faces a very uncertain future. </I><B>| determine, shape </B><I>the right to determine their own future in a democratic fashion </I><B>| forecast, predict, see | consider, ponder (on) </B><I>After being dropped from the team the young defender is considering his future. </I><B>| invest in </B><I>She decided to invest in her future by taking a management course. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ as </B><I>She has a very promising future as a musician. </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>He could see no future in his job. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a question mark over the future of sb/sth </B><I>A question mark hangs over the future of the company after shares plunged to a record low. </I> </P> | noun |
| 63 | 230 | importance | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + IMPORTANCE </U> </P> <P> <U> IMPORTANCE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> cardinal, central, considerable, critical, crucial, </B> enormous, especial, extreme, fundamental, great, high, <B>immense, key, major, outstanding, overriding, </B> overwhelming, paramount, particular, primary, prime, <B>profound, real, special, supreme, tremendous, vital | first, greatest, highest, utmost </B><I>This information is of the first importance. It is of the utmost importance that you arrive on time. </I><B>| growing, increasing | declining </B><I>the declining importance of manufacturing industry </I><B>| lesser, limited, marginal, minor, secondary | direct | general | added | immediate | continued/continuing, lasting | equal | relative | intrinsic | obvious | perceived </B><I>differences in the perceived importance of the different subjects in the curriculum </I><B>| potential | public | international, national | practical | theoretical | symbolic </B><I>the symbolic importance of iron in German culture </I><B>| archaeological, commercial, constitutional, cultural, ecological, economic, environmental, historical, legal, military, political, social, strategic </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + IMPORTANCE </U><B> have </B><I>These finds have considerable archaeological importance. </I><B>| assume, take on </B><I>Childcare schemes take on an added importance at a time of national recession. </I><B>| grow in, increase in, rise in | decline in, diminish in, fall in </B><I>The overseas markets have now declined in importance. </I><B>| attach, give sth, place </B><I>To what objectives do you attach most importance? the importance placed on cleanliness </I><B>| accept, acknowledge, appreciate, be aware of, grasp, realize, recognize, see, understand </B><I>People were aware of the importance of working with nature. </I><B>| demonstrate, illustrate, indicate, point to, reflect, show, suggest </B><I>Figure 2.2 shows the relative importance of the different service industries. </I><B>| assert | deny | confirm | draw attention to, emphasize, highlight, point up, promote, stress, underline </B><I>The manual stresses the importance of regular maintenance. </I><B>| diminish, downplay, minimize, play down, underplay </B><I>She was inclined to play down the importance of her own role in the affair. </I><B>| exaggerate, overestimate | underestimate, undervalue </B><I>Don't underestimate the importance of neat presentation. </I><B>| increase | reduce | consider, discuss | explain | cast/throw doubt on, doubt, question </B><I>No one can seriously question the political importance of the environment. </I><B>| forget, ignore, overlook </B> </P> <P> <U> IMPORTANCE + VERB </U><B> arise from sth, lie in sth </B><I>The town's importance lies in the richness and quality of its architecture. </I><B>| depend on sth </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> of … ~ </B><I>The railways were of crucial importance in opening up the American West. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>an area of enormous importance for wildlife </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>the importance to the country of a healthy economy </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in order of importance </B><I>Deal with the issues in order of importance. </I><B>| a matter of importance</B> </P> | noun | |
| 64 | 231.1 | independent | not needing other people | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, feel, seem | become | remain | make sb </B><I>Travelling in Asia has made her a lot more independent. </I> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> fiercely, sturdily, very </B><I>Many disabled people are fiercely independent. </I><B>| completely | fairly, pretty, quite | economically, financially </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> of </B><I>By the age of eighteen he was completely independent of his parents. </I> </P> | adj. |
| 65 | 231.2 | independent | not influenced or controlled by anyone else | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be | become | remain | make sth | declare sth </B><I>In 1961 the country was declared independent. </I> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> completely, entirely, fully, genuinely, quite, totally, truly, wholly | almost, fairly, largely, virtually | increasingly | effectively, essentially </B><I>The country has pursued an effectively independent line on military issues. </I><B>| nominally, supposedly | newly </B><I>newly independent countries </I><B>| politically </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>The country became fully independent from France in 1960. </I><B>| of </B><I>an organization that is independent of the government </I> </P> | adj. |
| 66 | 232 | initial | <P> <U> VERB + INITIAL </U> </P> <P> <U> INITIAL + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERB + INITIAL </U><B> have </B><I>The two authors have the same initials. </I><B>| be/become known by </B><I>She's always been known by her initials. </I><B>| use | bear, carry </B><I>A stone over the door bears the initials ‘R.P.’, which stand for ‘Ralph Piggot’. </I><B>| carve, embroider, engrave (sth with), mark sth with, monogram sth with, put, sign, stamp (sth with), write </B><I>He carved his girlfriend's initials in the rock. Now that she was managing director she could put the initials MD after her name. </I> </P> <P> <U> INITIAL + VERB </U><B> stand for sth </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>When writing, if you use initials for a long name, make sure you spell out the name at least once. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 67 | 233.1 | feature | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FEATURE </U> </P> <P> <U> FEATURE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FEATURE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FEATURE </U> </P> <P> <U> FEATURE + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>feature </B><I>noun </I> </B> </P> | ||
| 68 | 233.2.1 | feature | include sth as an important part | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> regularly </B><I>Women's magazines regularly feature diets and exercise regimes. </I><B>| rarely </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> be featured in/on sth </B><I>His work is featured in a special documentary tonight. The school has been featured on television. </I> </P> | verb |
| 69 | 233.2.2 | feature | have a part in sth | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> heavily, highly, largely, prominently, significantly, strongly </B><I>Reading over his past speeches, you'll see that housing, public health and education feature strongly. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in </B><I>Garlic features prominently in her recipes. </I> </P> | verb |
| 70 | 234.1 | desire | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DESIRE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> burning, deep, great, strong, urgent | insatiable, overwhelming </B><I>Most children have an insatiable desire for knowledge. </I><B>| genuine, real | natural | sexual </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DESIRE </U><B> feel, have </B><I>I suddenly felt an overwhelming desire to laugh </I><B>| express </B><I>The chairman expressed his desire to expand the company. </I><B>| satisfy | be motivated by </B><I>They were motivated by a deep desire for money and fame. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>Horses need to satisfy their desire for space and freedom. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> an object of desire </B><I>He felt he was nothing more to her than an object of desire. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 71 | 234.2 | desire | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DESIRE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> greatly, really, sincerely, very much </B><I>A home of her own was something she had always very much desired. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 72 | 235 | following | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FOLLOWING </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, considerable, great, large, mass, strong | limited, small | local | dedicated, devoted, faithful, fanatical, loyal | enthusiastic | personal | cult </B><I>They enjoy a cult following in the UK. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FOLLOWING </U><B> command, enjoy, have | acquire, attract, build up, create, gain, gather </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ among </B><I>Top of the range Scotches attract a fanatical following among whisky buffs. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 73 | 236 | alternative | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ALTERNATIVE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> attractive, constructive, effective, good, radical, useful | acceptable, available, credible, possible, practical, real, realistic, reasonable, satisfactory, serious, suitable, viable </B><I>Is there a viable alternative to prison? </I><B>| clear, obvious | cheap, healthy, interesting, safe </B><I>a healthier alternative to fizzy drinks </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ALTERNATIVE </U><B> have </B><I>We have two alternatives. </I><B>| offer, provide </B><I>His idea seemed to offer a possible alternative. </I><B>| seek </B><I>seeking alternatives to nuclear power </I><B>| find </B><I>We'll have to find an alternative. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>There is no alternative for those with no car of their own. </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>Is there an alternative to surgery for this complaint? </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> have little/no alternative (but to) </B><I>She had no alternative but to do as he said. </I><B>| leave sb with no alternative (but to) </B><I>He was left with no alternative but to hobble to the nearest telephone box. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 74 | 237.1 | consistent | always behaving in the same way | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be | remain </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> highly, remarkably, very | absolutely, completely, entirely, quite, wholly </B><I>His attitude isn't absolutely consistent. </I><B>| largely | fairly, reasonably </B> </P> | adj. |
| 75 | 237.2 | consistent | in agreement with sth | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, seem | remain </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> completely, entirely, fully, perfectly | broadly, largely | fairly, quite, reasonably | internally </B><I>His argument is not even internally consistent </I>(= different parts of the argument contradict each other)</B><I>. </I><B>| mutually </B><I>It is desirable that domestic and EU law should be mutually consistent. </I><B>| logically </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> across </B><I>These findings are consistent across all the studies. </I><B>| with </B><I>The figures are fully consistent with last year's results. </I> </P> | adj. |
| 76 | 238.1.1 | basis | starting point | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BASIS </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> firm, solid, sound </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BASIS </U><B> form, provide </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>The proposal provides a sound basis for a book. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> have no basis in sth </B><I>These allegations have no basis in fact. </I> </P> | noun |
| 77 | 238.1.2 | basis | principle/reason | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> whole </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on the ~ of </B><I>We made our decision on the basis of the information we had. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>The whole basis for your argument is false. </I> </P> | noun |
| 78 | 238.1.3 | basis | way sth is done/organized | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> regular | daily, monthly, weekly, etc. </B><I>Staff are employed on a monthly basis. </I><B>| permanent, temporary | casual, part-time, voluntary | commercial </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on a … ~</B> </P> | noun |
| 79 | 238.2.1 | basis | starting point | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BASIS </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> firm, solid, sound </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BASIS </U><B> form, provide </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>The proposal provides a sound basis for a book. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> have no basis in sth </B><I>These allegations have no basis in fact. </I> </P> | noun |
| 80 | 238.2.2 | basis | principle/reason | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> whole </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on the ~ of </B><I>We made our decision on the basis of the information we had. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>The whole basis for your argument is false. </I> </P> | noun |
| 81 | 238.2.3 | basis | way sth is done/organized | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> regular | daily, monthly, weekly, etc. </B><I>Staff are employed on a monthly basis. </I><B>| permanent, temporary | casual, part-time, voluntary | commercial </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on a … ~</B> </P> | noun |
| 82 | 239.1 | contrast | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTRAST </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> clear, marked, sharp, stark, startling, striking, strong </B><I>There is a stark contrast between the lives of the rich and those of the poor. </I><B>| complete, direct </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTRAST </U><B> make, offer, provide </B><I>The fresh fruit provides a contrast to the rich chocolate pudding. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>When you look at their new system, ours seems very old-fashioned by contrast. </I><B>| in ~ (to/with) </B><I>The company lost $13 million this year, in contrast with a profit of $15 million last year. </I><B>| ~ between, ~ in </B><I>The contrast in appearance between the sisters was striking. </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>This busy social life was a complete contrast to his old quiet life. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> stand in … contrast to sb/sth </B><I>Their attitudes towards love and marriage stand in stark contrast to those of their parents. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 83 | 239.2.1 | contrast | compare things in order to show differences | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> favourably, unfavourably </B><I>He contrasted her brashness unfavourably with his mother's gentleness. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> compare and contrast </B><I>Compare and contrast the two main characters in the play. </I> </P> | verb |
| 84 | 239.2.2 | contrast | be clearly different | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> markedly, sharply, starkly, strikingly, strongly, vividly | nicely | oddly | favourably, unfavourably </B><I>The open approach contrasts favourably with the exclusivity of some universities. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with </B><I>This statement contrasts starkly with his previous statements. </I> </P> | verb |
| 85 | 240 | obtain | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + OBTAIN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> fraudulently, unlawfully </B><I>(law) </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + OBTAIN </U><B> be able/unable to | attempt to, endeavour to | fail to | assist sb to, enable sb to </B><I>The local authority may assist you to obtain alternative accommodation. </I><B>| be easy to, be possible to | be difficult to, be impossible to </B><I>goods which are difficult to obtain </I><B>| be necessary to, be required to, need to </B><I>It is necessary to obtain the patients' consent. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>Anglers are required to obtain prior authorization from the park keeper. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> be easily obtained </B><I>Such information is easily obtained from the Internet. </I><B>| sth can/may be obtained </B><I>Details of this offer can be obtained from any of our stores. </I><B>| a means/method/way of obtaining sth</B> </P> | verb | |
| 86 | 241 | regarding | ||||
| 87 | 242 | european | ||||
| 88 | 243.1 | distinction | clear difference | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISTINCTION </U> </P> <P> <U> DISTINCTION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> critical, crucial, important, key, main, major, vital | basic, essential, fundamental, underlying | clear, clear-cut, definite, marked, obvious, real, rigid, sharp, strong | fine, subtle | broad, general | crude, simple | logical, valid | useful | arbitrary, artificial | invidious </B><I>making invidious distinctions between the ‘deserving’ and the ‘undeserving’ poor </I><B>| absolute </B><I>Is there always an absolute distinction between right and wrong? </I><B>| conventional, old, traditional </B><I>the conventional distinction between pure and applied science </I><B>| formal | conceptual | theoretical | class, cultural, gender, moral </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISTINCTION </U><B> draw, make </B><I>She draws an important distinction between the different kinds of illness. </I><B>| recognize, see </B><I>We can see a sharp distinction between ambition and greed. </I><B>| blur </B><I>blurring the distinction between amateur and professional players </I> </P> <P> <U> DISTINCTION + VERB </U><B> lie </B><I>Cultural distinctions lie at the heart of these issues. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> without ~ </B><I>All groups are entitled to this money without distinction </I>(= without a difference being made between them)</B><I>. </I><B>| ~ between </B> </P> | noun |
| 89 | 243.2 | distinction | excellence/fame | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISTINCTION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, great | modest | dubious | rare | unique | added | academic, intellectual, professional, social </B><I>Wearing the county tie was a mark of modest social distinction. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISTINCTION </U><B> have </B><I>He has the dubious distinction of being the first railway baron to go bankrupt. </I><B>| achieve </B><I>She achieved distinction in several fields of scholarship. </I><B>| add </B><I>Fennel leaves add distinction to any dish. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> of ~ </B><I>She is a historian of great distinction. </I><B>| with ~ </B><I>He served with distinction in the First World War. </I> </P> | noun |
| 90 | 244 | express | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPRESS </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> well </B><I>Perhaps I have not expressed myself very well. </I><B>| fully </B><I>She expresses herself most fully in her paintings. </I><B>| openly </B><I>He expressed his anger openly. </I><B>| clearly | cogently </B><I>Students must learn to express a point of view cogently and with clarity. </I><B>| exactly, precisely | concisely, succinctly | eloquently </B><I>The poet eloquently expresses the sense of lost innocence. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPRESS </U><B> be/feel able/unable to </B><I>Many patients feel unable to express their fears. </I><B>| find it difficult to </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a chance/an opportunity to express sth</B> </P> | verb | |
| 91 | 245.1 | variety | not being the same; different kinds of sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VARIETY </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> amazing, astonishing, bewildering, considerable, endless, enormous, exciting, extraordinary, fascinating, good, great, huge, impressive, incredible, infinite, large, remarkable, rich, surprising, tremendous, vast, wide, wonderful </B><I>The market sold a bewildering variety of cheeses. the rich variety of the local bird life </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VARIETY </U><B> add, give, offer </B><I>Dealing with customers adds variety to the job. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> of … ~ </B><I>a country of great variety </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>There is wide variety in shape and colour. </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>Menus offer a good variety of seafood. </I> </P> | noun |
| 92 | 245.2 | variety | particular type of sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> distinctive | common-or-garden, standard | rare, unusual | different </B><I>There are hundreds of different varieties of apple. </I><B>| new, old </B><I>Old varieties of rose can be less resistant to diseases. </I> </P> | noun |
| 93 | 246 | broad | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> extremely, very | fairly, pretty, quite, rather, reasonably, relatively | enough, sufficiently </B><I>He questioned whether the school curriculum was broad enough in scope. </I><B>| unusually </B><I>His job gave him an acquaintance with an unusually broad spectrum of society. </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 94 | 247 | component | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> COMPONENT + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> basic, central, core, critical, crucial, essential, fundamental, important, integral, key, main, major, necessary, principal, significant, vital | minor | common </B><I>The researchers discovered a common component in all types of the organism. </I><B>| standard </B><I>Our software is becoming a standard component of many computer systems. </I><B>| individual, separate, simple </B><I>Individual components for the car can be very expensive. </I><B>| chemical, genetic | electrical, electronic | aircraft, engine, etc. | course </B> </P> <P> <U> COMPONENT + NOUN </U><B> failure </B><I>Component failure was the cause of the accident. </I><B>| manufacturer, supplier </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ in </B><I>a crucial component in our success. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 95 | 248 | frequently | ||||
| 96 | 249 | assume | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSUME </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> automatically, naturally </B><I>I automatically assumed that you knew about this. </I><B>| reasonably, safely </B><I>I think we can safely assume that this situation will continue. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSUME </U><B> can, might | tend to | be fair to, be reasonable to, be safe to </B><I>It is reasonable to assume that the economy will continue to improve. </I><B>| be a mistake to, be wrong to | be easy to </B><I>It's all too easy to assume that people know what they are doing. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> let us assume </B><I>Let us assume for a moment that the plan succeeds. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 97 | 250 | additional | ||||
| 98 | 251.1 | tool | instrument for making/repairing things | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TOOL </U> </P> <P> <U> TOOL + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> general-purpose, multi-purpose | basic, primitive, standard, traditional </B><I>craftsmen using traditional tools </I><B>| sophisticated, special | sharp | rusting/rusty | cutting, drawing, measuring | cordless, hand, machine, power | agricultural, engineering, farm, garden/gardening, industrial, woodworking </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> set </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TOOL </U><B> use | sharpen | blunt </B><I>Cutting concrete would blunt a metal-cutting tool. </I><B>| down ~s </B><I>Workers downed tools </I>(= stopped work) </B><I>in protest at poor safety standards in the works. </I> </P> <P> <U> TOOL + NOUN </U><B> kit </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the tool/tools of the trade </B><I>The guitarist opened the case and took out the tool of his trade. </I> </P> | noun |
| 99 | 251.2 | tool | sth that helps you do/achieve sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> effective, essential, important, indispensable, invaluable, major, necessary, powerful, useful, valuable, vital | educational, learning, reference, research </B><I>This dictionary is an invaluable reference tool for advanced learners. </I><B>| ideological, negotiating, political, propaganda </B><I>We must ensure that education is not used as a political tool. </I><B>| communication, management, marketing | analysis/analytical, design, desktop, development, drawing, multimedia, presentation, programming, software</B> </P> | noun |
| 100 | 252 | predict | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PREDICT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> accurately, correctly, reliably, successfully, with accuracy/certainty </B><I>It is not possible to predict with any certainty what effect this will have. </I><B>| exactly, precisely | confidently | wrongly </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PREDICT </U><B> be able/unable to, can/could | try to | dare (to) </B><I>Few would have dared to predict such a landslide victory. </I><B>| fail to | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to | be easy to, be possible to | use sth to </B><I>a computer model used to predict future weather patterns </I><B>| allow sb to, enable sb to </B><I>Newton's theories allow us to predict the flight of a cricket ball. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>We can predict from this information what is likely to happen next. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> be widely predicted </B><I>This result had been widely predicted by the opinion polls. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 101 | 253 | internal | ||||
| 102 | 254.1 | labor | work | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + LABOUR </U> </P> <P> <U> LABOUR + NOUN </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> manual, physical | forced, hard </B><I>He was sentenced to four years hard labour for his crime. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + LABOUR </U><B> withdraw </B><I>The miners are threatening to withdraw their labour. </I> </P> <P> <U> LABOUR + NOUN </U><B> market </B><I>an increasingly competitive labour market </I> </P> | noun |
| 103 | 254.2 | labor | workers | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> LABOUR + NOUN </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> cheap | casual | skilled, unskilled | child, migrant, slave </B><I>It is thought that Stonehenge was built using slave labour. </I> </P> <P> <U> LABOUR + NOUN </U><B> force </B><I>the size of the labour force </I><B>| cost/costs | relations </B> </P> | noun |
| 104 | 254.3 | labor | giving birth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + LABOUR </U> </P> <P> <U> LABOUR + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> difficult, easy | long, short </B><I>The baby was born after a long labour. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + LABOUR </U><B> go into </B><I>She went into labour two weeks early. </I><B>| induce </B><I>Labour was induced when the baby was ten days overdue. </I> </P> <P> <U> LABOUR + NOUN </U><B> room, ward | pains </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>She was in labour for ten hours. </I> </P> | noun |
| 105 | 255.1 | engage | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENGAGE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENGAGE </U> </P> | adj. | ||
| 106 | 255.2 | engage | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENGAGE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENGAGE </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> directly, fully </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENGAGE </U><B> fail to, refuse to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with </B><I>acknowledging the need to engage directly with these problems </I><B>PHRASAL VERBS engage (sb) in sth </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> actively </B><I>people who actively engage in shaping the world they live in </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENGAGE </U><B> attempt to, seek to, try to </B><I>He tried to engage me in conversation. </I><B>| be eager to, be willing to | be reluctant to, be unwilling to</B> </P> | verb | |
| 107 | 256.1 | separate | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SEPARATE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SEPARATE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be | become | remain | keep sb/sth </B><I>The women are kept separate from the men. </I><B>| consider sth </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> very, widely </B><I>I kept my two lives very separate. species from widely separate parts of the world </I><B>| absolutely, completely, entirely, quite, totally, wholly </B><I>The waste water is kept entirely separate from the rainwater. </I><B>| largely | rather, relatively, somewhat | essentially </B><I>The two groups are essentially separate and independent. </I><B>| apparently | hitherto, previously </B><I>to merge the two previously separate businesses </I><B>| geographically, physically </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>a lifestyle which is quite separate from that of her parents </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 108 | 256.2.1 | separate | move/keep people/things apart | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SEPARATE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> completely, totally | carefully | clearly </B><I>These two branches of the science have now become clearly separated. </I><B>| effectively | easily, readily </B><I>One cannot easily separate moral, social and political issues. </I><B>| formally | legally | physically, spatially | out </B><I>A magnet separates out scrap iron from the rubbish. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SEPARATE </U><B> attempt to, try to | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to </B><I>It was impossible to separate the rival fans. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>separating the boys from the girls </I><B>| into </B><I>I separated the documents into two piles. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> sharply separated </B><I>The disciplines of science and engineering are not always sharply separated. </I><B>| widely separated </B><I>The two groups became widely separated. </I> </P> | verb |
| 109 | 256.2.2 | separate | stop living together | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SEPARATE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> legally </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SEPARATE </U><B> decide to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>She is separated from her husband. </I> </P> | verb |
| 110 | 257 | highly | ||||
| 111 | 258.1 | rely | need sb/sth | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RELY </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> heavily, a lot, strongly </B><I>countries that rely heavily on food aid </I><B>| entirely, exclusively, solely | increasingly | largely, mainly | traditionally </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RELY </U><B> be forced to, have to, must </B><I>people who are forced to rely on public transport </I><B>| tend to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>They relied entirely on these few weapons for their defence. </I> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>rely </B><I>verb </I><B>PHRASAL VERBS rely on/upon sb/sth </B> </P> |
| 112 | 258.2 | rely | trust sb/sth | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RELY </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> safely </B><I>You can safely rely on his judgement. </I><B>| simply </B><I>Most historians simply rely on archives. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RELY </U><B> can/could | can/could always | can/could no longer </B><I>The party could no longer rely on its traditional supporters. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>I couldn't rely on John for information. </I> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>rely </B><I>verb </I><B>PHRASAL VERBS rely on/upon sb/sth </B> </P> |
| 113 | 259.1 | assess | form an opinion | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSESS </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> fully | accurately, correctly, properly </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSESS </U><B> attempt to, try to | help to | be difficult to </B><I>It is difficult to fully assess the damage. </I> </P> | verb |
| 114 | 259.2 | assess | amount/value | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSESS </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> accurately, correctly, properly </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSESS </U><B> attempt to, try to | be difficult to </B><I>It is difficult to assess the building's value properly without seeing it. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> at </B><I>The legal costs have been assessed at </I>£</B><I>75,000. </I> </P> | verb |
| 115 | 260.1 | objective | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + OBJECTIVE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, seem | remain </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> truly, very | completely, purely, totally, wholly </B><I>It is impossible to be completely objective. </I><B>| fairly, quite, reasonably | apparently | supposedly</B> </P> | adj. | |
| 116 | 260.2 | objective | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + OBJECTIVE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> key, main, major, primary, prime, principal | broad, overall, overriding, ultimate | limited, narrow | long-term, short-term | clear, specific | stated </B><I>The legislation has failed to achieve its stated objectives. </I><B>| common </B><I>The two groups are pursuing a common objective. </I><B>| economic, educational, environmental, military, political, strategic | business, policy </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + OBJECTIVE </U><B> accomplish, achieve, attain, fulfil, meet, reach, succeed in </B><I>The department needs more money to fulfil its objectives. </I><B>| fail in | agree, define, establish, formulate, identify, set, specify </B><I>We need to establish a clear objective. </I><B>| declare, state | clarify | promote, pursue </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in an/the ~ </B><I>The party is radical in its objectives. </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>We succeeded in our prime objective of cutting costs. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 117 | 261 | encourage | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENCOURAGE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> greatly, strongly </B><I>We were greatly encouraged by the support we received. </I><B>| actively, positively </B><I>The government must actively encourage investment in these areas. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENCOURAGE </U><B> aim to | try to | be designed to </B><I>These questions are designed to encourage debate. </I><B>| be likely to </B><I>Newspapers should not publish material that is likely to encourage discrimination on the grounds of race or colour. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in </B><I>Her head of department encouraged her in her research work. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 118 | 262.1 | adopt | child | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> legally </B><I>The child has now been legally adopted. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> have sb adopted </B><I>She was forced to have her baby adopted. </I> </P> | verb |
| 119 | 262.2 | adopt | take and use sth | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADOPT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> formally, officially </B><I>The policy has not yet been formally adopted. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADOPT </U><B> tend to | decide to | be forced to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> towards </B><I>the policies employers adopt towards the labour force </I> </P> | verb |
| 120 | 263.1 | view | opinion/idea about sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VIEW </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> general, popular, prevailing, widely held </B><I>The prevailing view is that he has done a good job in difficult circumstances. </I><B>| conflicting, differing, divergent, opposing, polarized </B><I>The debate brings together experts with conflicting views. </I><B>| clear, forthright, strong </B><I>He's a doctor with clear views on how to prevent illness. </I><B>| idealized, optimistic, positive, romantic, rosy </B><I>Her rosy view of life abroad seems rather naive. </I><B>| jaundiced, negative, pessimistic </B><I>After his experience in jail, he has a pretty jaundiced view of the penal system. </I><B>| conventional </B><I>The conventional view is that work is pleasant and rewarding. </I><B>| unorthodox | minority | political | liberal, modern, progressive, radical | moderate | conservative, reactionary | extremist, hard-line | stereotyped, stereotypical | informed | ill-informed, uninformed | world </B><I>His world view revolves around a battle between rich and poor. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VIEW </U><B> have, hold | take </B><I>I took the view that an exception should be made in this case. </I><B>| air, convey, expound, express, make known, present, put forward </B><I>The meeting gave everyone the chance to air their views. She picked up the phone and made her views known to her boss. </I><B>| discuss, exchange, share </B><I>At the meeting, we hope people will exchange views freely. </I><B>| canvass, solicit </B><I>He called a meeting to solicit the views of his staff. </I><B>| reflect, represent </B><I>His letter to the management did not reflect the views of his colleagues. </I><B>| adhere to, agree with, endorse | confirm, support | challenge </B><I>His music challenges the view that modern jazz is inaccessible. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in your ~ </B><I>In my view it was a waste of time. </I><B>| ~ about </B><I>Teachers generally keep their views about politics hidden. </I><B>| ~ on </B><I>Experts hold widely differing views on this subject. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> an exchange of views </B><I>It's good to have a full and frank exchange of views. </I><B>| a point of view </B><I>From a teacher's point of view, activities that can be done with minimal preparation are invaluable. </I><B>| take a dim view of sth </B>(= have a poor opinion of sth) <I>My mother takes a pretty dim view of my cooking skills. </I> </P> | noun |
| 121 | 263.2 | view | ability to see/be seen from a particular place | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VIEW </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> good, grandstand, wonderful | poor, terrible </B><I>We had a poor view of the stage from where we were sitting. </I><B>| clear, unimpeded, uninterrupted, unobstructed | back, front, rear, side </B><I>The picture shows a front view of the car. </I><B>| close, close-up | public </B><I>Tensions within the band remained hidden from public view. </I><B>| overall </B><I>(figurative) The staff handbook gives an overall view of the company. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VIEW </U><B> get, have </B><I>The pillar prevented me getting a clear view of the action. </I><B>| give sb </B><I>The patio gave an unimpeded view across the headland to the sea. </I><B>| block </B><I>A woman in a very large hat was blocking my view of the procession. </I><B>| come into </B><I>A large truck suddenly came into view. </I><B>| disappear from </B><I>They stood waving on the platform, until the train disappeared from view. </I><B>| be hidden from </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>There was nobody in view. </I><B>| on ~ </B><I>The carriage was put on view for the public to see. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in full view (of sth) </B><I>He was shot in full view of a large crowd. </I> </P> | noun |
| 122 | 263.3 | view | scenery | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VIEW </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> breathtaking, fine, lovely, magnificent, spectacular, splendid, stunning, superb, wonderful </B><I>a room with a breathtaking view across the bay </I><B>| commanding, panoramic | mountain, sea, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VIEW </U><B> afford, boast, enjoy, give, have </B><I>Most rooms enjoy panoramic views of the sea. The large windows give fine views of the surrounding countryside. </I><B>| admire, enjoy </B><I>a place to unwind and enjoy the view </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ across/over </B><I>a view over the valley </I><B>| ~ from </B><I>the view from his apartment </I><B>| ~ of </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a room with a view</B> </P> | noun |
| 123 | 264 | stability | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + STABILITY </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> greater | relative | long-term | internal | economic, financial, monetary, price | political, social | emotional </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + STABILITY </U><B> achieve, bring, ensure, give sb, provide (sb with) </B><I>The policy should bring greater monetary stability to the country. </I><B>| lack | threaten, undermine | maintain, preserve </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a period of stability </B><I>The country was enjoying a period of political stability. </I><B>| a threat to stability </B><I>The conflict is becoming a threat to stability in the region. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 124 | 265 | client | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CLIENT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big </B><I>The company needs to focus on its biggest clients. </I><B>| new | potential, prospective | established, existing, regular | business, corporate | private </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CLIENT </U><B> serve </B><I>A new branch has been opened to serve clients in East London. </I><B>| act for, represent | take on </B><I>She's so busy that she's not taking on any new clients. </I><B>| attract </B><I>a campaign to attract new clients </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on behalf of ~ </B><I>On behalf of my client, I would like to remind you of your obligations in this matter. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 125 | 266.1 | instrument | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INSTRUMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> INSTRUMENT + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> INSTRUMENT + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INSTRUMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> INSTRUMENT + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> INSTRUMENT + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INSTRUMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | adj. | ||
| 126 | 266.2.1 | instrument | tool for a particular task | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INSTRUMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> INSTRUMENT + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> INSTRUMENT + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> precision | sophisticated | reliable | crude | blunt </B><I>The autopsy revealed that the deceased had been hit with a blunt instrument. (figurative) Even though it was a somewhat blunt instrument </I>(= not very precise)</B><I>, our questionnaire provided us with some interesting ideas. </I><B>| sharp | small | delicate | appropriate | research | drawing, measuring, writing | astronomical, flight, flying, mathematical, medical, navigation, navigational, optical, scientific, surgical | cockpit </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> set </B><I>a set of mathematical instruments </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INSTRUMENT </U><B> use </B><I>All pupils should learn to use drawing instruments. </I><B>| check, read </B><I>to read the instruments and make a note of the wind speed and direction </I><B>| design, develop, devise, invent | build, make </B><I>All the instruments are made from glass capillary tubing. </I> </P> <P> <U> INSTRUMENT + VERB </U><B> measure sth </B><I>an instrument that measures light intensity </I> </P> <P> <U> INSTRUMENT + NOUN </U><B> check </B><I>The pilot did his instrument checks and taxied towards the runway. </I><B>| maker | panel </B><I>There was a warning light flashing on the instrument panel. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> an instrument of torture </B><I>medieval instruments of torture such as the rack and the wheel </I> </P> | noun |
| 127 | 266.2.2 | instrument | for playing music | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INSTRUMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> INSTRUMENT + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> INSTRUMENT + NOUN </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> musical | beautiful, fine | classical | modern | period </B><I>baroque music played on period instruments </I><B>| solo | orchestral | brass, keyboard, percussion, string/stringed, wind, woodwind | acoustic, electric, electronic </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INSTRUMENT </U><B> play (on) </B><I>She plays three musical instruments. The score was written to be played on a keyboard instrument. </I><B>| learn, learn (how) to play | tune </B><I>Ensure the instrument is tuned to concert pitch. </I><B>| make </B><I>an instrument made by a woman guitar maker in Canada </I> </P> <P> <U> INSTRUMENT + VERB </U><B> sound </B><I>The instrument sounds like a cello. </I> </P> <P> <U> INSTRUMENT + NOUN </U><B> maker </B>> Special page at MUSIC </B> </P> | noun |
| 128 | 266.2.3 | instrument | sb/sth used to make sth happen | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INSTRUMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> chief, key, main, major, prime, principal | good, great </B><I>They agreed that the UN was the best instrument for reaching agreement. </I><B>| ideal | important, valuable | powerful | useful | effective | flexible | mere </B><I>Some cynics say that sport is a mere instrument of capitalist domination. </I><B>| chosen </B><I>The despot claimed to be the chosen instrument of divine providence. </I><B>| divine | political </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INSTRUMENT </U><B> perceive sb/sth as, regard sb/sth as, see sb/sth as, view sb/sth as </B><I>They saw criminal law as an instrument for improving public morals. </I><B>| use sb/sth as | make sb/sth </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>Criminal law is not the best instrument for dealing with family matters. </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>She was accused of making a public service an instrument of private advantage. </I> </P> | noun |
| 129 | 267 | extend | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> greatly, significantly </B><I>Next year we will greatly extend the range of goods that we sell. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from, to </B><I>The repayment period will be extended from 20 years to 25 years. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 130 | 268 | construct | ||||
| 131 | 269.1.1 | demand | firm request | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEMAND </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> legitimate, realistic, reasonable </B><I>I think your demand for higher wages is perfectly reasonable. </I><B>| unrealistic, unreasonable | radical | urgent | central, key, main, major | fresh, new, renewed </B><I>There have been renewed demands for the government to take action to reduce crime. </I><B>| growing, increasing | final </B><I>A final demand for payment had been issued. </I><B>| written | financial, political | government, opposition, popular, public, royal, union </B><I>The management had no intention of meeting union demands. </I><B>| pay, ransom, tax, wage </B><I>A ransom demand has been made for the kidnapped racehorse. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEMAND </U><B> issue, make, present, press, put forward </B><I>Demands have been made for the immediate distribution of food to the refugees. </I><B>| renew, repeat, step up </B><I>Campaigners have stepped up their demands for immediate government action. </I><B>| face | respond to | agree to, give in to, meet, satisfy, yield to </B><I>My government cannot give in to the demands of an illegal organization. </I><B>| reject, resist </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on ~ </B><I>Campaigners insist that abortion should be available on demand. </I><B>| ~ for, ~ from </B><I>demands from the opposition for a recount of the votes </I> </P> | noun |
| 132 | 269.1.2 | demand | need/desire for goods/services | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEMAND </U> </P> <P> <U> DEMAND + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, buoyant, considerable, enormous, great, heavy, high, huge, insatiable, peak, strong, unprecedented </B><I>Demand for the product is buoyant. There's always a great demand for our soups in winter. </I><B>| burgeoning, growing, increased/increasing, rising | excess, extra | constant, steady </B><I>She is in constant demand to make public appearances and give interviews. </I><B>| changing, fluctuating, seasonal | current, future | latent, likely, pent-up, potential, projected, prospective | overall, total </B><I>We can estimate that total market demand for electrical goods will rise by 8%. </I><B>| declining, falling, limited, low, reduced, sluggish | consumer, customer, market, popular, public </B><I>By popular demand, the play will run for another week. </I><B>| domestic, export, foreign, local, world, worldwide </B><I>The slowdown in domestic demand was offset by an increase in exports. </I><B>| electricity, energy, housing, labour, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> level </B><I>a high level of demand </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEMAND </U><B> cope with, meet, satisfy </B><I>The factories are staying open all weekend to try to meet the consumer demand for this product. </I><B>| create, generate </B><I>It is the job of the marketing manager to create demand for the new product. </I><B>| boost, increase, stimulate | reduce | exceed, outstrip </B><I>Supply normally exceeds demand for the bulk of consumer goods. </I><B>| forecast </B><I>It can be difficult to forecast demand in the construction industry. </I><B>| manage </B><I>policies aimed at managing demand </I> </P> <P> <U> DEMAND + VERB </U><B> grow, increase, rise </B><I>Demand for personal computers has risen sharply. </I><B>| decline, fall, slow (down) </B><I>As demand slows, the need to export will return. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>These old machines are still in demand. </I><B>| ~ among </B><I>the potential demand among children </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>increased demand for health products </I><B>| ~ from </B><I>the demand from consumers </I><B>| ~ on </B><I>This section of the population makes a high demand on health care resources. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> supply and demand </B><I>the law of supply and demand </I> > Special page at BUSINESS </P> | noun |
| 133 | 269.1.3 | demand | demands: difficult/tiring things you have to do | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEMAND </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, enormous, excessive, extra, great, heavy, high, impossible </B><I>I think the demands of this job are excessive. </I><B>| exacting, pressing | growing, increasing | competing, conflicting, contradictory | day-to-day, everyday </B><I>the day-to-day demands of the job </I><B>| immediate </B><I>the need for scientific research freed from the immediate demands of industry </I><B>| external </B><I>The person who cannot say ‘no’ to others' requests is likely to be overwhelmed by external demands. </I><B>| economic, emotional, financial, physical, practical, sexual, social, technical </B><I>Life is hard for nurses on children's wards, where the emotional demands can be overwhelming. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEMAND </U><B> impose, make, place </B><I>My elderly parents make a lot of demands on me. </I><B>| respond to | cope with </B><I>coping with the conflicting demands of work and family life </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ on/upon </B><I>My work seems to make more and more demands on my time. </I> </P> | noun |
| 134 | 269.2 | demand | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEMAND </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEMAND </U> </P> <P> <U> DEMAND + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEMAND </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> aggressively, angrily, coldly, fiercely, furiously, harshly, indignantly, irritably, roughly, sharply </B><I>‘Where are the keys?’ she demanded angrily. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>He had demanded money from her. </I><B>| of </B><I>They failed to provide the information demanded of them. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 135 | 270.1 | vision | ability to see </B> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VISION </U> </P> <P> <U> VISION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> 20/20, excellent, perfect </B><I>The eye test shows she has perfect vision. </I><B>| normal | clear </B><I>The rain prevented her having clear vision of the road ahead. </I><B>| blurred, defective, distorted, impaired, poor | double, tunnel </B><I>(often figurative) </I><B>| all-round </B><I>The high driving position gives excellent all-round vision. </I><B>| binocular, stereoscopic | X-ray | distance </B><I>I can read without glasses, but my distance vision is poor. </I><B>| night | peripheral </B><I>Use your peripheral vision widely when moving from place to place. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VISION </U><B> have | give (sb) | obscure, restrict | blur </B><I>The tears blurred her vision. </I><B>| improve </B> </P> <P> <U> VISION + VERB </U><B> clear </B><I>Her vision cleared and she realized Niall was standing beside her. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> across your ~ </B><I>A bird shot across her vision. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> your field of vision </B><I>She was aware of shapes moving across her field of vision. </I><B>| your line of vision </B><I>Someone was standing in my line of vision so I couldn't see the screen. </I> </P> | noun |
| 136 | 270.2 | vision | picture in your imagination | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VISION </U> </P> <P> <U> VISION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> disturbing, dreadful, ghastly, horrible | bleak | inner, intuitive, mental, spiritual | mystic/mystical, prophetic, religious </B><I>A young girl in the village experienced a prophetic vision. </I><B>| poetic | apocalyptic </B><I>an apocalyptic vision of the end of civilization </I><B>| momentary, sudden </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VISION </U><B> experience, have, receive </B><I>I had visions of us getting hopelessly lost. </I><B>| conjure up </B><I>The word ‘island’ conjures up a vision of a relaxing summer holiday. </I> </P> <P> <U> VISION + VERB </U><B> fade </B><I>As he approached, the vision faded and there was no one there. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>The idea came to her in a vision. </I><B>| ~ of </B> </P> | noun |
| 137 | 270.3 | vision | ability to see/plan for the future | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VISION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> great | imaginative | alternative | broad, comprehensive, global, wide </B><I>The company needs to develop a global vision. </I><B>| narrow | overall | personal | clear </B><I>The engineers had a clear vision of what they wanted to achieve. </I><B>| common </B><I>They share a common vision for the development of health services. </I><B>| strategic | political | revolutionary | romantic, Utopian </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VISION </U><B> have | develop | convey, expand on/upon, outline, promote </B><I>He outlined his vision for the new economic order. </I> <B>| impose </B><I>The new leader set about imposing his vision on the party. </I><B>| share | cloud </B><I>He was determined not to let emotions cloud his vision. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> of ~ </B><I>a statesman of great vision </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>a vision for the future </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>an alternative vision of society </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> breadth of vision </B><I>His plans for the country's future show a remarkable breadth of vision. </I> </P> | noun |
| 138 | 271 | propose | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> seriously </B><I>Are you seriously proposing that we should allow this situation to continue? </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> as </B><I>The measures have been proposed as a way of improving standards. </I><B>| for </B><I>He was proposed for the job of treasurer. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> originally proposed </B><I>The plan originally proposed was ruled completely unrealistic. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 139 | 272 | efficiency | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EFFICIENCY </U> </P> <P> <U> EFFICIENCY + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> ruthless | great, high </B><I>attempts to achieve greater efficiency in the production process </I><B>| maximum, optimum | low | cost | energy, fuel | mental, physical | administrative, business, economic, industrial, management, operational, organizational, production, productive, technical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EFFICIENCY </U><B> achieve | boost, enhance, improve, increase, maximize, promote | decrease, impair, reduce </B> </P> <P> <U> EFFICIENCY + NOUN </U><B> drive, measures </B><I>New timekeeping procedures had been introduced as part of an efficiency drive. </I><B>| gains, improvements, savings </B><I>the efficiency gains resulting from improved technology </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with ~ </B><I>The uprising was put down with ruthless efficiency. </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>greater efficiency in energy use </I> </P> | noun | |
| 140 | 273.1 | solution | to a problem, difficult situation, etc. | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SOLUTION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complete, comprehensive | partial | effective, good, happy, ideal, neat, optimal, perfect, real </B><I>His plan does not offer a real solution to the problem. </I><B>| acceptable | satisfactory, workable | correct, right | easy, obvious, simple | possible | feasible, practical, realistic, viable | cost-effective | creative, imaginative, ingenious | drastic, radical | early, immediate, instant, quick, speedy </B><I>The UN representative stressed the urgency of an early solution. </I><B>| final, lasting, long-term, permanent, ultimate | interim, short-term, temporary | proposed | pragmatic | compromise, negotiated | diplomatic, peaceful, political | military | technical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SOLUTION </U><B> look for, seek, work towards | achieve, agree (on), arrive at, come up with, find, produce, reach, work out </B><I>attempts to find a comprehensive political solution to the crisis </I><B>| propose, put forward, suggest | adopt | offer, provide </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>a quick solution for dealing with the paper shortage </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>They were seeking an ultimate solution to the city's traffic problem. </I> </P> | noun |
| 141 | 273.2 | solution | liquid in which a solid has been dissolved | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> SOLUTION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> concentrated, neat, strong | dilute, weak | saturated | acid | alkaline | aqueous | saline, salt | bicarbonate, sodium chloride, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> SOLUTION + VERB </U><B> contain </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>aluminium ions in solution </I> </P> | noun |
| 142 | 274 | multiple | ||||
| 143 | 275.1 | conclusion | opinion reached after considering the facts | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONCLUSION </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> correct | logical, reasonable, valid | inescapable, inevitable, obvious | erroneous, false, wrong | main | hasty </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONCLUSION </U><B> arrive at, come to, draw, reach </B><I>I can't draw any conclusions from what she said. </I><B>| jump to, leap to </B><I>We don't want to jump to the wrong conclusion. Don't go jumping to conclusions before you know the facts. </I><B>| lead to, point to </B><I>It all points to the conclusion that nobody knew what was going on. </I> </P> | noun |
| 144 | 275.2 | conclusion | ending of sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONCLUSION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> satisfactory, successful | foregone </B><I>The result of the match was a foregone conclusion. </I><B>| hasty </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONCLUSION </U><B> bring about, bring sth to </B><I>The meeting was brought to a hasty conclusion. </I><B>| come to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>In conclusion, I would like to thank you all for your hard work. </I>> Special page at MEETING </B> </P> | noun |
| 145 | 276 | overall | ||||
| 146 | 277.1 | presence | being present | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PRESENCE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> mere </B><I>The mere presence of children in the room is enough to upset him. </I><B>| constant, continued, continuing, permanent | strong </B><I>The company now has a strong presence in Germany. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PRESENCE </U><B> indicate, reveal, show </B><I>These chemicals could indicate the presence of water on the planet. </I><B>| acknowledge </B><I>He acknowledged our presence with a nod of his head. </I><B>| detect | grace sb with </B><I>(ironic or humorous) How nice of you to grace us with your presence! </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in sb's ~ </B><I>He should never have made those remarks in your presence. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> make your presence felt/known </B><I>She certainly made her presence felt in the boardroom. </I> </P> | noun |
| 147 | 277.2 | presence | number of people | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PRESENCE </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> constant | military, police </B><I>There was a strong police presence throughout the demonstration. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PRESENCE </U><B> maintain </B><I>The army maintains a constant presence in the area. </I> </P> | noun |
| 148 | 277.3 | presence | force of personality | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PRESENCE </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> charismatic, commanding, formidable, great, imposing, powerful, strong | stage </B><I>He had a formidable stage presence. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PRESENCE </U><B> have</B> </P> | noun |
| 149 | 278.1 | claim | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CLAIM </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CLAIM </U> </P> <P> <U> CLAIM + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> CLAIM + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CLAIM </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CLAIM </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CLAIM </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>claim </B><I>noun </I> </B> </P> | ||
| 150 | 278.2.1 | claim | say that sth is true | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CLAIM </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> justifiably, rightfully, rightly | falsely, wrongly </B><I>The company had falsely claimed that its products were biodegradable. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CLAIM </U><B> attempt to, try to </B><I>He tried to claim that he had acted in self-defence. </I> </P> | verb |
| 151 | 278.2.2 | claim | ask for sth you think you have a right to have | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CLAIM </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> back </B><I>You can claim back some of the cost of your treatment. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CLAIM </U><B> be able to, be entitled to, can/could </B><I>You might be entitled to claim compensation if you are injured at work. </I><B>| attempt to, try to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on </B><I>Can't you claim on your insurance? </I> </P> | verb |
| 152 | 279 | transform | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TRANSFORM </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> considerably, fundamentally, profoundly, radically </B><I>The riots radically transformed the situation. </I><B>| completely, entirely, totally, utterly | quickly, rapidly | gradually, slowly | suddenly | apparently | miraculously </B><I>He seems to have been miraculously transformed into a first-class player. </I><B>| overnight </B><I>Things cannot be transformed overnight. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TRANSFORM </U><B> help (to) | manage to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from, into </B><I>The place was transformed from a quiet farming village into a busy port. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the power to transform sb/sth </B><I>the power of religion to transform our hearts and minds </I> </P> | verb | |
| 153 | 280 | generate | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GENERATE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> quickly | automatically, spontaneously </B><I>People used to believe that dirt spontaneously generated disease. </I><B>| randomly </B><I>a sequence of randomly generated fractions </I><B>| externally, internally </B><I>internally generated revenue </I><B>| locally </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GENERATE </U><B> help (to) </B><I>the opportunity to help generate ideas </I><B>| be used to </B><I>The wind turbines are used to generate electricity. </I><B>| be expected to, be likely to </B><I>The lottery is expected to generate substantial funds for charities. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>Living cells generate energy from food. profits generated from the company's activities </I> </P> | verb | |
| 154 | 281.1 | failure | lack of success | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FAILURE </U> </P> <P> <U> FAILURE + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complete, total | abject, humiliating, ignominious </B><I>The attempt ended in abject failure. </I><B>| inevitable | costly | alleged, apparent, perceived | evident | comparative, relative | initial </B><I>Initial failure was followed by unexpected, if modest, success. </I><B>| ultimate </B><I>War is the ultimate failure of public communication. </I><B>| personal | moral | academic | economic, financial | military </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FAILURE </U><B> be doomed to, end in, result in </B><I>All her efforts were doomed to failure. </I><B>| admit, confess </B><I>He was too proud to admit failure. </I><B>| expect </B><I>Children who are doing badly tend to expect failure and criticism. </I><B>| fear | avoid </B> </P> <P> <U> FAILURE + NOUN </U><B> rate </B><I>There is a high failure rate with this treatment. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> fear of failure </B><I>Fear of failure should not deter you from trying. </I><B>| a history of failure </B><I>John had a long history of academic failure. </I><B>| a possibility/risk of failure, a sense of failure </B> </P> | noun |
| 155 | 281.2 | failure | unsuccessful person/thing | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FAILURE </U> </P> <P> <U> FAILURE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> great, serious | complete, total, utter | catastrophic, disastrous | abject, conspicuous, dismal, humiliating, ignominious, lamentable, miserable | costly | heroic </B><I>Her ideas were large: if she could not succeed, she would at least be a heroic failure. </I><B>| alleged, apparent, perceived | evident | comparative, relative | past </B><I>to learn from past failures </I><B>| rare </B><I>The film was one of the rare failures in his career. </I><B>| unexpected | personal | collective | moral | academic | economic, financial </B><I>economic failure and increasing unemployment </I><B>| military </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FAILURE </U><B> be, represent | prove </B><I>The venture proved a costly failure. </I><B>| feel </B><I>I felt a complete failure. </I><B>| consider sb/sth, regard sb/sth as | brand sb/sth, pronounce sb/sth </B><I>Her parents had long since branded her a failure. </I> </P> <P> <U> FAILURE + VERB </U><B> arise from sth </B><I>failures arising from circumstances beyond your control </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ of </B><I>The decision to withdraw funding represents a failure of imagination. </I> </P> | noun |
| 156 | 281.3 | failure | not doing sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FAILURE </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> fundamental | general | manifest | consistent, constant, continued/continuing, persistent, repeated | government, management </B><I>government failure to listen to the voice of the electorate </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FAILURE </U><B> excuse, justify </B><I>seeking to excuse his failure to ask her permission </I> </P> | noun |
| 157 | 281.4 | failure | of a machine/system/part of the body, etc. | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FAILURE </U> </P> <P> <U> FAILURE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> battery, brake, component, computer, engine, equipment, mechanical, power, system, technical | bank, business, commercial, company, corporate, market </B><I>Business failures rose by 30% in 2001. </I><B>| brain, heart, kidney, liver | crop, harvest | communication </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FAILURE </U><B> cause, lead to, result in </B><I>a rare viral infection that can lead to heart failure </I> </P> <P> <U> FAILURE + VERB </U><B> occur </B><I>A power failure occurred between 4 and 5 p.m. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ in </B><I>a failure in the computer system </I> </P> | noun |
| 158 | 282.1 | advance | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADVANCE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADVANCE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADVANCE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADVANCE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | adj. | ||
| 159 | 282.2.1 | advance | forward movement | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADVANCE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> rapid | Allied, British, German, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADVANCE </U><B> make </B><I>The regiment made an advance on the enemy lines. </I><B>| order </B><I>The general ordered an advance to the front line. </I><B>| halt, resist, stop </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on ~ </B><I>the advance on Leningrad </I><B>| to ~, towards ~ </B><I>the Russian advance towards Berlin </I> </P> | noun |
| 160 | 282.2.2 | advance | development | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADVANCE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, considerable, dramatic, enormous, great, spectacular, substantial, tremendous | important, major, notable, remarkable, significant | rapid, steady </B><I>rapid advances in science and technology </I><B>| recent | economic, educational, medical, political, scientific, social, technical, technological | theoretical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADVANCE </U><B> make </B><I>We need more money if we are to make any further advances in this area of science. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>two major advances in orthopaedic medicine </I><B>| on ~ </B><I>an advance on the existing techniques </I><B>| towards ~ </B><I>an advance towards a better understanding of God </I> </P> | noun |
| 161 | 282.2.3 | advance | money | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADVANCE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> large | cash </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADVANCE </U><B> give, pay </B><I>The publishers have paid me an advance. </I><B>| get, receive </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ of </B><I>an advance of </I>£</B><I>10,000 </I><B>| ~ on </B><I>He was paid </I>£</B><I>5,000 as an advance on royalties. </I></P> | noun |
| 162 | 282.2.4 | advance | advances: sexual | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADVANCE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> amorous, sexual </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADVANCE </U><B> make </B><I>He made amorous advances to one of his students. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to</B> </P> | noun |
| 163 | 282.3.1 | advance | move forward | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> quickly, rapidly | cautiously, slowly </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>advancing from the south </I><B>| into </B><I>The troops advanced into central Europe. </I><B>| on/upon </B><I>The army advanced on the capital. </I><B>| towards </B><I>He advanced towards me in aggressive style. </I> </P> | verb |
| 164 | 282.3.2 | advance | develop | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> considerably, greatly, significantly | rapidly </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> beyond </B><I>Society needs to advance beyond prejudice and superstition. </I> </P> | verb |
| 165 | 283.1 | connection | relationship between two things | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONNECTION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> clear, close, direct, intimate, strong </B><I>There is a close connection between family background and academic achievement. </I><B>| tenuous | obvious | causal </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONNECTION </U><B> have </B><I>His death had no connection with drugs. </I><B>| discover, establish, find, make, see </B><I>Researchers have now established a connection between air pollution and asthma. She did not make the connection between her diet and her poor health. </I><B>| break, sever </B><I>She wanted to sever all her connections with the firm. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ with </B><I>I am writing in connection with your recent job application. </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>the connection between crime and alcohol </I><B>| ~ to/with </B><I>What is your connection with the school? </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in that/this connection </B>(= for reasons connected with sth recently mentioned) </P> | noun |
| 166 | 283.2 | connection | place where wires/pipes join together | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONNECTION </U> </P> <P> <U> CONNECTION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> loose | electrical, pipe </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONNECTION </U><B> break </B><I>If you break the connection, the light won't come on. </I> </P> <P> <U> CONNECTION + NOUN </U><B> charge </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to </B><I>waiting for connection to the water mains </I> </P> | noun |
| 167 | 283.3 | connection | bus/train/plane | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONNECTION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> good | bus, rail/railway, train </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONNECTION </U><B> make | miss </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ between </B><I>There are good connections between the resort and major cities. </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>We'll be lucky if we make our connection to Paris. </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>good connections with New York </I> </P> | noun |
| 168 | 283.4 | connection | person you know | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONNECTION </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> good | aristocratic | business, family, personal, political, professional, social </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONNECTION </U><B> have </B><I>I have some good business connections in New York. He has connections </I>(= he knows important people who would be able to help him)</B><I>. </I><B>| use </B><I>She used her connections to get the job. </I> </P> | noun |
| 169 | 284.1 | journal | serious magazine | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JOURNAL </U> </P> <P> <U> JOURNAL + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> JOURNAL + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> academic, learned, scholarly | professional, technical, trade | house/in-house </B><I>the house journal of the South Western Gas Board </I><B>| non-specialist, specialist | research, reviewing | business, literary, medical, science/scientific | august, highly-ranked/high-ranking, leading, major, prestigious </B><I>‘Nature’ was the highest-ranked journal in thte survey. </I><B>| official </B><I>It's the official journal of the Medical Foundation. </I><B>| international, national | monthly, quarterly, weekly </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> copy </B><I>Please send me two copies of your new journal. </I><B>| edition, issue, volume </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JOURNAL </U><B> read | edit, write for </B><I>an academic who writes for specialist journals </I><B>| produce, publish | buy, get, subscribe to </B><I>She subscribes to quite a few academic journals. </I> </P> <P> <U> JOURNAL + VERB </U><B> come out </B><I>The journal comes out five times a year. </I> </P> <P> <U> JOURNAL + NOUN </U><B> article | editor </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>an article in a medical journal </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>the British Journal of Geology </I> </P> | noun |
| 170 | 284.2 | journal | diary | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JOURNAL </U> </P> <P> <U> JOURNAL + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> private | daily </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JOURNAL </U><B> keep, write </B><I>Lady Franklin kept a daily journal of the voyage. </I><B>| read </B> </P> <P> <U> JOURNAL + NOUN </U><B> entry </B><I>Her journal entry for that day describes a thunder storm. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>The events are all recorded in her journal. </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>He wrote a journal of his travels. </I> </P> | noun |
| 171 | 285.1 | initiative | new plan | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INITIATIVE </U> </P> <P> <U> INITIATIVE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> fresh, new </B><I>fresh initiatives to find a peaceful end to the conflict </I><B>| pioneering </B><I>pioneering initiatives in bioengineering </I><B>| current, latest, recent | important, major | welcome | successful | practical | exciting | private | co-operative, joint | international, local, national, regional | government | business, diplomatic, economic, education/educational, environmental, marketing, peace, policy, political, research, training </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> range, series </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INITIATIVE </U><B> undertake </B><I>The research initiative is being undertaken by a group of environmentalists. </I><B>| plan | develop | announce | introduce, launch, set up, start </B><I>The government has launched a new policy initiative. </I><B>| be/become involved in </B><I>Ten schools have been involved in the initiative. </I><B>| lead | approve | reject </B><I>The peace initiative was rejected out of hand. </I><B>| sponsor </B><I>a peace initiative sponsored by the Organization of African Unity </I><B>| endorse, support </B><I>The committee endorsed an initiative by the chairman to enter discussion about a possible merger. </I><B>| welcome </B><I>We welcome the government's initiative to help the homeless. </I><B>| praise | encourage </B> </P> <P> <U> INITIATIVE + VERB </U><B> be aimed at sth, be designed to </B><I>a local initiative aimed at economic regeneration an initiative designed to promote collaborative research </I><B>| involve sth, relate to sth | founder </B><I>The initiative foundered because there was no market interest in redevelopment. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ against </B><I>a new initiative against car theft </I><B>| ~ by </B><I>the latest initiative by the UN Secretary General </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>an initiative for peace and human rights </I><B>| ~ on </B><I>the government's major new initiative on crime </I>> Special page at BUSINESS </B> </P> | noun |
| 172 | 285.2 | initiative | ability to decide/act independently | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INITIATIVE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, great, real | individual, personal, private </B><I>It is a very hierarchical company and there's little place for individual initiative. </I><B>| entrepreneurial </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INITIATIVE </U><B> have </B><I>He had the initiative to ask what time the last train left. </I><B>| display, show | act/work on your own, use </B><I>He acted on his own initiative and wasn't following orders. Don't ask me what you should do all the time. Use your initiative! </I><B>| lack | encourage, promote | stifle </B><I>Raising taxes on small businesses will stifle initiative. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on sb's ~ </B><I>The project was set up on the initiative of a local landowner. </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>Some scientists show little initiative in applying their knowledge. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a lack of initiative, on your own initiative </B><I>In an unprecedented action, the army, on its own initiative, arrested seven civilians. </I> </P> | noun |
| 173 | 285.3 | initiative | the initiative: opportunity to gain an advantage | <P> <U> VERB + INITIATIVE </U> </P> <P> <U> INITIATIVE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERB + INITIATIVE </U><B> have, hold </B><I>After their latest setback, the rebel forces no longer hold the initiative. </I><B>| gain, seize, take | regain </B><I>In the second half, Manchester United regained the initiative. </I><B>| lose </B> </P> <P> <U> INITIATIVE + VERB </U><B> comes from sb/sth, lie with sb </B><I>The initiative to re-open negotiations came from Moscow. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ in </B><I>She took the initiative in asking the board to conduct an enquiry. </I> </P> | noun |
| 174 | 286 | enhance | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENHANCE </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> considerably, dramatically, enormously, greatly, much, significantly, substantially </B><I>The attractiveness of the book is much enhanced by Mark Stevens's drawings. </I><B>| directly | further | undoubtedly </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENHANCE </U><B> can/could, may/might </B><I>things that can significantly enhance the quality of your life </I><B>| help (to), serve to | be designed to, seek to </B><I>reforms designed to enhance market efficiency </I> </P> | verb | |
| 175 | 287 | accurate | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, prove </B><I>His predictions proved accurate. </I> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> deadly, extremely, highly, very | amazingly, remarkably, surprisingly, uncannily | completely, perfectly, totally | not completely, not entirely, not quite, not strictly, not wholly </B><I>The figures he gave were not strictly accurate. </I><B>| partially | broadly, fairly, generally, largely, pretty, quite, reasonably, sufficiently | historically, statistically </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> full and accurate </B><I>He gave a full and accurate account of his movements. </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 176 | 288.1 | facility | facilities buildings/services/equipment | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FACILITY </U> </P> <P> <U> FACILITY + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> excellent, first-class, good | adequate, appropriate, proper, suitable | inadequate, poor | basic, limited </B><I>a hotel with only basic facilities </I><B>| modern, up-to-date | extensive | extra | available, existing </B><I>We are looking to upgrade the existing facilities. </I><B>| essential, necessary </B><I>to improve access to essential facilities </I><B>| local, community </B><I>hospitals, schools and other major community facilities </I><B>| communal, shared </B><I>The toilets and other communal facilities were in a shocking state. </I><B>| public | disabled </B><I>The railway station was criticized for its lack of disabled facilities. </I><B>| conference | airport, hotel | bar, holiday, leisure, play, recreational, social, sporting/sports | transport, travel | parking | shopping | storage | canteen, dining, restaurant | catering, cooking, kitchen | baby changing, bathroom, laundry, sanitary, shower, toilet, washing | en suite, private </B><I>All bedrooms offer private facilities </I>(= a private bathroom)</B><I>. </I><B>| health, health care, hospital, medical | childcare, cr</B>e<B>che, day care, nursery | educational, training | library, research | laboratory | computing </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FACILITY </U><B> have, offer, provide | improve, upgrade | make use of, use </B><I>I made full use of the computing facilities. </I> </P> <P> <U> FACILITY + VERB </U><B> be available, exist | include sth </B><I>Facilities include a large indoor pool, jacuzzi and sauna. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>The school has no facilities for the teaching of music. The hotel provides excellent facilities for children. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a range of facilities </B> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>facility </B><I>noun </I></B> </P> |
| 177 | 288.2 | facility | special feature of a machine/service | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FACILITY </U> </P> <P> <U> FACILITY + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> central </B><I>The archive offers a central facility for cataloguing and indexing data. </I><B>| back-up </B><I>The report warns that there are no back-up facilities if the reprocessing plant breaks down. </I><B>| support </B><I>training and other support facilities </I><B>| special | useful | flexible </B><I>A First National Bank loan is an extremely flexible facility. </I><B>| technical | cheque book, credit, loan, overdraft </B><I>a bank account with an overdraft facility </I><B>| editing, graphics, help, mail, search, word processing </B><I>(all computing) </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FACILITY </U><B> have, offer, provide | use </B> </P> <P> <U> FACILITY + VERB </U><B> allow (for) sth </B><I>The cheque book facility allows for a minimum withdrawal of </I>£</B><I>200. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>The device has a facility for storing any sound you like. </I> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>facility </B><I>noun </I></B> </P> |
| 178 | 288.3 | facility | natural ability | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FACILITY </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> amazing, great </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FACILITY </U><B> have | show </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with ~ </B><I>He played with great facility. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>She showed an amazing facility for mind-reading. </I> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>facility </B><I>noun </I></B> </P> |
| 179 | 289 | urban | ||||
| 180 | 290 | protection | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROTECTION </U> </P> <P> <U> PROTECTION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> adequate, effective | legal | police </B><I>Witnesses at the trial were given police protection. </I><B>| animal, child, consumer, data, environmental, personal, wildlife </B><I>Animal protection supporters gathered to protest against hunting. She carries a gun in her bag for personal protection. </I><B>| fire, flood </B><I>Fire protection equipment must be available on all floors. </I><B>| sun </B><I>sun protection products </I> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> degree </B><I>A helmet afford</I>s </B><I>the cyclist some degree o</I>f </B><I>protection against injury</I>. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROTECTION </U><B> afford (sb), give (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with) </B> </P> <P> <U> PROTECTION + NOUN </U><B> law, legislation, order </B><I>The couple wer</I>e </B><I>found guilty of violation of chil</I>d </B><I>protection laws. </I><B>| measures, mechanism, scheme, system </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> under the ~ of </B><I>Many Britis</I>h </B><I>wild animals are now under th</I>e </B><I>protection of the Wildlife an</I>d </B><I>Countryside Act. </I><B>| ~ against </B><I>Fil</I>l </B><I>the cooling system with antifreez</I>e </B><I>as a protection against frost. </I><B>| ~ from </B><I>The high walls give th</I>e </B><I>garden protection from the wind</I>. </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a means of protection </B><I>The skunk releases a pungent smell as a means of protection.</I> </P> | noun | |
| 181 | 291 | extent | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXTENT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> full, greatest, maximum, overall </B><I>The overall extent of civilian casualties remained unclear. </I><B>| actual, exact, precise, true | geographical, territorial </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXTENT </U><B> reach </B><I>The railway network had reached its greatest extent in route mileage. </I><B>| see | consider, examine, explore, investigate | assess, calculate, estimate, evaluate, gauge, judge, measure | define, determine, establish, identify </B><I>a statement defining the extent of Latvia's territory </I><B>| discover | acknowledge, appreciate, realize, recognize | know, understand </B><I>We do not yet know the extent of her injuries. </I><B>| demonstrate, illustrate, indicate, make clear, reflect, reveal, show </B><I>The operation revealed the extent of the cancer. </I><B>| outline </B><I>a lengthy agenda outlining the extent of global environmental problems </I><B>| discuss | clarify, explain | emphasize, highlight, underline </B><I>The victory underlined the extent to which Prussia had become a major power. </I><B>| exaggerate, overstate </B><I>She was exaggerating the true extent of the problem. </I><B>| overestimate | underestimate | play down, underplay, understate </B><I>The government sought to play down the extent of the problem. </I><B>| ignore | conceal, obscure | limit, reduce, restrict </B><I>to reduce the extent of deforestation </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>The park is about 20 acres in extent. </I><B>| to an ~ </B><I>To an extent </I>(= to some degree) </B><I>East-West distrust continued throughout the war. </I><B>| to a … ~ </B><I>He had withdrawn from the company of his friends to an alarming extent. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> at sth's fullest/greatest extent </B><I>At its fullest extent the Angevin Empire comprised most of western France. </I><B>| to a considerable/great/large/significant extent, to a certain/to some extent </B><I>To some extent, we are all responsible for this tragic situation. </I><B>| to a lesser/limited/small extent </B><I>The pollution of the forest has seriously affected plant life and, to a lesser extent, wildlife. </I><B>| to the same extent </B><I>People no longer live in small communities to the same extent as they used to. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 182 | 292 | mental | ||||
| 183 | 293 | consequence | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONSEQUENCE </U> </P> <P> <U> CONSEQUENCE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> full | far-reaching, important, profound | adverse, bad, catastrophic, damaging, dangerous, devastating, dire, disastrous, fatal, harmful, negative, serious, severe, terrible, tragic, unfortunate, unpleasant | beneficial, good, positive | major, main | direct, immediate | indirect | inevitable, necessary | likely, possible, potential | logical, natural | long-term, short-term | unintended | ecological, economic, electoral, environmental, financial, legal, physical, political, social </B><I>to face up to the physical consequences of ageing </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONSEQUENCE </U><B> have, lead to </B><I>The practice had far-reaching environmental consequences. </I><B>| accept, bear, face (up to), suffer, take </B><I>You must accept the full consequences of your behaviour. </I> </P> <P> <U> CONSEQUENCE + VERB </U><B> arise, ensue, follow </B><I>the important electoral consequences that will follow from this decision </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> as a ~ </B><I>Hundreds of people lost their jobs as a direct consequence of the merger. </I><B>| in ~ (of) </B><I>(formal) The child was born deformed in consequence of an injury to its mother. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>This could have serious consequences for the economy. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 184 | 294 | institute | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INSTITUTE </U> </P> <P> <U> INSTITUTE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> professional | independent | government | international, national | economic, education, educational, research, scientific, technical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INSTITUTE </U><B> establish, found, set up | open | belong to </B><I>She belongs to the Chartered Institute of Management. </I><B>| join </B> </P> <P> <U> INSTITUTE + VERB </U><B> find sth </B><I>The environmental research institute found that the global average temperature had risen by 1.2°C. </I><B>| claim sth, say sth </B><I>The Institute says that an unidentified virus is to blame for the syndrome. </I><B>| publish sth | provide sth </B><I>an institute providing opportunities to veterinary graduates </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> at an/the ~ </B><I>She used to give lectures at the Mechanics' Institute. </I><B>| in/within an/the ~ </B><I>He is a key figure in the Institute of Mathematics. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>the International Institute for Economic Development </I><B>| ~ of </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a founder of an institute, a member of an institute </B> | noun | |
| 185 | 295.1.1 | content | contents things inside sth | <P> <U> VERB + CONTENT </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERB + CONTENT </U><B> empty </B><I>She emptied the contents of her bag on the floor </I> </P> | adj. |
| 186 | 295.1.2 | content | amount of a substance that sth contains | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high </B><I>foods with a high fibre content </I><B>| low | alcohol, calorie, carbon, fat, fibre, moisture, protein, sugar, sulphur, vitamin, etc.</B> </P> | adj. |
| 187 | 295.2 | content | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTENT </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> | </DIV><DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>content </B><I>noun </I></B> </P> | ||
| 188 | 296 | device | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEVICE </U> </P> <P> <U> DEVICE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> clever, ingenious | labour-saving, useful | complex, sophisticated | simple | hi-tech | hand-held | automatic, electrical, electronic, mechanical | bugging, contraceptive, measuring, safety, timing, warning </B><I>Police found several bugging devices in the room. </I><B>| explosive, incendiary </B><I>An incendiary device exploded in the store, setting fire to furniture. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEVICE </U><B> be fitted with, have </B><I>All new cars are now fitted with these safety devices. </I><B>| design, develop, make | use </B><I>He measured the room using an ingenious new electronic device. </I> </P> <P> <U> DEVICE + VERB </U><B> consist of sth </B><I>The device consists of a large wheel mounted on a metal post. </I><B>| be designed to </B><I>a tiny device designed to trace telephone calls </I><B>| work </B><I>The device worked exactly as I'd hoped. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>a useful device for checking electrical circuits </I> </P> | noun | |
| 189 | 297 | scholar | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> brilliant, distinguished, eminent, famous, great, leading, outstanding | visiting | biblical, classical, French, history, literary, etc.</B> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>scholar </B><I>noun</I> </B> </P> | |
| 190 | 298 | visual | ||||
| 191 | 299 | above | ||||
| 192 | 300 | unique | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be | make sb/sth </B><I>Its magnificent proportions make this palace unique among the buildings of the world. </I> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> quite, totally, truly </B><I>The city has an atmosphere which is quite unique. </I><B>| by no means, far from, hardly </B><I>Although such a case is rare, it is by no means unique. </I><B>| almost, virtually | apparently </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>This monkey is unique to the island. </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 193 | 301.1 | difficulty | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DIFFICULTY </U> </P> <P> <U> DIFFICULTY + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | adj. | ||
| 194 | 301.2 | difficulty | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DIFFICULTY </U> </P> <P> <U> DIFFICULTY + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, enormous, grave, great, major, real, serious, severe </B><I>We had enormous difficulty in getting hold of the right equipment. </I><B>| insurmountable | increasing </B><I>questions of increasing difficulty </I><B>| inherent </B><I>the difficulties inherent in treating overdose patients </I><B>| particular, special </B><I>English spelling presents special difficulties for foreign learners. </I><B>| economic, financial | practical, technical </B><I>I think we've managed to overcome most of the practical difficulties. </I><B>| behavioural, emotional, learning </B><I>children with learning difficulties </I> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> level </B><I>The games have various different levels of difficulty. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DIFFICULTY </U><B> encounter, experience, face, get into, have, run into </B><I>Among the difficulties encountered was a lack of cooperation on the part of the authorities. Anyone experiencing difficulty with radio reception should call us on the new helpline. Let me know if you have any difficulties. I had little difficulty in persuading the others to come. The scheme has run into serious difficulties. </I><B>| cause, create, make, present </B><I>Will it cause any difficulties if I go early? She is always making difficulties for herself. </I><B>| cope with, deal with, overcome, resolve, solve, surmount | avoid </B><I>how to avoid technical difficulties </I><B>| be fraught with </B><I>The situation was fraught with difficulty. </I> </P> <P> <U> DIFFICULTY + VERB </U><B> arise, crop up </B><I>Difficulties arise when people fail to consult their colleagues. </I><B>| lie (in sth) </B><I>The difficulty lies in identifying the precise nature of the problem. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> despite a/the ~ </B><I>Despite all the difficulties, he still remains optimistic. </I><B>| in ~ </B><I>We could see that the swimmer was in difficulties. </I><B>| with/without ~ </B><I>We crossed the border without any difficulty. Life in the city was not without its difficulties. </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>She had difficulty in starting her car. </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>the difficulty of finding affordable accommodation </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>having difficulty with the engine </I> </P> | noun | |
| 195 | 302.1 | discipline | controlling behaviour | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISCIPLINE </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> effective, firm, good, strong </B><I>We need better discipline in our schools. </I><B>| harsh, iron, rigid, strict </B><I>strict military discipline </I><B>| lax, poor </B><I>Discipline was too lax. </I><B>| staff, team | military, naval, party, prison, school, work </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISCIPLINE </U><B> enforce, exercise, exert, impose </B><I>the discipline that the party exercises over its members </I><B>| keep, maintain </B><I>The teacher was unable to maintain discipline. </I><B>| accept, submit to </B><I>They submitted to the discipline imposed by their leaders. </I> <B>| have </B><I>The school was criticized for having very poor discipline. </I><B>| lack </B><I>Modern schools lack discipline. </I><B>| tighten </B><I>The new headmaster tightened discipline in the school. </I><B>| relax | restore </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a breach of discipline </B><I>It's unfair to dismiss somebody for a single breach of discipline. </I><B>| a breakdown of discipline </B><I>a breakdown of discipline in the classroom </I><B>| a lack of discipline </B> </P> | noun |
| 196 | 302.2 | discipline | controlling yourself | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISCIPLINE </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> good, great, useful, valuable </B><I>It is good discipline to learn to delegate. </I><B>| strict | personal | mental, spiritual | business, commercial, financial, fiscal, industrial, market, monetary </B><I>The chancellor has stabilized the economy through strict fiscal discipline. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISCIPLINE </U><B> have </B><I>He'll never get anywhere working for himself?he's got no discipline. </I><B>| show | lack | demand, require, take </B><I>It takes great discipline to learn a musical instrument. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a lack of discipline </B> </P> | noun |
| 197 | 302.3 | discipline | subject of study | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> core, main, major </B><I>Students are to be tested on the three core disciplines: maths, English and science. </I><B>| distinct, independent </B><I>When did sociology emerge as a distinct discipline? </I><B>| established, traditional | subject | academic, intellectual </B><I>They established psychology as an academic discipline. </I><B>| professional | humanities, science/scientific </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> across ~s </B><I>There is a lack of communication across disciplines </I> (= between teachers and students of different subjects)</B><I>. </I><B>| within a/the ~ </B><I>Within a discipline there may be more than one school of thought. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a range of disciplines </B><I>The university offers a wide range of disciplines. </I> </P> | noun |
| 198 | 303 | sustain | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SUSTAIN </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> long </B><I>The soil was so badly eroded it could no longer sustain crop production. </I><B>| indefinitely | still </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SUSTAIN </U><B> be able/unable to, can/could | help (to) | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to </B><I>This relationship would be very difficult to sustain. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 199 | 304.1 | capacity | amount held/produced | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CAPACITY </U> </P> <P> <U> CAPACITY + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high, large </B><I>a high capacity electric pump large capacity disk drives </I><B>| limited, small | maximum, total </B><I>a total capacity of 50 litres </I><B>| excess, spare </B><I>spare capacity in the health service </I><B>| economic, productive | earning </B><I>The qualification should increase my earning capacity. </I><B>| carrying, nuclear, seating, storage | engine, lung </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CAPACITY </U><B> have | be filled/packed to </B><I>The theatre was filled to capacity </I>(= was full) </B><I>for every performance. </I><B>| expand, increase | reduce </B> </P> <P> <U> CAPACITY + NOUN </U><B> audience, crowd </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> operate/work at full capacity </B>(= to produce the maximum amount possible) </P> | noun |
| 200 | 304.2 | capacity | ability | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CAPACITY </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> amazing, enormous, great, remarkable | limited | innate, natural </B><I>Children have an innate capacity to understand language. </I><B>| intellectual, mental | human </B><I>the human capacity for compassion </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CAPACITY </U><B> have | lose </B><I>She seems to have lost the capacity to enjoy herself. </I><B>| increase | reduce, restrict </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> beyond your ~ </B><I>This maths is beyond the capacity of most school children. </I><B>| within your ~ </B><I>The mountain walk is well within the capacity of most fit people. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>her amazing capacity for organization </I> </P> | noun |
| 201 | 304.3 | capacity | official position | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CAPACITY </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> official | personal, private, unofficial, voluntary | professional | acting, caretaker | advisory | judicial </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CAPACITY </U><B> act in, work in </B><I>I have worked in an advisory capacity with many hospitals. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in your ~ </B><I>In my capacity as president, I would like to thank Jack for his hard work. </I> </P> | noun |
| 202 | 305 | perceive | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PERCEIVE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> clearly | dimly </B><I>Babies are weak and vulnerable in the presence of huge shapes that they can only dimly perceive. </I><B>| directly </B><I>the world of directly perceived objects </I><B>| differently </B><I>Risks are perceived differently by different people. </I><B>| easily, readily </B><I>The industrial bias of canal building can be readily perceived by looking at Figure 7.3. </I><B>| correctly | immediately </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PERCEIVE </U><B> be able/unable to, can/could | fail to | be difficult to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> as </B><I>The General's words were perceived as a threat by neighbouring countries. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> commonly/generally/widely perceived </B><I>It is widely perceived as a women's health problem, but it does also affect men. </I><B>| a failure/an inability to perceive sth</B> </P> | verb | |
| 203 | 306 | i.e. | ||||
| 204 | 307 | ensure | <P> <U> VERB + ENSURE </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERB + ENSURE </U><B> must | aim to, try to | take action/care/steps to </B><I>We must take steps now to ensure the survival of these animals. </I><B>| be designed to </B><I>provisions designed to ensure safe conditions of work </I><B>| help (to) | be important to, be necessary to, be sufficient to </B><I>It is important to ensure that delegates have been properly briefed. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> an attempt to ensure sth, efforts/measures to ensure sth</B> </P> | verb | |
| 205 | 308 | conclude | ||||
| 206 | 309 | combination | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> perfect, right, unbeatable, winning </B><I>The orchestra played with a winning combination of gusto and precision. </I><B>| attractive, delicious, good, happy, powerful | curious, rare, strange, unique, unusual | colour </B><I>an unusual colour combination </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ (with) </B><I>The materials can be used singly or in combination. Hepatitis D exists only in combination with the hepatitis B virus. </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>a delicious combination of flavours </I> </P> | noun | |
| 207 | 310 | agricultural | ||||
| 208 | 311 | moreover | ||||
| 209 | 312 | emphasize | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EMPHASIZE </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> strongly | rightly </B><I>The new law rightly emphasizes parental responsibility. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EMPHASIZE </U><B> must, should </B><I>I must emphasize that this is only a summary, and the full report will not be available until next week. </I><B>| be important to </B><I>It is important to emphasize this point. </I><B>| seem to, serve to, tend to </B><I>All the arguments and counter-arguments serve to emphasize the controversy surrounding this disease. </I><B>| fail to | be at pains to, be keen to </B><I>I have been at pains to emphasize the positive aspects of discipline. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 210 | 313 | rapidly | ||||
| 211 | 314 | approximately | ||||
| 212 | 315 | acceptance | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ACCEPTANCE </U> </P> <P> <U> ACCEPTANCE + NOUN </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complete, full, total, unconditional, wholehearted | conditional, grudging, reluctant | gradual | greater, growing, increasing </B><I>Alternative medicines are now winning greater acceptance among doctors. </I><B>| general, popular, public, universal, wide, widespread | blind, easy, immediate, ready, uncritical, unquestioning, voluntary </B><I>Their attitude was condemned as blind acceptance of authority. </I><B>| implicit, passive, tacit | formal, official | social </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ACCEPTANCE </U><B> find, gain, win </B><I>The idea was slow to gain general acceptance. </I><B>| seek </B><I>The group is now seeking formal acceptance. </I> </P> <P> <U> ACCEPTANCE + NOUN </U><B> speech</B> </P> | noun | |
| 213 | 316.1 | sector | part of the business activity of a country | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> important, key | growing, growth | independent, private | public, state | voluntary | formal | informal | agricultural, banking, business, commercial, corporate, economic, financial, further/higher education, health, industrial, industry, manufacturing, market, primary, retail, service </B><I>The survey covers a wide range of industry sectors. </I><B>| rural, urban </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>employment opportunities in the higher education sector </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a sector of the economy/market </B> </P> | noun |
| 214 | 316.2 | sector | part of an area or of a large group of people | <P> <U> VERB + SECTOR </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERB + SECTOR </U><B> divide sth into </B><I>Berlin was divided into four sectors after the war. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a sector of the population/society</B> </P> | noun |
| 215 | 317.1 | commitment | willingness to give time/energy to sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + COMMITMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> absolute, complete, full, total | clear, deep, firm, genuine, great, passionate, real, serious, strong | continued, continuing, increased, increasing, lifelong, long-term, ongoing | general, open-ended | government, personal, professional, public | emotional, ideological, moral, political, religious </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> degree, level </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + COMMITMENT </U><B> give, make </B><I>The prime minister made a firm commitment to increasing spending on health. </I><B>| demonstrate, display, show </B><I>to demonstrate a commitment to human rights </I><B>| lack | affirm, reaffirm | require </B><I>Learning to play the violin requires strong commitment. </I><B>| gain </B><I>The government has managed to gain the commitment of employers to the scheme. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ on </B><I>The government avoided giving any commitments on pensions. </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>his lifelong commitment to the socialist cause </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a lack of commitment </B> </P> | noun |
| 216 | 317.2 | commitment | a responsibility | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + COMMITMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, considerable, major | binding | prior | international, overseas | business, domestic, family, financial, military, social, teaching, work </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + COMMITMENT </U><B> have, take on </B><I>I don't want to take on any more commitments. </I><B>| fulfil, honour, meet </B><I>She can't meet her financial commitments. </I><B>| get out of, wriggle out of </B><I>He is trying to wriggle out of his various domestic commitments. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ on </B><I>to honour commitments on reduction of air pollution </I> </P> | noun |
| 217 | 317.3 | commitment | agreeing to use money/time/people for sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> heavy </B><I>a heavy commitment of capital </I> </P> | noun |
| 218 | 318.1 | experiment | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPERIMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> EXPERIMENT + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPERIMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> animal </B><I>protesting against animal experiments </I><B>| field, laboratory | educational, medical, psychological, scientific | practical | thought </B><I>His efforts involved thought experiments and analogies, rather than detailed experimentation. </I><B>| simple | brief | careful, control </B><I>(science)</I>, <B>controlled | interesting | ingenious | pioneering | bold </B><I>the country's bold experiment with economic reform </I><B>| successful, unsuccessful | pilot, preliminary | further </B><I>Further experiments will be carried out to verify this result. </I><B>| celebrated, classic/classical, famous, well-known </B><I>Pavlov's famous experiment with the dog and the dinner bell </I><B>| unique </B><I>Brazil's unique experiment with alcohol-fuelled cars </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPERIMENT </U><B> carry out, conduct, do, perform | try </B><I>The school decided to try an experiment in single-sex teaching. </I><B>| design | set up | describe, report </B><I>a classic experiment reported in 1964 </I> </P> <P> <U> EXPERIMENT + VERB </U><B> confirm sth, demonstrate sth, find sth, illustrate sth, prove sth, show sth | indicate sth, suggest sth | be aimed at sth, be designed to do sth </B><I>an experiment aimed at cutting road deaths resulting from excessive speeding </I><B>| involve sth, use sth | be successful, work </B><I>If the conditions are not right, the experiment will not work. </I><B>| fail </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>The appropriate concentration of the drug is best determined by experiment. </I><B>| during an/the ~ </B><I>The animals seemed healthy during the experiment. </I><B>| in an/the ~ </B><I>In these experiments, chilling is necessary. </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>the country's brief experiment in multi-party democracy </I><B>| ~ on </B><I>The team carried out experiments on cancer tissue. </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>conducting an experiment with zinc chips and hydrochloric acid </I> </P> | noun | |
| 219 | 318.2 | experiment | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPERIMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> EXPERIMENT + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPERIMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> successfully </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPERIMENT </U><B> begin to | continue to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on </B><I>They experimented successfully on the plants to discover disease-resistant varieties. </I><B>| with </B><I>We have experimented with various different designs of kite. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 220 | 319.1 | implication | possible effect/result | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + IMPLICATION </U> </P> <P> <U> IMPLICATION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, crucial, enormous, important, major, massive, strong | main | deeper, fundamental, profound | broad, far-reaching, wider </B><I>discussing the broader implications of the medical plan </I><B>| full </B><I>Now they realized the full implications of the new system. </I><B>| direct | clear, obvious | underlying | general | further | possible, potential | future, long-term | grave, serious | disturbing, frightening, ominous, sinister | adverse, damaging, negative | interesting | radical, revolutionary | practical </B><I>These results have important practical implications. </I><B>| commercial, constitutional, economic, educational, environmental, ethical, financial, ideological, legal, moral, philosophical, political, psychological, social </B><I>the constitutional implications of a royal divorce </I><B>| cost, health, policy, resource, safety, security, tax </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + IMPLICATION </U><B> carry, have </B><I>The emphasis on testing leads to greater stress among students and carries implications of failure. </I><B>| grasp, realize, understand | assess, consider, examine, explore, ponder, study </B><I>You need to consider the legal implications before you publish anything. </I><B>| digest | discuss | explain | accept </B><I>a society that fully accepts the implications of disability </I><B>| reject | ignore </B> </P> <P> <U> IMPLICATION + VERB </U><B> arise </B><I>Several interesting implications arise from these developments. </I><B>| be involved </B><I>Given the resource implications involved, the plan will have to be scaled down. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ about </B><I>disturbing implications about the company's future </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>The research has far-reaching implications for medicine as a whole. </I> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>implication </B><I>noun </I> </B> </P> |
| 221 | 319.2 | implication | sth suggested but not said openly | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + IMPLICATION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> clear, obvious </B><I>The implication is clear: young females do better if they mate with a new male. </I><B>| possible </B><I>His remark seemed to have various possible implications. </I> <B>| unspoken </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + IMPLICATION </U><B> carry, have | understand | digest </B><I>Brian paused for a moment while he digested the implications of this statement. </I> | resent </B><I>I resent the implication that I don't care about my father. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>In refusing to believe our story, he is saying by implication that we are lying. </I> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>implication </B><I>noun </I> </B> </P> |
| 222 | 320 | evaluate | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EVALUATE </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> fully, properly, thoroughly | carefully, systematically </B><I>The evidence should be carefully evaluated. </I><B>| critically | positively </B><I>The role of stay-at-home mother is more positively evaluated in working-class communities. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EVALUATE </U><B> aim to, attempt to, be designed to | help (to) </B><I>to help evaluate the success of the campaign </I><B>| be used to </B><I>criteria used to evaluate employees' performance </I><B>| be difficult to, be hard to</B> </P> | verb | |
| 223 | 321 | precisely | ||||
| 224 | 322 | notion | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + NOTION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> absurd, peculiar, ridiculous | hazy, vague | faintest, foggiest </B><I>I haven't the faintest notion how to get there. </I><B>| romantic | accepted, conventional, traditional | preconceived | general </B><I>There seems to be a general notion that nothing can be done about the problem. </I><B>| simple, simplistic </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + NOTION </U><B> have </B><I>He's got some vague notion that people will be queueing up to finance the project. </I><B>| reject | accept | support | dispel </B><I>We must dispel this notion that you can rely on the state for everything. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ of </B><I>They have come to reject the traditional notion of womanhood. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 225 | 323 | domestic | ||||
| 226 | 324 | restriction | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESTRICTION </U> </P> <P> <U> RESTRICTION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> RESTRICTION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> severe, tight, tough | major | petty </B><I>The removal of petty restrictions has made life easier. </I><B>| absolute | further | artificial </B><I>free movement of goods between member countries without any artificial restrictions </I><B>| proposed | contractual, government, legal, statutory | advertising, age, credit, financial, import, parking, price, reporting </B>(= restrictions on information that newspapers may report), <B>speed, time, trade, travel, visa </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESTRICTION </U><B> impose, introduce, place </B><I>The government has introduced tough new import restrictions. </I><B>| lift, remove </B><I>The press asked for restrictions on reporting the war to be lifted. </I><B>| accept | be subject to </B><I>The right of sale is subject to certain restrictions. </I> </P> <P> <U> RESTRICTION + VERB </U><B> affect sth, apply </B><I>The 30 mph speed restriction applies in all built-up areas. </I> </P> <P> <U> RESTRICTION + NOUN </U><B> order </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> without ~ </B><I>Citizens of the EU can travel without restriction within the EU. </I><B>| ~ on/upon </B><I>The regulations were seen as a restriction on personal freedom. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 227 | 325 | consist | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> entirely, exclusively, merely, only, simply, solely </B><I>Their conversation consisted almost entirely of gossip. </I><B>| chiefly, essentially, largely, mainly, mostly, predominantly, primarily, principally</B> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>consist </B><I>verb </I><B>PHRASAL VERBS consist of sth </B> </P> | |
| 228 | 326 | actual | ||||
| 229 | 327.1 | formal | very correct/official | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, seem, sound | become </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> extremely, very | strictly </B><I>Learning was by rote and strictly formal. </I><B>| almost </B><I>The greeting was polite, almost formal. </I><B>| fairly, quite, rather, relatively | oddly </B><I>Her words sounded oddly formal. </I><B>| stiffly </B><I>His manner was stiffly formal. </I> </P> | adj. |
| 230 | 327.2 | formal | concerned with the way sth is done | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> merely, purely </B><I>Getting approval for the plan is a purely formal matter: nobody will seriously oppose it. </I><B>| largely </B><I>The monarch retains largely formal duties. </I> </P> | adj. |
| 231 | 328 | industrial | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INDUSTRIAL ACTION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> continuing | unlawful </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INDUSTRIAL ACTION </U><B> take | threaten | call for | vote for | start | step up </B><I>The union is considering stepping up its industrial action. </I><B>| suspend | stop | take part in, be/become involved in </B><I>His research indicates an increase in the number of women involved in industrial action. </I><B>| support </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ against </B><I>The union is threatening industrial action against the company. </I><B>| ~ by </B><I>industrial action by railway workers </I><B>| ~ in support of </B><I>industrial action in support of demands for a ten per cent salary adjustment </I><B>| ~ over </B><I>to take industrial action over pay </I> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>industrial action </B><I>noun </I> </P> | |
| 232 | 329.1 | revolution | changing the political system | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + REVOLUTION </U> </P> <P> <U> REVOLUTION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> successful | bloody, violent </B><I>Thousands of people were killed in the bloody revolution that toppled the government. </I><B>| bloodless, peaceful | popular | political | anti-communist, anti-democratic, etc. | communist, socialist, etc. | palace | bourgeois, proletarian | world </B><I>Some Marxists still believe that socialism will one day triumph through world revolution. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + REVOLUTION </U><B> carry out, conduct, fight, foment, stage </B><I>The activists were charged with fomenting revolution. </I><B>| crush, put down | call for </B> </P> <P> <U> REVOLUTION + VERB </U><B> break out | spread | overthrow sth, topple sth </B><I>the revolution which overthrew the old regime </I><B>| fail </B><I>the failed 1911 revolution </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ against </B><I>a revolution against communist rule </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the outbreak of the revolution, revolution from above/below </B>(= fought by people already in power/by people without political power), <B>the threat of revolution </B> </P> | noun |
| 233 | 329.2 | revolution | complete change in methods, opinions, etc. | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + REVOLUTION </U> </P> <P> <U> REVOLUTION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> quiet </B><I>There has been a quiet revolution in the way writing is taught. </I><B>| complete | virtual | minor | agrarian, agricultural, computer, cultural, economic, electronic, environmental, industrial, political, scientific, sexual, social, technological </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + REVOLUTION </U><B> achieve, bring (about) </B><I>The coming of television brought about a revolution in people's leisure activities. </I><B>| undergo </B><I>Marketing has undergone a revolution in recent years. </I><B>| embrace, welcome </B><I>Doctors have welcomed the fitness revolution. </I> </P> <P> <U> REVOLUTION + VERB </U><B> take place </B><I>As the eighteenth century wore on, an agricultural revolution took place. </I><B>| transform sth </B><I>The computer revolution has transformed the workplace. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ in </B><I>He achieved a virtual revolution in the way music is recorded. </I> </P> | noun |
| 234 | 329.3 | revolution | movement around sth; one complete turn | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + REVOLUTION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complete, full </B><I>One full revolution of the knob will open the hatch. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + REVOLUTION </U><B> make </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> through a ~ </B><I>The earth turns through one complete revolution approximately every twenty-four hours. </I><B>| ~ about/around/round </B><I>How long does it take for the planet Jupiter to make a complete revolution around the sun? </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> revolutions a/per minute </B>> See <A HREF="rev_noun.htm">REV</A> </B> </P> | noun |
| 235 | 330.1 | fundamental | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FUNDAMENTALS </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, seem | remain | consider sth, regard sth as </B><I>We consider these freedoms fundamental to democracy. </I> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> truly, very | absolutely, quite </B><I>This principle is clear and absolutely fundamental. </I><B>| fairly, rather </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>Improved funding is fundamental to the success of the project. </I> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> basic | very </B><I>The new law strikes at the very fundamentals of a free press. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FUNDAMENTALS </U><B> teach | grasp, learn, master </B><I>We quickly mastered the basic fundamentals of navigation. </I><B>| go back to, return to </B><I>The government went back to fundamentals, concentrating on avoiding food shortages. </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 236 | 330.2 | fundamental | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FUNDAMENTALS </U> </P> | noun | ||
| 237 | 331.1 | essential | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ESSENTIALS </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> appear, be, seem | become </B><I>It is becoming almost essential for students to have a second language. </I><B>| remain | make sth </B><I>Increased competition makes it essential for the business to innovate. </I><B>| consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as, think sth </B><I>Do you consider these textbooks essential for the course? </I> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> really | absolutely | almost, virtually | fairly | by no means </B><I>Although useful, the accessories are by no means essential. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>the skills essential for success </I><B>| to </B><I>He believed that some form of religion was essential to human life. </I> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> bare, basic </B><I>the bare essentials for existence </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ESSENTIALS </U><B> grasp </B><I>Just try and grasp the essentials of the argument. </I><B>| provide </B><I>The relief agencies are trying to provide food and other basic essentials. </I><B>| concentrate on </B><I>Don't let's worry about the details at this stage. Let's concentrate on the essentials. </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 238 | 331.2 | essential | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ESSENTIALS </U> </P> | noun | ||
| 239 | 332.1 | adapt | change your behaviour | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADAPT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> successfully, well </B><I>The children have adapted well to the heat. </I><B>| quickly | easily, readily </B><I>The company can easily adapt to changing demand. </I><B>| accordingly </B><I>We need to assess the new situation and adapt accordingly. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADAPT </U><B> be able/unable to, can/cannot | have to, must | need to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the ability to adapt </B><I>Some animals have a remarkable ability to adapt to changing environments. </I><B>| find it difficult/hard to adapt </B><I>A lot of companies have found it hard to adapt to the new system. </I> </P> | verb |
| 240 | 332.2 | adapt | change a thing | <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>to adapt a book for television. </I><B>| from </B><I>The radio play had been adapted from a novel. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> specially adapted </B><I>The classroom has been specially adapted to take wheelchairs. </I> </P> | verb |
| 241 | 333.1 | contact | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTACT LENS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTACT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTACT </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTACT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTRACT </U> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTRACT </U> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>contact lens </B><I>noun</I> </B> </P> | ||
| 242 | 333.2.1 | contact | meeting/talking/writing to sb | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTACT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> close </B><I>She is still in close contact with Sarah. </I><B>| regular | direct </B><I>Have you had any direct contact with the director of the company? </I><B>| face-to-face </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTACT </U><B> be in, have | come into, establish, get in, make </B><I>In his job, he comes into contact with many different people. We first established contact with the organization in 1999. When I arrive in New York, I'll get in contact with him. </I><B>| put sb in </B><I>I put my cousin in contact with a friend who works at the company. </I><B>| keep, maintain, stay in </B><I>Maintaining contact after many years can be difficult. </I><B>| break off | lose </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ between </B><I>There has been no contact between them for several years. </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>I have very little contact with Simon now. </I> </P> | noun |
| 243 | 333.2.2 | contact | person you know who can help you | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTACT </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> good, useful, valuable | business, personal </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTACT </U><B> have </B><I>He has a lot of good contacts in the music industry. </I><B>| build up, make </B><I>It takes time to build up contacts. I made a lot of useful business contacts at the conference. </I> </P> | noun |
| 244 | 333.2.3 | contact | when people/things touch each other | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTACT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> physical, sexual </B><I>The disease is transmitted through physical contact. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTACT </U><B> come into </B><I>Do not let the glue come into contact with water. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>For a brief moment their lips were in contact. </I><B>| on ~ </B><I>The light will go out on contact with water. </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>There should be no contact between the separate samples. </I><B>| ~ with</B> </P> | noun |
| 245 | 333.3.1 | contact | written agreement | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTRACT </U> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> long-term, permanent | casual, fixed-term, short-term | three-year, two-year, etc. | formal, written | verbal | legal, valid | void </B><I>The contract was declared void. </I><B>| enforceable, unenforceable </B><I>(law) </I><B>| big, important, major | lucrative | business, commercial | employment, maintenance, research, service | catering, construction, haulage | marriage </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTRACT </U><B> have </B><I>Many workers do not have written contracts. </I><B>| bid for, tender for </B><I>Eighteen companies are bidding for the contract. </I><B>| award (sb), give sb | get, win | lose </B><I>The firm lost the contract to a large London company. </I><B>| negotiate </B><I>She managed to negotiate a permanent contract with the firm. </I><B>| draw up, write | conclude, enter into, make, sign </B><I>He entered into a contract with his former employer. </I><B>| carry out, execute </B><I>the firm carrying out the construction contract </I><B>| cancel, end, repudiate </B><I>(law)</I>, <B>rescind </B><I>(law)</I>, <B>terminate </B><I>Either party can terminate the contract at any time. </I><B>| be subject to </B><I>The offer has been accepted, subject to contract </I>(= the agreement is not legally binding before contracts are signed)</B><I>. </I><B>| be in breach of, break, violate </B><I>If you go on strike you will be in breach of contract. </I><B>| enforce </B><I>(law) </I><B>| exchange </B><I>(law) When a house is auctioned the successful bidder must exchange contracts immediately and pay a deposit. </I> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + VERB </U><B> expire </B><I>The contract expires at the end of next year. </I><B>| be worth sth </B><I>a series of major contracts worth millions of pounds </I> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + NOUN </U><B> worker </B>(= one on a fixed-term contract) <B>| law </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>They put a clause in the contract stipulating that the work should be finished by next month. </I><B>| on a ~ </B><I>He's on a three-year fixed-term contract. </I><B>| under ~ (to) </B><I>At that stage of her career she was still under contract to one of the big Hollywood studios. </I><B>| under a/the ~ </B><I>Under her contract of employment, Mrs Lee could not be required to work at a different site. </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>the contract between the employer and the employee </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>They won a contract for the delivery of five fighter planes. </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>Do you have a contract with your employer? </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> (a) breach of contract </B><I>The company is being sued for breach of contract. </I><B>| a contract of employment/sale </B><I>You should make sure that you have a formal contract of employment. </I><B>| the terms of a contract </B><I>By using cheaper materials, the company has broken the terms of its contract. </I><B>| under the terms of a contract </B><I>Under the terms of the contract the job should have been finished yesterday. </I> </P> | verb |
| 246 | 333.3.2 | contact | agreement to kill sb | <P> <U> VERB + CONTRACT </U> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERB + CONTRACT </U><B> take out | have out </B><I>He has a contract out on you. </I> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + NOUN </U><B> killer, killing </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ on </B><I>She took out a contract on her ex-husband. </I> </P> | verb |
| 247 | 333.4.1 | contact | meeting/talking/writing to sb written agreement | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTACT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTRACT </U> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> close </B><I>She is still in close contact with Sarah. </I><B>| regular | direct </B><I>Have you had any direct contact with the director of the company? </I><B>| face-to-face </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTACT </U><B> be in, have | come into, establish, get in, make </B><I>In his job, he comes into contact with many different people. We first established contact with the organization in 1999. When I arrive in New York, I'll get in contact with him. </I><B>| put sb in </B><I>I put my cousin in contact with a friend who works at the company. </I><B>| keep, maintain, stay in </B><I>Maintaining contact after many years can be difficult. </I><B>| break off | lose </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ between </B><I>There has been no contact between them for several years. </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>I have very little contact with Simon now. </I> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> long-term, permanent | casual, fixed-term, short-term | three-year, two-year, etc. | formal, written | verbal | legal, valid | void </B><I>The contract was declared void. </I><B>| enforceable, unenforceable </B><I>(law) </I><B>| big, important, major | lucrative | business, commercial | employment, maintenance, research, service | catering, construction, haulage | marriage </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTRACT </U><B> have </B><I>Many workers do not have written contracts. </I><B>| bid for, tender for </B><I>Eighteen companies are bidding for the contract. </I><B>| award (sb), give sb | get, win | lose </B><I>The firm lost the contract to a large London company. </I><B>| negotiate </B><I>She managed to negotiate a permanent contract with the firm. </I><B>| draw up, write | conclude, enter into, make, sign </B><I>He entered into a contract with his former employer. </I><B>| carry out, execute </B><I>the firm carrying out the construction contract </I><B>| cancel, end, repudiate </B><I>(law)</I>, <B>rescind </B><I>(law)</I>, <B>terminate </B><I>Either party can terminate the contract at any time. </I><B>| be subject to </B><I>The offer has been accepted, subject to contract </I>(= the agreement is not legally binding before contracts are signed)</B><I>. </I><B>| be in breach of, break, violate </B><I>If you go on strike you will be in breach of contract. </I><B>| enforce </B><I>(law) </I><B>| exchange </B><I>(law) When a house is auctioned the successful bidder must exchange contracts immediately and pay a deposit. </I> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + VERB </U><B> expire </B><I>The contract expires at the end of next year. </I><B>| be worth sth </B><I>a series of major contracts worth millions of pounds </I> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + NOUN </U><B> worker </B>(= one on a fixed-term contract) <B>| law </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>They put a clause in the contract stipulating that the work should be finished by next month. </I><B>| on a ~ </B><I>He's on a three-year fixed-term contract. </I><B>| under ~ (to) </B><I>At that stage of her career she was still under contract to one of the big Hollywood studios. </I><B>| under a/the ~ </B><I>Under her contract of employment, Mrs Lee could not be required to work at a different site. </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>the contract between the employer and the employee </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>They won a contract for the delivery of five fighter planes. </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>Do you have a contract with your employer? </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> (a) breach of contract </B><I>The company is being sued for breach of contract. </I><B>| a contract of employment/sale </B><I>You should make sure that you have a formal contract of employment. </I><B>| the terms of a contract </B><I>By using cheaper materials, the company has broken the terms of its contract. </I><B>| under the terms of a contract </B><I>Under the terms of the contract the job should have been finished yesterday. </I> </P> | noun |
| 248 | 333.4.2 | contact | person you know who can help you agreement to kill sb | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTACT </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTRACT </U> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> good, useful, valuable | business, personal </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTACT </U><B> have </B><I>He has a lot of good contacts in the music industry. </I><B>| build up, make </B><I>It takes time to build up contacts. I made a lot of useful business contacts at the conference. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTRACT </U><B> take out | have out </B><I>He has a contract out on you. </I> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + NOUN </U><B> killer, killing </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ on </B><I>She took out a contract on her ex-husband. </I> </P> | noun |
| 249 | 333.4.3 | contact | when people/things touch each other | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTACT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTRACT </U> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTRACT </U> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> physical, sexual </B><I>The disease is transmitted through physical contact. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTACT </U><B> come into </B><I>Do not let the glue come into contact with water. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>For a brief moment their lips were in contact. </I><B>| on ~ </B><I>The light will go out on contact with water. </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>There should be no contact between the separate samples. </I><B>| ~ with</B> </P> </DIV><DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>contact </B><I>verb </I> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> immediately | directly | personally | by email, by phone/telephone </B><I>He can be contacted by phone on the telephone number given below. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> do not hesitate to contact sb </B><I>Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions. </I> </P> </DIV><DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>contract </B><I>noun </I> </P> <P> <SUP> 1 </SUP> <TT> written agreement </TT> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> long-term, permanent | casual, fixed-term, short-term | three-year, two-year, etc. | formal, written | verbal | legal, valid | void </B><I>The contract was declared void. </I><B>| enforceable, unenforceable </B><I>(law) </I><B>| big, important, major | lucrative | business, commercial | employment, maintenance, research, service | catering, construction, haulage | marriage </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTRACT </U><B> have </B><I>Many workers do not have written contracts. </I><B>| bid for, tender for </B><I>Eighteen companies are bidding for the contract. </I><B>| award (sb), give sb | get, win | lose </B><I>The firm lost the contract to a large London company. </I><B>| negotiate </B><I>She managed to negotiate a permanent contract with the firm. </I><B>| draw up, write | conclude, enter into, make, sign </B><I>He entered into a contract with his former employer. </I><B>| carry out, execute </B><I>the firm carrying out the construction contract </I><B>| cancel, end, repudiate </B><I>(law)</I>, <B>rescind </B><I>(law)</I>, <B>terminate </B><I>Either party can terminate the contract at any time. </I><B>| be subject to </B><I>The offer has been accepted, subject to contract </I>(= the agreement is not legally binding before contracts are signed)</B><I>. </I><B>| be in breach of, break, violate </B><I>If you go on strike you will be in breach of contract. </I><B>| enforce </B><I>(law) </I><B>| exchange </B><I>(law) When a house is auctioned the successful bidder must exchange contracts immediately and pay a deposit. </I> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + VERB </U><B> expire </B><I>The contract expires at the end of next year. </I><B>| be worth sth </B><I>a series of major contracts worth millions of pounds </I> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + NOUN </U><B> worker </B>(= one on a fixed-term contract) <B>| law </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>They put a clause in the contract stipulating that the work should be finished by next month. </I><B>| on a ~ </B><I>He's on a three-year fixed-term contract. </I><B>| under ~ (to) </B><I>At that stage of her career she was still under contract to one of the big Hollywood studios. </I><B>| under a/the ~ </B><I>Under her contract of employment, Mrs Lee could not be required to work at a different site. </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>the contract between the employer and the employee </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>They won a contract for the delivery of five fighter planes. </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>Do you have a contract with your employer? </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> (a) breach of contract </B><I>The company is being sued for breach of contract. </I><B>| a contract of employment/sale </B><I>You should make sure that you have a formal contract of employment. </I><B>| the terms of a contract </B><I>By using cheaper materials, the company has broken the terms of its contract. </I><B>| under the terms of a contract </B><I>Under the terms of the contract the job should have been finished yesterday. </I> </P> <P> <SUP> 2 </SUP> <TT> agreement to kill sb </TT> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTRACT </U><B> take out | have out </B><I>He has a contract out on you. </I> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + NOUN </U><B> killer, killing </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ on </B><I>She took out a contract on her ex-husband. </I> </P> | noun |
| 250 | 333.4.4 | contact | noun | |||
| 251 | 333.4.5 | contact | noun | |||
| 252 | 334 | colleague | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> close, trusted | junior, senior | female, male | professional, work | academic, business, medical | cabinet, parliamentary</B> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>colleague </B><I>noun</I> </B> </P> | |
| 253 | 335.1 | dimension | (often <B>dimensions</B>) measurements | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DIMENSION </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> approximate | exact, precise </B><I>It is important to measure the exact dimensions of the room. </I><B>| overall | compact </B><I>Despite the unit's compact dimensions, there's still plenty of room for expansion. </I><B>| considerable </B><I>a structure of considerable dimensions </I><B>| fourth, second, third </B><I>The fourth dimension, time, is also finite in extent. </I><B>| physical, space/spatial, temporal/time | horizontal, vertical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DIMENSION </U><B> check, measure </B><I>Can we just check the dimensions of the bedroom again? </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in two/three dimensions </B><I>a model in three dimensions </I> </P> | noun |
| 254 | 335.2 | dimension | aspect | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DIMENSION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> added, additional, different, extra, further, new | distinct </B><I>In looking at population ageing we will consider two distinct dimensions. </I><B>| wider </B><I>There is a wider dimension to the question. </I><B>| crucial, essential, important, main, major, significant | global, international, local, national, regional </B><I>Communication via the Internet gives an important international dimension to the project. </I><B>| aesthetic, class, cultural, economic, ethical, historical, human, ideological, moral, personal, political, religious, social, spiritual </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DIMENSION </U><B> add, give (sth) </B><I>Her illness adds an extra dimension to the problem. </I><B>| have </B><I>The affair had a different dimension now. </I><B>| acquire, take on </B><I>The crisis acquired a new dimension. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to </B><I>the spiritual dimension to our lives </I> </P> | noun |
| 255 | 336.1.1 | account | description | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ACCOUNT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> brief, short | blow-by-blow, comprehensive, detailed, full, graphic, vivid </B><I>He gave us a blow-by-blow account of the incident. </I><B>| accurate, clear, eyewitness, factual, first-hand, true, verbatim | glowing, good </B><I>She received a glowing account of her son's progress. </I><B>| newspaper </B><I>the newspaper account of the trial </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ACCOUNT </U><B> give (sb), provide (sb with), write (sb) </B><I>Can you give us an account of what happened? </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in an/the ~ </B><I>Dr Richards describes this very well in his account of the events. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> by all accounts </B>(= according to what people say) <I>I've never been there, but it's a lovely place by all accounts. </I><B>| by sb's own account </B><I>By his own account he had an unhappy childhood. </I> </P> | noun |
| 256 | 336.1.2 | account | arrangement with a bank | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ACCOUNT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> bank, building society | current | deposit, investment, savings | personal | business | joint, separate </B><I>My husband and I have separate accounts. </I><B>| numbered </B><I>They have a numbered account in Switzerland. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ACCOUNT </U><B> have, hold </B><I>Go and see the manager of the bank where your account is held. </I><B>| open </B><I>She opened a savings account at the building society. </I><B>| close | credit sth to, pay/put sth into </B><I>The money will be credited to your account tomorrow. </I><B>| debit (sth from), draw sth out (of), pay sth from, take sth out (of), withdraw sth (from) </B><I>She had taken all her money out of her account. </I><B>| overdraw </B><I>Your account is overdrawn. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ at </B><I>He opened an account at a bank in Germany. </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>an account with Barclays Bank </I> </P> | noun |
| 257 | 336.1.3 | account | accounts: record of money a business earns/spends | <P> <U> VERB + ACCOUNT </U> </P> <P> <U> ACCOUNT + VERB </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERB + ACCOUNT </U><B> do, keep </B><I>Try to keep accurate accounts. </I><B>| audit, check, look at | submit </B><I>Your accounts will need to be submitted to the tax office. </I> </P> <P> <U> ACCOUNT + VERB </U><B> be in order </B><I>The accounts are all in order. </I> > Special page at BUSINESS </B> </P> | noun |
| 258 | 336.1.4 | account | arrangement with a shop/business | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ACCOUNT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> expense </B>(= an arrangement to charge expenses to your own employers) <I>taking clients for expense account lunches </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ACCOUNT </U><B> have | open </B><I>I'd like to open an account, please. </I><B>| close | pay off, settle </B><I>It is best to settle the account each month. </I> | charge sth to, debit (sth from), put sth on </B><I>Charge this to my account, please. </I><B>| credit sth to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on ~ </B><I>Ring for a cab on account. </I><B>| ~ at/with </B><I>an account with a large store </I> </P> </DIV><DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>account </B><I>verb </I><B>PHRASAL VERBS account for sth </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> fully </B><I>The increase can be fully accounted for. </I><B>| partly </B><I>The differences in achievement between the pupils are partly accounted for by differences in age. </I> </P> | noun |
| 259 | 336.2 | account | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ACCOUNT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ACCOUNT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ACCOUNT </U> </P> <P> <U> ACCOUNT + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ACCOUNT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | </DIV><DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>account </B><I>verb </I><B>PHRASAL VERBS account for sth </B> </P> | ||
| 260 | 337 | statistics | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + STATISTICS </U> </P> <P> <U> STATISTICS + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> STATISTICS + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> annual, monthly | latest | reliable | vital | bald, raw </B><I>The bald statistics tell us nothing about the underlying trends. </I><B>| government, national, official, police | accident, crime, criminal, economic, health, population, transport, unemployment, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + STATISTICS </U><B> prepare, produce | keep </B><I>We no longer keep statistics on former employees. </I><B>| release </B> </P> <P> <U> STATISTICS + VERB </U><B> indicate sth, prove sth, reveal sth, show sth, tell sb sth | suggest sth </B> </P> <P> <U> STATISTICS + NOUN </U><B> office </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> according to ~ </B><I>According to official statistics, the island had 37 inhabitants. </I><B>| ~ on </B><I>The government has released new statistics on the cost of living. </I> | noun | |
| 261 | 338 | theme | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + THEME </U> </P> <P> <U> THEME + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> THEME + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> basic, central, dominant, important, key, main, major, underlying | broad, general | common, popular, universal </B><I>universal themes of love and loneliness </I><B>| constant, familiar, favourite, recurrent, recurring | related | unifying | contemporary, topical | historical, religious, etc. | campaign, conference, research | musical </B><I>The film's haunting musical theme stayed in my head for days. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + THEME </U><B> develop, discuss, examine, explore </B><I>His later novels develop the theme of alienation. </I><B>| warm to </B><I>‘Our work’, he continued, warming to his theme, ‘will be a milestone in scientific history.’ </I> </P> <P> <U> THEME + VERB </U><B> emerge </B><I>Several familiar themes emerged from the discussion. </I><B>| run through sth </B><I>The same themes run through all her novels. </I> </P> <P> <U> THEME + NOUN </U><B> music, song, tune | park, pub </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on the ~ of </B><I>He gave a talk on the theme of teenage unemployment. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> variations on a theme </B><I>Most of the essays appear to be variations on a few central themes. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 262 | 339.1 | locate | find the position of sb/sth | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + LOCATE </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> accurately, precisely </B><I>The machine can accurately locate radioactive material. </I><B>| quickly | easily </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + LOCATE </U><B> be able/unable to, can/could </B><I>We haven't yet been able to locate a suitable site. </I><B>| try to | fail to | be easy to </B><I>Some stars are quite easy to locate with a telescope. </I><B>| be difficult to 2 be located </B>be in a place </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> centrally </B><I>The hotel is centrally located between Dam Square and Central Station. </I><B>| conveniently, ideally, strategically | physically </B><I>Two people can meet in virtual reality even if physically located in different continents. </I><B>| abroad </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> at, between, close to, in, on, near, outside, within, etc. </B><I>Your accommodation is conveniently located within walking distance of the town centre. </I> </P> | verb |
| 263 | 340 | adequate | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, prove, seem | remain | consider sth, think sth </B><I>The trains were not considered adequate for use on the modern railways. </I> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> really, very | perfectly, quite, totally | more than </B><I>The system is more than adequate to deal with any problems. </I><B>| barely, hardly, less than, not entirely, not wholly </B><I>The grants given to students are less than adequate. </I><B>| more or less </B><I>The amount of money we have been given is more or less adequate. </I><B>| still | no longer </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>The old computer is still perfectly adequate for most tasks. </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 264 | 341 | largely | ||||
| 265 | 342.1 | ideal | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + IDEAL </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, look, seem, sound | make sth </B><I>The hotel's size makes it ideal for large conferences. </I><B>| consider sth </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> absolutely | almost | less than </B><I>Language learning often takes place in a less than ideal environment. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>The houses are absolutely ideal for families with young children. </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 266 | 342.2 | ideal | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + IDEAL </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high, lofty, noble </B><I>Sam was a real leader who had high moral ideals. </I><B>| unattainable </B><I>This is not an unattainable ideal. </I><B>| aesthetic, artistic, ethical, moral, political | democratic, liberal, revolutionary, socialist </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + IDEAL </U><B> be committed to, be devoted to, believe in, cling to, espouse, have, support </B><I>They still clung to the old ideals. </I><B>| pursue, strive for | achieve, attain, be true to, conform to, live up to </B><I>A journalist should always live up to the ideals of truth, decency, and justice. </I><B>| fall short of </B><I>This agreement falls far short of the ideal. </I><B>| abandon, betray </B><I>She was accused of betraying her political ideals. </I><B>| embody, reflect </B><I>the democratic ideals embodied in the charter </I> </P> | noun | |
| 267 | 343.1 | philosophy | study of ideas about the meaning of life | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> ancient, classical | contemporary, modern | Eastern, Western | experimental, moral, natural </B><I>(historical)</I>, <B>political, religious, social </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the philosophy of history/religion/science </B> <br><a href="#" class="show_hide" id="plus">More information about SUBJECT</a> <DIV class="slidingDiv"> <a><I>SUBJECT:</I></a> <P><B>of study do, read, study ~ do ~ </B>is more commonly used with school subjects (but may also be used with university subjects): <I>She did maths, physics and chemistry at school. </I></P> <P><B>study ~ </B>is used with both school and university subjects: <I>He studied German at school. She went on to study mathematics at university. </I></P> <P><B>read ~</B>is only used with university subjects and is quite formal: <I>She was educated privately and at Pembroke College, where she read classics. </I></P> <P><B>lecture in, teach ~ </B><I>He taught music at a school in Edinburgh. </I></P> <P>Other verbs used with <I>subject</I> can also be used with particular subjects of study: <I>Half the students take geography at A level. We offer accounting as a subsidiary course. </I></P> <P><B>~ degree, a degree/diploma in ~ </B><I>a law degree a higher diploma in fine art </I></P> <P><B>~ class, course, lecture, lesson </B><I>The genetics lectures are on a different campus. </I></P> <P><B>~ department, a/the department of ~ </B><I>All enquiries should be made to the Department of Architecture. </I></P> <P><B>~ graduate, student, undergraduate </B><I>Some architecture graduates gain further qualifications in specialist fields. </I></P> <P><B>~ lecturer, teacher, tutor </B><I>He's an English teacher at Highland Road School. </I></P> <P><B>~ professor, (a) professor of ~ </B><I>She's professor of linguistics at the University of Wales. </I></P> <P><B>the study of ~ </B><I>The study of philosophy helps you to think critically. </I></P> <P><B>in ~ </B><I>He got As in history and art. </I></P> <P></P> </DIV> </P> | noun |
| 268 | 343.2 | philosophy | particular system of beliefs | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PHILOSOPHY </U> </P> <P> <U> PHILOSOPHY + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> competing, differing | prevailing </B><I>humanism?the prevailing philosophy today in the Western world </I><B>| basic, general, underlying | personal | homespun, simple </B><I>the homespun philosophy that kept her going during this difficult period </I><B>| liberal | design, economic, educational, management, market, political, religious, social </B><I>a furniture-maker's design philosophy </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PHILOSOPHY </U><B> develop, formulate </B><I>developing a personal philosophy </I><B>| articulate | adopt, embrace, espouse | reject </B> </P> <P> <U> PHILOSOPHY + VERB </U><B> inform sth, underlie sth, underpin sth </B><I>the philosophy underlying the education system </I><B>| prevail </B><I>the management philosophy which prevailed at that time </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ behind </B><I>The new measures were introduced with no explanation of the philosophy behind them. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a philosophy of life/mind</B> </P> | noun |
| 269 | 344 | minority | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MINORITY </U> </P> <P> <U> MINORITY + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> large, significant, sizeable, substantial | small, tiny | vociferous </B><I>the view of a small but vociferous minority </I><B>| ethnic, national, racial, religious | oppressed, persecuted </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MINORITY </U><B> belong to | discriminate against </B> </P> <P> <U> MINORITY + NOUN </U><B> opinion, view | community, group | government </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> among a/the ~ </B><I>You are definitely among the minority. </I><B>| from a/the~ </B><I>people from ethnic minorities </I><B>| in a/the ~ </B><I>We are in the minority on this issue. </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>a sizeable minority of the population </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> only a minority </B><I>Only a tiny minority of holidays are affected. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 270 | 345 | hypothesis | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + HYPOTHESIS </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + HYPOTHESIS </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> acceptable, plausible | bold </B><I>Scientists have proposed a bold hypothesis. </I><B>| unlikely | speculative | testable | working </B><I>These observations appear to support our working hypothesis. </I><B>| scientific </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + HYPOTHESIS </U><B> construct, form, formulate, have, make, propose, put forward, suggest </B><I>It is possible to make a hypothesis on the basis of this graph. A number of hypotheses have been put forward. </I><B>| consider, discuss, examine, test (out) </B><I>using this data to test her hypothesis </I><B>| confirm, prove, support | accept | reject </B><I>None of the hypotheses can be rejected at this stage. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + HYPOTHESIS </U><B> concern sth </B><I>Her hypothesis concerns the role of electromagnetic radiation. </I><B>| predict sth </B><I>The hypothesis predicts that children will perform better on task A than on task B. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on a/the ~ </B><I>Her study is based on the hypothesis that language simplification is possible. </I><B>| ~ about </B><I>an interesting hypothesis about the development of language </I><B>| ~ on </B><I>The results confirmed his hypothesis on the use of modal verbs. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 271 | 346 | psychological | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> purely </B><I>The symptoms are purely psychological. </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 272 | 347 | enable | ||||
| 273 | 348 | trend | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TREND </U> </P> <P> <U> TREND + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> strong | consistent, constant, steady | accelerating, growing, increasing | underlying </B><I>Despite this month's disappointing figures, the underlying trend is healthy. </I><B>| dominant, main, major, prevailing | gradual | clear, marked | general | apparent, discernible | global, national, international, universal, worldwide | wider </B><I>The increase in crime in London was just part of a wider trend. </I><B>| positive, upward | downward, negative | contrary, opposite | healthy, welcome | adverse, dangerous, disturbing, unfortunate, worrying | fashion | demographic, population | cultural, social | evolutionary, historical | economic, market | growth, inflationary </B><I>The latest figures show a clear growth trend in the service sector. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TREND </U><B> begin, create, set, start </B><I>In the 1960s, Britain set the fashion trends. </I><B>| continue | follow </B><I>We are following the American trend towards more flexible working conditions. </I><B>| reinforce | buck, counteract, go against </B><I>efforts to buck the current downward trend in sales </I><B>| reverse | halt | detect, notice | indicate, reflect, show, suggest </B><I>The data indicates a trend towards earlier retirement. </I> </P> <P> <U> TREND + VERB </U><B> develop, emerge | continue | indicate sth, reflect sth, suggest sth </B><I>Current trends suggest that car traffic will continue to grow. </I><B>| grow </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ away from </B><I>a trend away from narrow specialization </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>A trend for romance and nostalgia has emerged. </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>future trends in the volume of employment </I><B>| ~ towards </B><I>the trend towards privatization </I> </P> | noun | |
| 274 | 349.1 | exchange | giving/receiving sth in return for sth else | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> fair | mutual, two-way </B><I>We get together once a month for a mutual exchange of ideas. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ (for) </B><I>Woollen cloth and timber were sent to Egypt in exchange for linen or papyrus. </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>There were exchanges of goods between the two regions. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>She considered free language lessons a fair exchange for free accommodation. </I> </P> | noun |
| 275 | 349.2 | exchange | angry conversation/argument | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> brief | acrimonious, angry, bitter, heated, sharp | verbal </B><I>a bitter verbal exchange </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ about </B><I>angry exchanges about the problem of unemployment </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>There were many acrimonious exchanges between the two men. </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>Opposition MPs were involved in heated exchanges with the prime minister. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> an exchange of views </B><I>She had a full and frank exchange of views with her boss before resigning. </I> </P> | noun |
| 276 | 349.3 | exchange | of foreign currencies | <P> <U> EXCHANGE + NOUN </U> </P> | <P> <U> EXCHANGE + NOUN </U><B> rate </B> </P> | noun |
| 277 | 349.4 | exchange | visit | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXCHANGE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> academic, cultural | student, youth | official </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXCHANGE </U><B> go on </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on an/the ~ </B><I>She is in France on a student exchange. </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>He's gone on an exchange to Rome. </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>an exchange with a German student </I> </P> | noun |
| 278 | 350 | percentage | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PERCENTAGE </U> </P> <P> <U> PERCENTAGE + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high, large </B><I>The area has a high percentage of unemployed men. </I><B>| low, small </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PERCENTAGE </U><B> calculate | express sth as </B><I>This figure can be expressed as a percentage of the total. </I> </P> <P> <U> PERCENTAGE + NOUN </U><B> point </B><I>Unemployment has fallen by two percentage points this month. </I><B>| rate </B><I>Insurance contributions are paid at a fixed percentage rate on all earnings. </I><B>| figure | increase, rise </B><I>the percentage rise in the average salary </I><B>| decline, fall, reduction | share </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ of </B><I>What percentage of women own a car? </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in percentage terms </B><I>The numbers are relatively low in percentage terms. </I><B>| on a percentage basis </B><I>The artist's agent receives commission on a percentage basis. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 279 | 351 | sufficient | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, prove, seem, sound | consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as </B><I>Do you really regard that explanation as sufficient? </I> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> quite | far from | barely, hardly, scarcely </B><I>Our budget is scarcely sufficient to pay people, let alone buy any new equipment. </I><B>| just | almost </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>The salary proved sufficient for his needs. </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 280 | 352 | substantial | ||||
| 281 | 353 | explanation | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPLANATION </U> </P> <P> <U> EXPLANATION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> convincing, credible, good, likely, logical, natural, obvious, plausible, probable, rational </B><I>The most likely explanation is that his plane was delayed. </I><B>| implausible, inadequate, unlikely | acceptable, adequate, reasonable, satisfactory, sufficient | no apparent </B><I>There was no apparent explanation for the attack. </I><B>| clear, coherent | complete, comprehensive, detailed, full | partial | complex, complicated | easy, simple | innocent, prosaic </B><I>There's sure to be a perfectly innocent explanation for all this?though I admit it looks bizarre. </I><B>| convenient | accepted, traditional </B><I>There is no generally accepted explanation of this practice. </I><B>| official | possible </B> | correct, real, true | brief | <B>lengthy, long | verbal | general | common </B><I>the common explanations for hooliganism </I><B>| only, sole </B><I>It's the only explanation that makes any kind of sense. </I><B>| causal </B><I>The causal explanation must be that old age causes poverty, not that poverty causes people to be old. </I><B>| ad hoc, post hoc </B><I>post hoc </I>(= after the event) </B><I>explanations of historical changes that would have made no sense to anyone living at the time </I> <B>| cultural, historical, political, psychological, scientific, sociological, technical, theoretical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPLANATION </U><B> have </B><I>I had no explanation for her strange behaviour. </I><B>| give (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with) </B><I>He only offered a partial explanation for his lateness. </I><B>| enter into, go into, launch into </B><I>She launched into a detailed explanation of every aspect of her work. </I><B>| advance, propose, put forward </B><I>one explanation advanced by Marxist historians </I><B>| call for, need, require </B><I>An explanation is clearly called for. </I><B>| look for, seek | find, think of </B><I>I can think of one possible explanation for her behaviour. </I><B>| ask for, demand </B><I>She wrote to the company demanding an explanation. </I><B>| wait for | deserve, merit </B><I>I suppose you deserve an explanation. </I><B>| owe sb </B><I>I think you owe me an explanation. </I><B>| accept | defy </B><I>Her success has been so remarkable as to defy explanation. </I> </P> <P> <U> EXPLANATION + VERB </U><B> lie </B><I>The simplest explanation for his achievements lies in his greater ability and superiority over his contemporaries at university. </I><B>| emerge, occur to sb, present itself, suggest itself </B><I>No single clear explanation emerged from the experiments. A more credible explanation now occurred to her. Another quite plausible explanation presented itself. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>‘I've worked with them before, you see,’ he added, in explanation. </I><B>| without ~ </B><I>She left suddenly and without explanation. </I> <B>| ~ about </B><I>He entered into a technical explanation about software and programming. </I><B>| ~ as to </B><I>He provided no explanation as to why he was late. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>There is probably some perfectly logical explanation for their behaviour. </I><B>| ~ from </B><I>We are still waiting for a full explanation from the teacher concerned. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> an attempt at explanation </B><I>The men left quickly with no attempt at explanation. </I><B>| by way of explanation </B><I>‘I had to see you, ’ he said, by way of explanation. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 282 | 354 | emotional | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, feel, look, sound | become, get, grow </B><I>He got quite emotional during the speech. </I><B>| make sb </B><I>Having all her friends around her made her very emotional. </I> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> deeply, extremely, highly, very | quite, rather </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> about </B><I>Don't be so emotional about everything! </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in an emotional state </B><I>He was in a very emotional state. </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 283 | 355 | preference | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PREFERENCE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> clear, definite, marked, strong | slight | individual, personal </B><I>It's a matter of personal preference. </I><B>| consumer | first, second, etc. </B><I>Local voters gave Harry West first preference. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PREFERENCE </U><B> have </B><I>Do you have any particular preference? </I><B>| demonstrate | express, indicate, show, state | give sb </B><I>Preference is given to students who have passed maths and chemistry. </I><B>| receive </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for ~ </B><I>I choose motorways when driving, for preference. </I><B>| in ~ to </B><I>They bought French planes in preference to British ones. </I><B>| ~ as to/with regard to </B><I>He has not expressed a preference as to which school he wants to go to. </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>people's preferences between brown, white and wholemeal bread </I><B>| ~ for sth (over sth) </B><I>the government's preference for tax cuts over greater public spending </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>changing preferences in furniture styles </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in order of preference </B><I>List the candidates in order of preference. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 284 | 356.1 | calculate | work out a number, etc. | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> accurately, exactly </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> according to </B><I>The amount is calculated according to the number of years you have paid into the scheme. </I><B>| at </B><I>The sum involved was calculated at $82 million. </I> </P> | verb |
| 285 | 356.2 | calculate | guess | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> carefully, shrewdly | correctly </B><I>He correctly calculated that the others would not dare fight back. </I> </P> | verb |
| 286 | 357 | external | ||||
| 287 | 358.1 | code | system of letters, numbers, etc. for secret information | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CODE </U> </P> <P> <U> CODE + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> secret | Morse </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CODE </U><B> break, crack, decipher </B><I>The code was difficult to crack. </I><B>| use, write in | invent, make up </B> </P> <P> <U> CODE + NOUN </U><B> word </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>All the messages were in code. </I> </P> | noun |
| 288 | 358.2 | code | numbers/letters for identifying sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> CODE + NOUN </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> area, dialling </B><I>What's the area code for Bath? </I><B>| post/postal | bar, charge | DNA, genetic | binary </B>(= a system of computer programming instructions) <B>| error </B>(= on a computer) </P> <P> <U> CODE + NOUN </U><B> number </B> </P> | noun |
| 289 | 358.3 | code | set of rules for behaviour | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CODE </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> strict | ethical, moral | civil, criminal, disciplinary, penal | Highway </B><I>the Highway Code </I>(= the official rules for users of public roads in Britain) <B>| dress </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CODE </U><B> have | devise, draw up, establish, formulate, lay down </B><I>The company has drawn up a new disciplinary code. </I><B>| comply with, follow | break, infringe, violate </B><I>He was thrown out for infringing the club's strict dress code. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a code of behaviour/conduct/ethics/honour/practice </B><I>The profession has a strict code of practice. </I> </P> | noun |
| 290 | 359 | flow | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FLOW </U> </P> <P> <U> FLOW + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> heavy, large, massive | good | adequate | poor </B><I>Our shower doesn't work very well because of the poor water flow. </I><B>| main | increased, increasing | ceaseless, constant, continuous, endless | free, uninterrupted </B><I>the uninterrupted flow of traffic </I><B>| even, smooth, steady </B><I>to maintain an even flow of work through the department </I><B>| easy, natural </B><I>I liked the concerto for its natural flow. </I><B>| outward </B><I>the outward flow of investment from the country </I><B>| annual, daily, seasonal | data, information | air, blood, gas, lava, menstrual, river, water | capital, cash, financial, investment, production, trade </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FLOW </U><B> have </B><I>Big pension funds have a constant flow of cash. </I> <B>| get, obtain </B><I>Squeeze the tube of sealant slowly to obtain an even flow. </I><B>| allow </B><I>We like to allow a free flow of ideas in our company. </I> <B>| produce, provide </B><I>The system provides a continuous flow of information to the market. </I><B>| keep, maintain </B><I>He kept up a flow of chatter. </I><B>| ensure </B><I>You must use a wide pipe to ensure an adequate flow of water. </I><B>| control, regulate | assist, encourage, facilitate, stimulate </B><I>to encourage the flow of revenue into the country </I><B>| enhance, improve, increase </B><I>The company is trying to enhance its cash flow. </I><B>| disrupt, impede, reduce, restrict, slow (down) </B><I>The continual bombing disrupted the flow of supplies to the ground troops. </I><B>| block, break (up), cut (off), halt, interrupt, staunch, stem, stop </B><I>They tried to staunch the flow of blood. </I><B>| divert </B><I>The main flow of water has been diverted to a new course. </I><B>| join | measure </B> </P> <P> <U> FLOW + NOUN </U><B> rate </B><I>The flow rate was measured at 9.5 litres per second. </I> <B>| chart, diagram </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> against the ~ </B><I>They have to swim against the flow of the river. </I> <B>| ~ around/round </B><I>air flows around the wings of an aircraft </I><B>| ~ from </B><I>First cut off the water flow from the boiler. </I><B>| ~ into </B><I>She joined the flow of immigrants to the country. </I><B>| ~ through </B><I>the flow of data through the system </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> changes in the flow </B><I>Changes in the flow of patients have reduced the number of beds available. </I><B>| the ebb and flow </B><I>the ebb and flow of the tide </B> </P> | noun | |
| 291 | 360 | transition | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TRANSITION </U> </P> <P> <U> TRANSITION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> TRANSITION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> abrupt, immediate, rapid, sudden | direct | gradual, phased, slow | awkward, difficult, painful | easy, smooth | non-violent, orderly, peaceful </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TRANSITION </U><B> bring about, cause, effect </B><I>The negotiators hoped to effect a smooth transition to an interim administration. </I><B>| complete, make </B><I>The company was slow to make the transition from paper to computer. </I><B>| undergo | mark </B><I>The ceremony marks the transition of the student to graduate status. </I><B>| ease, smooth </B> </P> <P> <U> TRANSITION + VERB </U><B> occur, take place | be complete </B><I>Her transition from girl to woman was complete. </I> </P> <P> <U> TRANSITION + NOUN </U><B> period, process | phase </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> during (the) ~ </B><I>He will remain head of state during the transition to democracy. </I><B>| in ~ </B><I>The country is in transition from an agricultural to an industrial society. </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>This training course aims to smooth the transition between education and employment. </I><B>| ~ from, ~ to </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a period of transition, a process of transition, a state of transition</B> </P> | noun | |
| 292 | 361 | subsequent | ||||
| 293 | 362 | phase | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PHASE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> early, first, initial, primary | second, secondary, etc. | current, latest, new, present | final, last | intermediate, transition | temporary | critical, crucial, important </B><I>the critical phase of the operation </I><B>| distinct </B><I>The period can be divided into three distinct phases. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PHASE </U><B> begin, enter, open, start </B><I>Society has entered a technological phase of evolution. </I><B>| go through </B><I>It's just a phase he's going through. </I><B>| complete, pass </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> during a/the ~ </B><I>During the first phase of expansion staff will move to the new offices. </I><B>| in a/the ~ </B><I>In the earliest phase of mental disorder, relatives feel confused. </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>a new phase in the European economy </I> </P> | noun | |
| 294 | 363 | rural | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> extremely, overwhelmingly, truly, very </B><I>At the end of the 17th century England was still overwhelmingly rural. </I><B>| completely | largely, mainly, predominantly | semi-</B><I>the ideal of suburban or semi-rural living </I><B>| quite | essentially | pleasantly</B> </P> | adj. | |
| 295 | 364 | intensity | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INTENSITY </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high, low </B><I>a band of light with high intensity </I><B>| fierce, great </B><I>The sun beat down with fierce intensity. He studied the report with great intensity. </I><B>| emotional | passionate </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INTENSITY </U><B> decrease (in), reduce (in) | grow in, increase (in) </B><I>Her headaches started to increase in intensity. </I><B>| vary in </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>The pain was growing in intensity. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 296 | 365.1.1 | monitor | television/computer screen | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> colour | CCTV, computer, television/TV, video </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on a/the ~ </B><I>The security staff can see all the outside of the building on their CCTV monitors. </I> </P> | noun |
| 297 | 365.1.2 | monitor | machine that records/checks sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> MONITOR + VERB </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> foetal, heart, oxygen, pulse, radiation </B> </P> <P> <U> MONITOR + VERB </U><B> detect sth | show sth </B><I>The heart monitor shows the strength of your pulse. </I> </P> | noun |
| 298 | 365.1.3 | monitor | sb who checks sth is done fairly/properly | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> EU, UN </B><I>UN monitors declared the referendum fair. </I><B>| school | health, peace</B> </P> | noun |
| 299 | 365.2 | monitor | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> MONITOR + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MONITOR </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> carefully, closely, rigorously, strictly </B><I>Television advertising is strictly monitored. </I><B>| regularly, routinely, systematically | constantly, continuously | effectively, properly | automatically </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MONITOR </U><B> be able to </B><I>We will now be able to monitor its progress more closely. </I><B>| continue to </B><I>The authorities will continue to monitor the situation. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>The workers are constantly monitored for exposure to radiation. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 300 | 366 | competitive | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be | become | remain, stay | make sth </B><I>skills training to make our industries more competitive in world markets </I><B>| keep sth </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> extremely, fiercely, highly, intensely, very </B><I>a fiercely competitive sport highly competitive prices a very competitive person </I><B>| fairly, quite, rather </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with </B><I>Investment in research is needed to keep Britain competitive with countries like Japan. </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 301 | 367 | core | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CORE </U> </P> <P> <U> CORE + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> hollow </B><I>Each fibre has a hollow core trapping still air and aiding warmth. (figurative) There was a hollow core of sadness inside me. </I><B>| solid | copper, iron, etc. | reactor </B><I>nuclear reactor cores </I><B>| central, essential, inner, innermost, very </B><I>This is seen as the central core of the government's policy. A new spirit welled up from the very core of the nation. </I><B>| common </B><I>a common core of shared understanding about law and government </I><B>| hard </B><I>A hard core of supporters, mostly teenage girls, gathered at the airport to see the star arrive. </I><B>| emotional </B><I>the emotional core of her music </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CORE </U><B> form, make up </B><I>These ideas formed the core of his philosophy. </I><B>| get to </B><I>We want to get to the core of the problem. </I> </P> <P> <U> CORE + NOUN </U><B> activity, area, course, curriculum, discipline, module, programme, skill, subject </B><I>the core area of management studies Students study five core subjects. </I><B>| component, element, group | business, service </B><I>We need to stop this expansion and concentrate on the core business. </I><B>| belief, value | vocabulary </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> at sth's ~ </B><I>At the core of our convictions is belief in individual liberty. </I><B>| to the ~ </B><I>She was shaken to the core by the news. He's a politician to the core </I>(= in all his attitudes, beliefs and actions)</B><I>. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 302 | 368.1 | volume | amount of space | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> total </B><I>the total volume of the containers </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>They sell screws and nails by volume. </I><B>| in ~ </B><I>2 litres in volume </I> </P> | noun |
| 303 | 368.2 | volume | quantity of sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VOLUME </U> </P> <P> <U> VOLUME + VERB </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> sheer </B><I>The sheer volume of fiction produced is staggering. </I><B>| considerable, enormous, great, heavy, high, huge, large, substantial, vast | small </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VOLUME </U><B> increase | decrease, reduce | double/grow//increase/rise in </B><I>Sales have doubled in volume. </I><B>| decrease/fall in </B> </P> <P> <U> VOLUME + VERB </U><B> double, increase, rise </B><I>Sales volume has doubled since 1999. </I><B>| decrease, fall </B> </P> | noun |
| 304 | 368.3 | volume | strength of sound that sth makes | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VOLUME </U> </P> <P> <U> VOLUME + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high | full, maximum | low </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VOLUME </U><B> increase, turn up | decrease, turn down | grow/increase/rise in | decrease/fall in </B> </P> <P> <U> VOLUME + NOUN </U><B> control </B><I>the volume control on the television </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> at … ~ </B><I>The car stereo was on at full volume. </I> </P> | noun |
| 305 | 368.4 | volume | book | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VOLUME </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> bound, leather-bound </B><I>a library full of bound volumes </I><B>| companion </B><I>a companion volume to the one on African wildlife </I><B>| rare </B><I>Only a specialist shop would have this rare volume. </I><B>| bulky, massive, substantial, thick, weighty | compact, slim | glossy </B><I>a forty-page, glossy volume about the company's products </I><B>| dusty | old | single | separate </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> series </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VOLUME </U><B> publish </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>Her poems are now available in a single volume. </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>a volume of short stories </I><B>| ~ on </B><I>a volume on ancient history </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> run to five, several, etc. volumes </B><I>The encyclopedia is a huge work, running to 20 volumes. </I> </P> | noun |
| 306 | 369 | framework | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FRAMEWORK </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> basic, broad, general | wider </B><I>The needs of individual schools need to be considered in a wider framework. </I><B>| existing | flexible | comprehensive | coherent | analytical, conceptual, theoretical | legal, political | administrative, management, policy | economic, financial | chronological, historical </B><I>Carbon dating provides the archaeologist with a basic chronological framework. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FRAMEWORK </U><B> establish, have, set </B><I>They established a basic framework of ground rules for discussions. </I><B>| offer (sb), provide (sb with) </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> outside a/the ~ </B><I>Negotiations were also conducted outside the framework of the treaty talks proper. </I><B>| within a/the ~ </B><I>The committee will work within the framework of certain broad objectives. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>a legal framework for the regulation of public access to databases </I> </P> | noun | |
| 307 | 370 | incorporate | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> fully | largely | clearly | expressly </B><I>These conditions must be expressly incorporated into the contract of employment. </I><B>| properly | gradually | quickly | eventually, finally | easily, readily </B><I>These new features can easily be incorporated. </I><B>| neatly | effectively | satisfactorily, successfully | necessarily | forcibly </B><I>the countries which Stalin forcibly incorporated into the Soviet empire </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> as </B><I>In 1940 the area was incorporated as part of the city of London. </I><B>| in </B><I>The data is now incorporated in the total figures. </I><B>| into </B><I>We can incorporate this information into our report. </I><B>| within </B><I>Results are incorporated within personalized medical records. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 308 | 371.1 | encounter | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENCOUNTER </U> </P> <P> <U> ENCOUNTER + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENCOUNTER </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> brief </B><I>I did not see him again, except for a brief encounter on a train. </I><B>| casual, chance, unexpected </B><I>It was a chance encounter that led to the setting up of the new political party. </I><B>| close </B><I>I decided not to risk a second close encounter with the snakes. </I><B>| face-to-face | direct </B><I>The press conference was her first direct encounter with the media. </I><B>| unpleasant, violent | social </B><I>the language we use in everyday social encounters </I><B>| sexual </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENCOUNTER </U><B> have </B><I>I had my first encounter with the president two years ago. </I> </P> <P> <U> ENCOUNTER + VERB </U><B> take place </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ between </B><I>violent encounters between police and protesters </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>my first encounter with my new boss </I> </P> | noun | |
| 309 | 371.2 | encounter | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENCOUNTER </U> </P> <P> <U> ENCOUNTER + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENCOUNTER </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> commonly, frequently, often, regularly </B><I>Walruses were commonly encountered in the Shetland Islands until quite recently. </I><B>| rarely | inevitably </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENCOUNTER </U><B> be likely to </B><I>What are the difficulties you are most likely to encounter? </I> </P> | verb | |
| 310 | 372 | cite | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> above, already, earlier, previously </B><I>This is similar to the example cited above. </I><B>| commonly, frequently, often </B><I>The most commonly cited reasons for stopping the treatment were lack of efficacy and side effects. </I><B>| widely </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> as </B><I>He cited the fall in unemployment as one of the government's successes. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 311 | 373.1 | attribute | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ATTRIBUTE </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> chief, great, key, main | desirable, essential, important, necessary, positive, useful </B><I>Patience is an essential attribute for a teacher. </I><B>| common | divine, human | cultural, personal, physical, social </B><I>Her physical attributes were much admired. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ATTRIBUTE </U><B> have, possess</B> </P> | noun | |
| 312 | 373.2 | attribute | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ATTRIBUTE </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> directly | solely | in large measure, largely, mainly | in part, partly </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>They claim that one i</I>n </B><I>twenty deaths can be directl</I>y </B><I>attributed to air pollution</I>. </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> be commonly/generally/usually/widely attributed to </B><I>The goals commonly attributed to management are status, power, salary and security. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 313 | 374.1 | emphasis | special importance/attention | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EMPHASIS </U> </P> <P> <U> EMPHASIS + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, great, heavy, increased </B><I>schools that put a heavy emphasis on sporting achievement </I><B>| strong | main </B><I>discussing where the main emphasis should be placed </I><B>| particular, special </B><I>Examine the events leading to the war, with particular emphasis on France's role in them. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EMPHASIS </U><B> give, lay, place, put </B><I>The company lays great emphasis on customer care. </I><B>| shift </B><I>The Democrats shifted the emphasis away from direct taxation. </I> </P> <P> <U> EMPHASIS + VERB </U><B> move, shift </B><I>In recent years, the emphasis has moved away from punishing drug addicts towards helping them. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ on/upon </B><I>The emphasis is on keeping fit rather than developing lots of muscles. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a change/shift of emphasis </B> </P> | noun |
| 314 | 374.2 | emphasis | stress on a word/phrase | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EMPHASIS </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> great </B><I>‘I’, he said with great emphasis, ‘was the one.’ </I><B>| slight </B><I>His slight emphasis on the word ‘Lady’ was definitely mocking. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EMPHASIS </U><B> put </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with ~ </B><I>She repeated the question with emphasis. </I><B>| ~ on </B><I>Put the emphasis on the second syllable. </I> </P> | noun |
| 315 | 375.1.1 | waste | missing an opportunity to do/use sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + WASTE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> absolute, complete, total, utter </B><I>The whole thing has been a complete waste of time. </I><B>| colossal, great, tremendous | awful, criminal, senseless, shocking, terrible </B><I>a criminal waste of public money </I><B>| needless, unnecessary, useless | tragic </B><I>a tragic waste of human life </I><B>| expensive | conspicuous </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + WASTE </U><B> go to </B><I>If nobody comes all this food will go to waste. </I><B>| cause | avoid </B><I>Try to avoid unnecessary waste. </I><B>| cut down on, reduce | minimize </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ of </B><I>a waste of energy/resources </I> </P> | noun |
| 316 | 375.1.2 | waste | unwanted substances/things | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + WASTE </U> </P> <P> <U> WASTE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> WASTE + NOUN </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> dangerous, harmful, hazardous, poisonous, toxic </B><I>a dump containing hazardous waste </I><B>| non-toxic | high-level, intermediate-level, low-level | recyclable | agricultural, commercial, industrial | domestic, household, kitchen </B><I>All household waste should be disposed of in strong garbage bags. </I><B>| clinical, hospital, medical | nuclear, radioactive | chemical | plastic | organic | animal, human | garden, plant | municipal | liquid, solid | food, energy </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + WASTE </U><B> produce </B><I>Tonnes of waste are produced every year. </I><B>| dispose of, dump, get rid of </B><I>More people are dumping waste illegally. </I><B>| clean up </B><I>the highly expensive task of cleaning up toxic waste </I><B>| burn, incinerate </B><I>an incinerator for burning hospital waste </I><B>| bury, store | process, treat </B><I>facilities for processing radioactive waste </I><B>| recycle, reprocess | deal with, handle, manage </B><I>the best solutions for managing waste </I><B>| cut down on, reduce | eliminate | export, import </B><I>Industrialized countries continue to export their waste. </I> </P> <P> <U> WASTE + VERB </U><B> contaminate sth, pollute sth </B><I>areas contaminated by industrial waste </I> </P> <P> <U> WASTE + NOUN </U><B> collection | burial, disposal, incineration | storage | processing, recycling, reprocessing, treatment </B><I>a waste reprocessing plant </I><B>| management | minimization, reduction | bin | dump, site, tip </B><I>The river was used for years as an industrial waste dump. </I><B>| outlet, pipe | imports </B><I>a ban on waste imports </I> </P> | noun |
| 317 | 375.1.3 | waste | wastes: areas of ground not lived in or cultivated | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> frozen, icy </B><I>the frozen wastes of Antarctica </I> </P> | noun |
| 318 | 375.2 | waste | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + WASTE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + WASTE </U> </P> <P> <U> WASTE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> WASTE + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + WASTE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> (not) entirely, (not) totally </B><I>In the end her efforts were not entirely wasted. </I><B>| just, simply </B><I>You're just wasting your breath. She never listens. </I><B>| largely </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + WASTE </U><B> can't afford to, not want to </B><I>He didn't want to waste valuable time in idle gossip. </I><B>| be/seem a shame to </B><I>It seems a shame to waste this good food. </I><B>| not be going to </B><I>I'm not going to waste any more time on the problem. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on </B><I>Don't waste your money on a hotel room. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> no time to waste </B><I>Hurry up?there's no time to waste! </I> </P> | verb | |
| 319 | 376.1 | climate | weather conditions of a particular region | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CLIMATE </U> </P> <P> <U> CLIMATE + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> hot, warm | cold, cool | mild | extreme, harsh, inhospitable, severe </B><I>the severe northern climate </I><B>| damp, humid, wet | arid, dry | equatorial, Mediterranean, subtropical, temperate, tropical | northern, southern, etc. | global </B><I>global climate change </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CLIMATE </U><B> have </B><I>The city has a warm climate. </I> </P> <P> <U> CLIMATE + NOUN </U><B> change </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>Little grows in such a dry climate. </I> </P> | noun |
| 320 | 376.2 | climate | opinions, etc. people have at a particular time | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CLIMATE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> favourable | hostile, unfavourable | current, present, prevailing | changed, changing | business, economic, emotional, financial, ideological, intellectual, moral, political, social </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CLIMATE </U><B> create </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>His ideas on equality are viewed as utopian in the current political climate. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>a climate for economic recovery </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>The new policies have created a climate of fear. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a climate of opinion</B> </P> | noun |
| 321 | 377.1 | differ | be different | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> considerably, enormously, fundamentally, greatly, markedly, radically, sharply, significantly, substantially, widely </B><I>The two approaches differ markedly Opinions differ widely on this issue. </I><B>| little | slightly, somewhat | clearly </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> according to </B><I>Conditions of employment differ according to the type of company you are working for. </I><B>| between </B><I>Social organization differs significantly between the different groups. </I><B>| from </B><I>His ideas differ little from those of his father. </I><B>| in </B><I>The models differ in size and shape. </I> </P> | verb |
| 322 | 377.2 | differ | have a different opinion | <P> <U> VERB + DIFFER </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERB + DIFFER </U><B> agree to </B><I>In the end we agreed to differ. </I><B>| beg to </B><I>I beg to differ </I>(= I disagree with you)</B><I>. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> about/over </B><I>The two sides still differ over details of the plan. </I><B>| on </B><I>The two parties differ on all the major issues. </I><B>| with </B><I>It didn't seem right that I should differ with him. </I> </P> | verb |
| 323 | 378 | technical | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, sound | become, get </B><I>The conversation was getting a bit technical for me, so I left them to it. </I> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> extremely, highly, very </B><I>A lot of the discussions were highly technical. </I><B>| purely </B><I>This is a purely technical problem. </I><B>| a bit, quite, rather, somewhat</B> </P> | adj. | |
| 324 | 379.1 | mechanism | part of a machine | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> MECHANISM + VERB </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> firing, locking, steering, trigger, winding </B> </P> <P> <U> MECHANISM + VERB </U><B> operate, work </B><I>The door locking mechanism doesn't work. </I><B>| jam </B> </P> | noun |
| 325 | 379.2 | mechanism | how sth works | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MECHANISM </U> </P> <P> <U> MECHANISM + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> effective, precise </B><I>an effective mechanism for enforcing the rules </I><B>| underlying | complex | social </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MECHANISM </U><B> provide </B><I>The system provides a mechanism whereby information is channelled into the market. </I> </P> <P> <U> MECHANISM + VERB </U><B> operate, work | allow sth, ensure sth </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by/through the ~ of </B><I>The government is held accountable through the mechanism of regular general elections. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>a mechanism for dealing with complaints </I> </P> | noun |
| 326 | 379.3 | mechanism | system of parts/behaviour that performs a function | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> avoidance, control, defence, escape, survival </B><I>The body has defence mechanisms against many diseases. </I><B>| cellular, genetic, immunological, molecular, neural, physiological, psychological, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for</B> </P> | noun |
| 327 | 380 | description | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DESCRIPTION </U> </P> <P> <U> DESCRIPTION + VERB </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complete, comprehensive, detailed, full </B><I>The catalogue gives a full description of each product. </I><B>| accurate, apt, exact, excellent, fair, fitting, good, perfect </B><I>‘Like a fish out of water’ was an apt description of how I felt in my new job. </I><B>| vivid </B><I>a vivid description of life in Ancient Rome </I><B>| graphic, lurid </B><I>She gave us a lurid description of the birth. </I><B>| lengthy, long | brief, short | basic, simple | vague | objective </B><I>A report is generally an objective description rather than a statement of opinion. </I><B>| physical | job </B><I>There was no mention of any cleaning in my job description. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DESCRIPTION </U><B> give (sb), issue, provide (sb with) </B><I>Police have issued a description of the gunman. She was able to provide a description of the intruder. </I><B>| fit </B><I>A man fitting your description was seen entering the building. </I><B>| beggar, defy </B><I>His face was so odd that it defies description. </I> </P> <P> <U> DESCRIPTION + VERB </U><B> apply to sb, fit sb </B><I>I realized to my horror that the description of the killer fitted me. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 328 | 381.1.1 | assert | say sth clearly and firmly useful person/thing | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> boldly, confidently, emphatically, forcefully, strongly </B><I>The report asserts confidently that the industry will grow. </I><B>| directly, explicitly | simply </B><I>He had no real evidence?he simply asserted that what he said was true. </I><B>| repeatedly | rightly </B> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, considerable, great, important, invaluable, precious, priceless, real, tremendous, useful, valuable </B><I>The teachers are the school's biggest asset. </I><B>| best, main, major, principal, prize | cultural </B><I>The tourist industry requires that the country's cultural assets be made more accessible. </I><B>| natural </B><I>Bow windows are a natural asset to any room and should be highlighted. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to </B><I>She will be an asset to any school she attends. </I> </P> | verb |
| 329 | 381.1.2 | assert | make other people recognize your rights/authority what a company owns | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSERT </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSET </U> </P> <P> <U> ASSET + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> ASSET + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> successfully </B><I>They successfully asserted their right to protect their homes. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSERT </U><B> need to | be determined to, wish to </B><I>She wished to assert her independence from her parents. </I><B>| seek to, try to | be able to, manage to </B><I>He managed to assert his power over the media. </I><B>| be unable to, fail to</B> </P> </DIV><DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>asset </B><I>noun </I> </P> <P> <SUP> 1 </SUP> <TT> useful person/thing </TT> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, considerable, great, important, invaluable, precious, priceless, real, tremendous, useful, valuable </B><I>The teachers are the school's biggest asset. </I><B>| best, main, major, principal, prize | cultural </B><I>The tourist industry requires that the country's cultural assets be made more accessible. </I><B>| natural </B><I>Bow windows are a natural asset to any room and should be highlighted. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to </B><I>She will be an asset to any school she attends. </I> </P> <P> <SUP> 2 </SUP> <TT> what a company owns </TT> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> combined, total | gross | net </B><I>The company's net assets are worth millions. </I><B>| business, company, corporate | commercial, financial | current, disposable, liquid </B><I>Liquid assets can be sold more quickly. </I><B>| capital, fixed, non-cash, non-monetary, physical, property | tangible | intangible | depreciable, wasting | hidden </B><I>They have hidden assets in banks around the world. </I><B>| foreign, overseas | personal | national, public, state </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSET </U><B> have, hold, own, possess </B><I>assets held by the company in Asia </I><B>| transfer </B><I>He transferred all his assets into his wife's name. </I><B>| accumulate, acquire, buy | dispose of, realize, sell </B><I>The business disposed of all its capital assets. </I><B>| increase, reduce </B><I>The company has increased its UK assets. </I><B>| freeze </B><I>The courts can order a company's assets to be frozen. </I><B>| release, unfreeze </B> </P> <P> <U> ASSET + VERB </U><B> appreciate, grow </B><I>Net assets have grown to $169 million. </I><B>| decline, depreciate, dwindle </B> </P> <P> <U> ASSET + NOUN </U><B> value | management | sale | stripping </B><I>measures to prevent asset stripping </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> assets and liabilities</B> </P> | verb |
| 330 | 381.1.3 | assert | verb | |||
| 331 | 381.1.4 | assert | verb | |||
| 332 | 381.2 | assert | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSERT </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSET </U> </P> <P> <U> ASSET + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> ASSET + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | noun | ||
| 333 | 382 | assistance | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSISTANCE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, great, real, substantial | limited | invaluable, valuable | practical | special | direct, emergency, immediate </B><I>People in the flooded areas are in need of direct assistance. </I><B>| mutual </B><I>The treaty pledged mutual assistance in the event of an attack on either country. </I><B>| expert, professional | external, outside | foreign, international | government, national </B><I>They argued the case for extra government assistance for the poorest regions. </I><B>| public, social, welfare </B><I>the stigma attached to receiving social assistance </I><B>| personal </B><I>disabled people who need personal assistance to enable them to live in their own homes </I><B>| humanitarian | economic, financial, legal, material, medical, military, technical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSISTANCE </U><B> give sb, offer (sb), provide, render </B><I>We provide assistance if your car breaks down. </I><B>| get, receive </B><I>Did you receive any assistance from the authorities? </I><B>| pledge, promise (sb) </B><I>The World Bank promised assistance to the value of $5 million. </I><B>| be in need of, need, require | expect | ask for, call for, seek </B><I>I advise you to seek assistance from the police. </I><B>| turn to sb for </B><I>She had no one to turn to for assistance. </I><B>| be of, come to sb's </B><I>Do let us know if we can be of any assistance to you. A sympathetic neighbour came to his assistance. </I><B>| welcome </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with/without ~ </B><I>The work was completed with the assistance of local carpenters. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>humanitarian assistance for refugees </I><B>| ~ from </B><I>assistance from friends and family </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>assistance in finding suitable accommodation </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>assistance with rent for people on a low income </I> </P> | noun | |
| 334 | 383 | considerable | ||||
| 335 | 384 | modify | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MODIFY </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> considerably, drastically, greatly, heavily, profoundly, radically, significantly, substantially </B><I>The original text has been modified so radically that it is barely recognizable. </I><B>| a little, partially, partly, slightly, somewhat | gradually | constantly | specially | appropriately, suitably | accordingly | chemically, genetically </B><I>genetically modified organisms </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MODIFY </U><B> have to, need to </B><I>You may need to modify your plans a little. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> highly modified, in a modified form </B><I>These ideas are still used today, though in a slightly modified form. </I><B>| a modified version </B><I>using a highly modified version of the program </I> </P> | verb | |
| 336 | 385 | isolation | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ISOLATION </U> </P> <P> <U> ISOLATION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complete, total | enforced </B><I>the enforced isolation of life in an Arctic weather station </I><B>| diplomatic, geographical, political | international </B><I>The country could face international isolation if it does not withdraw its troops. </I><B>| emotional, social </B><I>the social isolation of single mothers at home with their babies </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ISOLATION </U><B> experience, suffer (from) </B><I>Many immigrants experience isolation. </I> </P> <P> <U> ISOLATION + NOUN </U><B> hospital, ward </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>The figures should not be looked at in isolation but as part of a pattern. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in splendid isolation </B><I>The tower stands in splendid isolation on the cliff edge. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 337 | 386.1 | territory | area of land that belongs to one country, etc. | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TERRITORY </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> vast | new </B><I>The explorers set off to conquer new territories. </I><B>| former </B><I>former French territories </I><B>| neighbouring, surrounding | home, national | alien, foreign, overseas | enemy, hostile | neutral | colonial, dependent | sovereign </B><I>Troops were stationed on sovereign German territory. </I><B>| conquered, lost, occupied </B><I>a town in British-occupied territory </I><B>| unoccupied | disputed | familiar | uncharted, unexplored, unknown, virgin | dangerous </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TERRITORY </U><B> hold | annex, capture, conquer, invade, occupy, recapture, take | control, govern, rule </B><I>The territory had been controlled by Azerbaijan for many years. </I><B>| cede, surrender | explore </B><I>(often figurative) Tired of writing detective novels, she began to explore new territory. </I><B>| settle </B><I>The territory was never densely settled. </I><B>| enter | leave | overfly </B><I>The plane was shot down while overflying enemy territory. </I><B>| stray into </B><I>The soldiers strayed into hostile territory. </I> </P> | noun |
| 338 | 386.2 | territory | of an animal | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TERRITORY </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> breeding </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TERRITORY </U><B> defend, patrol | mark (out), scent-mark</B> </P> | noun |
| 339 | 387.1 | origin | time/place/reason that sth starts | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ORIGIN </U> </P> <P> <U> ORIGIN + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> common | doubtful, obscure, unknown </B><I>a letter of doubtful origin </I><B>| true | ancient, early, primitive | recent </B><I>The term ‘black hole’ is of very recent origin. </I><B>| immediate </B><I>The development had its immediate origins in discussions with management. </I><B>| African, English, etc. | foreign | local | mixed | natural | supernatural | environmental, geographical, historical, intellectual | animal, human, mineral, plant, vegetable </B><I>foods of animal origin We shouldn't forget our animal origins. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ORIGIN </U><B> have, share </B><I>The vases share common origins. </I><B>| investigate, trace | owe </B><I>Population genetics owes its origin to Francis Galton. </I><B>| explain | reflect </B> </P> <P> <U> ORIGIN + VERB </U><B> go back to sth, lie in sth </B><I>The origins of Gdansk go back to the tenth century. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>The rock is volcanic in origin. </I><B>| of … ~ </B><I>a painting of unknown origin </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> sth's country of origin </B><I>Bottles are labelled by country of origin. </I><B>| have its origin in sth </B><I>The dispute had its origin in the Battle of Wakefield. </I> </P> | noun |
| 340 | 387.2 | origin | family, race, class, etc, that a person comes from | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ORIGIN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> African, English, etc. | foreign | mixed | class, ethnic, national, racial, social | middle-class, noble, peasant, slave, working-class | humble, lowly </B><I>He had risen from humble origins through hard work. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ORIGIN </U><B> trace </B><I>Their family can trace its origins back to the Norman Conquest. </I><B>| betray </B><I>Her accent betrayed her working-class origins. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>He is a Londoner by origin. </I><B>| in ~ </B><I>Her family is Portuguese in origin. </I><B>| of … ~ </B><I>He was of lowly origins. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> sb's country of origin</B> </P> | noun |
| 341 | 388 | respectively | ||||
| 342 | 389.1 | judgement | decision/opinion | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JUDGEMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> accurate | balanced | impartial, independent, objective | personal, subjective | intuitive | qualitative | harsh | snap </B><I>I hate having to make snap judgements. </I><B>| definitive </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JUDGEMENT </U><B> form, make </B><I>It's difficult to form a judgement when you don't have all the facts. </I><B>| express </B><I>Remember to be tactful when expressing a personal judgement. </I><B>| confirm </B><I>This latest case confirms my earlier judgement. </I><B>| come to, reach </B><I>It is too soon to reach any definitive judgement. </I><B>| deliver, give, pass, pronounce </B><I>The school inspector's function is not merely to pronounce judgement, but also to suggest improvements. </I><B>| reserve, suspend </B><I>The court reserved judgement on the two appeals. </I><B>| obtain, win </B><I>They obtained a judgement in their favour. </I><B>| reverse </B><I>They are trying to get the judgement reversed. </I><B>| abide by </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in sb's ~ </B><I>What, in your judgement, would be the best way to deal with the problem? </I><B>| ~ about </B><I>She must make her own judgement about when to go. </I><B>| ~ against </B><I>The sacked workers won a judgement against the company. </I><B>| ~ as to </B><I>Experience helps us to form judgements as to the best course of action in given circumstances. </I><B>| ~ on </B><I>I'm not equipped to pass judgement on such matters. </I> </P> | noun |
| 343 | 389.2 | judgement | decision making | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JUDGEMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> fine, good, remarkable, shrewd, sound </B><I>Landing a plane requires fine judgement. </I><B>| impartial, independent | impaired, weak | aesthetic, artistic, critical, ethical, moral, political, professional </B><I>She has a reputation for sound professional judgement. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JUDGEMENT </U><B> display, show | rely on | respect, trust </B><I>He trusted his wife's judgement. </I><B>| doubt | back </B><I>The company backed her judgement and implemented all her recommendations. </I><B>| exercise, use | colour, influence </B><I>He never allows any prejudices to colour his judgement. </I><B>| sit in </B><I>He felt he had no right to sit in judgement on someone he had only just met. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ about </B><I>You will need to exercise your own judgement about what clothes to wear. </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>The speaker showed good judgement in his choice of topic. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> an error of judgement </B><I>Accepting the gift was an error of judgement on the part of the party chairman. </I><B>| a lack of judgement, a matter of judgement </B><I>How much money you should invest is a matter of judgement. </I> </P> | noun |
| 344 | 390.1 | cycle | series of events that happen repeatedly | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CYCLE </U> </P> <P> <U> CYCLE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> CYCLE + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> annual, daily, monthly, regular, seasonal, weekly </B><I>the annual cycle of church festivals </I><B>| complete, entire, whole | endless </B><I>the endless cycle of birth, death and rebirth </I><B>| natural </B><I>Life is a natural cycle, just like the changing seasons. </I><B>| vicious </B><I>caught up in a vicious cycle of bingeing and dieting </I><B>| lunar, solar </B><I>the 76-year solar cycle </I><B>| breeding, menstrual, reproductive | business, economic | water </B><I>a diagram of the water cycle </I><B>| life </B><I>the life cycle of the butterfly </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CYCLE </U><B> go through </B><I>The European market is simply going through an economic cycle. </I><B>| complete </B><I>To complete the cycle, oxygen is necessary. </I><B>| repeat </B> </P> <P> <U> CYCLE + VERB </U><B> begin again </B><I>Male and female adults mate, the female lays eggs, and the cycle begins all over again. </I><B>| repeat (itself) </B><I>This cycle of events continually repeats itself. </I> </P> <P> <U> CYCLE + NOUN </U><B> length, time </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>at this point in the cycle </I><B>| per ~ </B><I>The number of young produced per breeding cycle varies from species to species. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> part of the cycle (of sth) </B><I>part of the cycle of birth and death </I> </P> | noun |
| 345 | 390.2 | cycle | bicycle | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CYCLE </U> </P> <P> <U> CYCLE + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> motor </B>(also <B>motorcycle</B>), <B>pedal </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CYCLE </U><B> ride </B> </P> <P> <U> CYCLE + NOUN </U><B> ride, tour </B><I>We're going for a cycle ride this afternoon. </I><B>| helmet | lane, path, route, track </B><I>Cars are not allowed in the cycle lanes. </I><B>| race </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>They completed their journey by cycle. </I><B>| on a/the ~ </B><I>lots of people in cars or on cycles </I> </P> | noun |
| 346 | 391 | assumption | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSUMPTION </U> </P> <P> <U> ASSUMPTION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> basic, fundamental, hidden, implicit, tacit, underlying, unspoken | common, conventional, general, shared, widespread </B><I>shared assumptions between teachers and parents </I><B>| correct, reasonable, valid | erroneous, false, flawed, incorrect, mistaken, questionable, wrong </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> number, series, set </B><I>Your argument is based on a set of questionable assumptions. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSUMPTION </U><B> make </B><I>She's always making assumptions about how much money people have. </I><B>| base sth on, start from, work on </B><I>We are working on the assumption that the techniques are safe. </I><B>| accept | challenge, disprove, question, test </B> </P> <P> <U> ASSUMPTION + VERB </U><B> underly sth, underpin sth </B><I>the assumptions underlying their beliefs </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on the ~ that </B><I>I set the table for eight people, on the assumption that Jo would come. </I><B>| ~ about </B><I>assumptions about how women should behave </I> </P> | noun | |
| 347 | 392.1 | german | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>German measles </B><I>noun</I> > Special page at ILLNESS </B> </P> | |||
| 348 | 392.2 | german | </DIV><DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>German </B><I>noun</I> | |||
| 349 | 393.1 | illustrate | put pictures in sth | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> heavily, lavishly, richly | fully | attractively, beautifully, delightfully, handsomely, superbly </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with </B><I>The new edition is heavily illustrated with photographs of aircraft. </I> </P> | verb |
| 350 | 393.2 | illustrate | make sth clear using examples/pictures | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ILLUSTRATE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> amply | admirably, aptly, neatly, nicely, well </B><I>The dire consequences of chronic underfunding are nowhere better illustrated than in the nation's schools. </I><B>| perfectly | merely, simply </B><I>His question merely illustrates his ignorance of the subject. </I><B>| clearly, dramatically, graphically, strikingly, vividly | brutally, starkly, tragically </B><I>The case tragically illustrates the dangers of fireworks. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ILLUSTRATE </U><B> serve to </B><I>Two examples serve to illustrate this point. </I><B>| be chosen to, be designed to, be intended to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>a way of illustrating to the chairman the folly of his decision </I> </P> | verb |
| 351 | 394 | justify | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JUSTIFY </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> really, truly </B><I>Can you really justify the destruction of such a fine old building? </I><B>| hardly </B><I>The meagre result hardly justified the risks they took to get it. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JUSTIFY </U><B> can/could | attempt to, seek to, try to | need to | be difficult to, be hard to </B><I>He found it very difficult to justify his decision. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on the grounds of/that </B><I>The decision is justified on the grounds that there is no realistic alternative. </I><B>| to </B><I>How will you justify this pay cut to your employees? </I> </P> | verb | |
| 352 | 395.1 | manner | way of doing sth/behaving | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MANNER </U> </P> <P> <U> MANNER + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> conventional, customary, normal, standard, time-honoured, traditional, usual | correct </B><I>You are not approaching the problem in the correct manner. </I><B>| appropriate, satisfactory </B><I>I did my best to behave in the appropriate manner. </I><B>| prudent, reasonable, responsible, safe, sensible </B><I>Chemical waste must be disposed of in an environmentally-responsible manner. </I><B>| efficient, productive, profitable | logical, methodical, orderly, rational, systematic | consistent, uniform | objective | arbitrary, haphazard </B><I>Files have been stored in such a haphazard manner that they are impossible to find. </I><B>| professional | constructive, positive </B><I>The dispute could have been handled in a more constructive manner. </I><B>| non-violent, peaceful | straightforward | suspicious </B><I>He was behaving in a highly suspicious manner. </I><B>| light-hearted | casual, easy, informal, leisurely, relaxed | formal | calm | off-hand </B><I>He answered in such an off-hand manner that I wondered if he'd misheard me. </I><B>| confident, decisive | dignified | diffident, mild, quiet, shy | charming, cheerful, friendly, jovial, kindly, pleasant, sympathetic | abrasive, aggressive, arrogant, unfriendly, unpleasant | forthright | brusque, cold | businesslike, no-nonsense </B><I>His no-nonsense manner gave him the reputation of being a good doctor. </I><B>| authoritarian, autocratic, high-handed | condescending, dismissive | authoritative </B><I>The authoritative manner in which he talked concealed his ignorance. </I><B>| bedside, telephone </B><I>He's a good doctor with a sympathetic bedside manner. She has a very pleasant telephone manner. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MANNER </U><B> have | adopt </B><I>He tends to adopt a condescending manner when talking to young women. </I><B>| act in </B><I>She accused the teacher of not acting in a professional manner. </I> </P> <P> <U> MANNER + VERB </U><B> change </B><I>His manner changed abruptly when he heard how much I wanted. </I><B>| conceal sth </B><I>Her brusque m </I><B>| suggest sth </B><I>He was not as loutish as his manner suggested. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>The inspectio</I>n </B><I>was conducted in a thoroughl</I>y </B><I>professional manner. </I><B>| in the ~ of </B><I>He lectured us in the manner of </I>a </B><I>headmaster. </I><B>| in your ~ </B><I>Ther</I>e </B><I>was something in his manner tha</I>t </B><I>I found very irritating</I>. </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in a timely manner </B><I>Al</I>l </B><I>claims must be settled in </I>a </B><I>professional and timely manner. </I>| <B>in no uncertain manner </B><I>He tol</I>d </B><I>her in no uncertain manner tha</I>t </B><I>her behaviour was unacceptable</I>. </P> | noun |
| 353 | 395.2 | manner | manners: polite behaviour | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MANNER </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> beautiful, charming, excellent, good, impeccable, nice, perfect </B><I>It's not good manners to stare at people. </I><B>| bad | table </B><I>His children have no table manners. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MANNER </U><B> have | teach sb </B><I>Didn't your parents teach you any manners? </I><B>| learn | forget </B><I>I'm sorry, I was forgetting my manners. Can I offer you a drink? </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> have the (good) manners to do sth </B><I>He could at least have had the manners to answer my letter. </I><B>| a lack of manners </B><I>Her lack of manners is quite appalling. </I> </P> | noun |
| 354 | 396 | constitute | ||||
| 355 | 397 | phenomenon | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PHENOMENON </U> </P> <P> <U> PHENOMENON + VERB </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> common, universal, widespread | isolated, rare, unique | new, recent | natural | curious, inexplicable, remarkable, strange | complex | observable | cultural, historical, linguistic, mental, physical, political, psychological, social, supernatural, urban </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PHENOMENON </U><B> investigate </B><I>His job is to investigate supernatural phenomena. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHENOMENON + VERB </U><B> emerge, occur </B><I>The phenomenon occurs during early foetal development. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 356 | 398 | relevant | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, seem | become | consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> especially, extremely, highly, particularly, specially, very | barely, hardly, not really, scarcely </B><I>Past imperial glories are hardly relevant to the present day. </I><B>| (only) marginally, partially | not necessarily, not strictly </B><I>Resist the temptation to discuss topics that are not strictly relevant to the essay question. </I><B>| directly | only indirectly | immediately | no longer | potentially | apparently | clearly, obviously | universally | morally, politically, socially </B><I>Is there a morally relevant difference between human life and animal life? </I><B>| vocationally </B><I>vocationally relevant qualifications </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>information relevant to this case </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 357 | 399 | acquire | ||||
| 358 | 400.1 | correspond | be the same/match | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> closely | directly, exactly, precisely | approximately, broadly, roughly </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>Their nursery schools correspond roughly to our infant schools. </I><B>| with </B><I>The movement of the dot on the screen corresponds exactly with the movement of the control lever. </I> </P> | verb |
| 359 | 400.2 | correspond | write letters | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> regularly </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with </B><I>She corresponded regularly with her former music teacher. </I> </P> | verb |
| 360 | 401 | planning | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PLANNING </U> </P> <P> <U> PLANNING + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> careful, detailed, meticulous, thoughtful | initial </B><I>the initial planning stage </I><B>| advance, forward </B><I>The trip calls for careful advance planning. </I><B>| pre-match, pre-retirement, etc. </B><I>Deciding the agenda is the most vital aspect of pre-meeting planning. </I><B>| long-range, long-term | short-range, short-term | corporate | family </B><I>They give free advice on contraception at the family planning clinic. </I><B>| town, urban | economic, educational, environmental, financial, military, strategic </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PLANNING </U><B> call for, demand, need, require | do </B><I>The industry needs to do some long-term planning. </I> </P> <P> <U> PLANNING + NOUN </U><B> phase, stage </B><I>The scheme is still at the planning stage. </I><B>| process | decisions | meeting | application | approval, consent, permission </B><I>We've applied for planning permission to build an extension to the house. </I><B>| authority, committee, department </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in the ~ </B><I>The festival was four years in the planning. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>Planning for future development is vital for the community. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 361 | 402 | error | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ERROR </U> </P> <P> <U> ERROR + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> ERROR + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> fundamental, glaring, grave, great, major, monumental, serious </B><I>The report contained some glaring errors. </I><B>| fatal </B><I>He made the fatal error of borrowing more than he could pay back. </I><B>| minor, small | embarrassing, unfortunate | past </B><I>The ability to learn from past errors is vital in business. </I><B>| common | grammatical, spelling, typing | factual | tactical </B><I>The Kenyan athlete made a tactical error in starting too fast. </I><B>| administrative, clerical | human, pilot </B><I>The plane crash was caused by human error, not mechanical failure. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ERROR </U><B> commit, make </B><I>He had committed a grave error in letting them see the document. She made several serious errors during the race. </I><B>| contain </B><I>The document contained a lot of typing errors. </I><B>| detect, discover, find, spot </B><I>I found several factual errors in the report. </I><B>| point out </B><I>The error was pointed out to her by one of her colleagues. </I><B>| realize </B><I>I only realized my error when it was too late. </I><B>| avoid </B><I>She has avoided the common error of writing too much. </I><B>| correct, rectify </B><I>Glasses can correct most errors in your vision. </I><B>| compound </B><I>The paper accidentally printed the victim's address, then compounded their error by printing her name the next day. </I> </P> <P> <U> ERROR + VERB </U><B> arise (from sth), occur </B><I>errors arising from inadequate information </I> </P> <P> <U> ERROR + NOUN </U><B> detection | correction | message </B><I>An error message comes up when I try to open the program. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>The machine had been switched off in error </I>(= by mistake)</B><I>. </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>He checked his letter for errors in spelling. He realized his error in not attending the funeral. </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>The speech contained many errors of fact. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a comedy of errors </B><I>His attempts to arrange a party ended up as a comedy of errors. </I><B>| an error of judgement </B><I>The minister had made an amazing error of judgement. </I><B>| a margin of error </B><I>The margin of error for a racing driver is tiny. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 362 | 403 | household | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + HOUSEHOLD </U> </P> <P> <U> HOUSEHOLD + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> average </B><I>The average household pays 27p a day in water rates. </I><B>| domestic, private, etc. | rural, urban | middle-class, working-class | high-income, low-income, poor, etc. | family, married-couple, single-person, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + HOUSEHOLD </U><B> manage, run | set up </B><I>Becoming an adult and setting up a household no longer mean the same thing. </I> </P> <P> <U> HOUSEHOLD + NOUN </U><B> appliance, contents, furniture, goods, item, product </B><I>The household contents are covered by a separate insurance policy. </I><B>| bills, budget, expenditure, expenses, income | chore, duties, task | rubbish, waste </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the head of the household </B><I>The head of the household is responsible for completing the council tax form. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 363 | 404.1 | practical | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PRACTICAL </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, seem, sound | become </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> eminently, extremely, highly, intensely, very | entirely, purely, strictly </B><I>For entirely practical reasons, children are not invited. </I><B>| hardly | quite, reasonably | essentially | severely </B><I>She always adopted a severely practical tone. </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 364 | 404.2 | practical | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PRACTICAL </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> chemistry, physics, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PRACTICAL </U><B> sit, take | pass | fail </B><I>I passed the written exam but failed the practical. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 365 | 405.1.1 | professional | connected with a job | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> purely, strictly </B><I>He insisted that his relationship with the duchess was purely professional. </I> </P> | adj. |
| 366 | 405.1.2 | professional | extremely skilled | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, look </B><I>Their designs look very professional. </I> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> extremely, highly, really, truly, very </B><I>He dealt with the problem in a highly professional way. </I><B>| thoroughly | increasingly | almost | quite, rather </B> </P> | adj. |
| 367 | 405.1.3 | professional | done as a paid job, not a hobby | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be | become, turn </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> fully </B><I>He wants to turn fully professional. </I> </P> | adj. |
| 368 | 405.2 | professional | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROFESSION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> committed, dedicated, experienced | real, true </B><I>This is the work of a real professional. </I><B>| leading, senior, top </B><I>a top golf professional </I><B>| independent </B><I>The survey should be performed by an independent professional. </I><B>| fellow </B><I>an actor revered by his fellow professionals </I><B>| computer, health (care), medical | golf, tennis, etc. </B> <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> chosen | legal, medical, teaching, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROFESSION </U><B> practise </B><I>In the 1930s he was forbidden to practise his profession. </I><B>| enter, go into, join </B><I>She entered the legal profession after university. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>He was a consultant physician by profession. </I><B>| in a/sb's/the ~ </B><I>making an impact in her chosen profession </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a choice of profession </B><I>She was shocked at her daughter's choice of profession. </I><B>| the top of sb's profession </B><I>He reached the top of his profession in very little time. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 369 | 405.3 | professional | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROFESSION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> committed, dedicated, experienced | real, true </B><I>This is the work of a real professional. </I><B>| leading, senior, top </B><I>a top golf professional </I><B>| independent </B><I>The survey should be performed by an independent professional. </I><B>| fellow </B><I>an actor revered by his fellow professionals </I><B>| computer, health (care), medical | golf, tennis, etc. </B> <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> chosen | legal, medical, teaching, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROFESSION </U><B> practise </B><I>In the 1930s he was forbidden to practise his profession. </I><B>| enter, go into, join </B><I>She entered the legal profession after university. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>He was a consultant physician by profession. </I><B>| in a/sb's/the ~ </B><I>making an impact in her chosen profession </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a choice of profession </B><I>She was shocked at her daughter's choice of profession. </I><B>| the top of sb's profession </B><I>He reached the top of his profession in very little time. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 370 | 406 | theoretical | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be | remain </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> highly | purely </B><I>This research is purely theoretical. </I><B>| largely | rather</B> </P> | adj. | |
| 371 | 407 | summary | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SUMMARY </U> </P> <P> <U> SUMMARY + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> accurate, apt, clear, excellent, fair, good, useful </B><I>Is that a fair summary of the situation? </I><B>| comprehensive, detailed, full | general, overall | brief, concise, quick, short | bald, crude | financial, statistical | news, plot </B><I>Details of new titles, with plot summaries, are included in the catalogue. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SUMMARY </U><B> make, prepare, write </B><I>Could you make a short summary of this article for me? </I><B>| give (sb), provide (sb with), supply (sb with) </B><I>He has provided a useful summary of the main categories. </I> </P> <P> <U> SUMMARY + NOUN </U><B> sheet, table | report, statement </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>In summary, his views are out of date. </I><B>| in a/the ~ </B><I>She decided not to include this incident in her summary of the day's events. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in summary form </B><I>The information is shown in summary form in the following tables. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 372 | 408.1 | depression | unhappiness/mental illness | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEPRESSION </U> </P> <P> <U> DEPRESSION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> black, deep, serious, severe | acute, chronic | mild | clinical | manic | post-natal </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> bout, fit, period </B><I>The actor says he suffers frequent bouts of depression. In a fit of depression, she threw away all her favourite books. A period of acute depression can sometimes follow childbirth. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEPRESSION </U><B> develop, fall into, go into, succumb to </B><I>She fell into a black depression and refused to leave her room. </I><B>| experience, have, suffer (from) </B><I>She was diagnosed as having clinical depression. </I><B>| be treated for </B><I>His wife had left him and he was being treated for depression. </I><B>| come out of, get over </B><I>She was gradually coming out of her depression. </I><B>| cause, lead to </B><I>Bereavement can often lead to depression. </I><B>| relieve, treat </B><I>a new drug used to treat depression </I> </P> <P> <U> DEPRESSION + VERB </U><B> deepen | lift </B><I>Her depression has lifted now. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>He may have killed himself in depression. </I><B>| with ~ </B><I>He's been off work for months with depression. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> (a) cause for depression </B><I>These results should not be a cause for depression. </I><B>| the depths of depression </B><I>I was in the depths of depression after receiving my exam results. </I><B>| feelings of depression, the onset of depression </B><I>The onset of depression often follows a traumatic event. </I><B>| a state of depression </B><I>He was in a state of acute depression. </I><B>| symptoms of depression, treatment for depression </B><I>She had been receiving medical treatment for depression. </I> > Special page at ILLNESS </B> </P> | noun |
| 373 | 408.2 | depression | period of reduced economic activity | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEPRESSION </U> </P> <P> <U> DEPRESSION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> great, major, serious, severe | economic </B><I>The country is experiencing a severe economic depression. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEPRESSION </U><B> be in the grip of, experience | go into </B><I>The housing market has gone into depression. </I><B>| face </B> </P> <P> <U> DEPRESSION + VERB </U><B> deepen </B><I>The depression seems to be deepening. </I> <B>| end </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> during/in a/the ~ </B><I>Many people lost their jobs in the great depression of the 1930s. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the depths of a depression, a period of depression </B><I>periods of severe economic depression </I> </P> | noun |
| 374 | 408.3 | depression | hollow part in the surface of sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> shallow, slight | deep </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ in, ~ on </B><I>From the air, the photos show a shallow depression on the planet's surface. </I> </P> | noun |
| 375 | 409 | sequence | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SEQUENCE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complete, whole | continuous | complex | correct | opening | closing | alphabetical, chronological, logical, natural, random </B><I>The article describes the chronological sequence of events. </I><B>| action, dance, dream, film | DNA, gene </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SEQUENCE </U><B> complete </B><I>Complete the following sequence: 1, 4, 8, 13 … </I><B>| follow </B><I>We had to follow a complex sequence of movements. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>The book is more satisfying if you read each chapter in sequence. </I><B>| in a/the ~ </B><I>The heroine dies in the closing sequence of the film. </I><B>| ~ of </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a sequence of events</B> </P> | noun | |
| 376 | 410.1 | consideration | careful thought about sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONSIDERATION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> careful, detailed, full, serious | adequate, due, proper, sufficient | special, urgent | active </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONSIDERATION </U><B> give sth, take sth into </B><I>We will give your proposals serious consideration. You must take the size of the room into consideration. </I><B>| deserve, need, require | receive </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> after ~ </B><I>After due consideration, it was decided not to offer her the job. </I><B>| for sb's ~ </B><I>I enclose the report for your consideration. </I><B>| in ~ of </B><I>(formal) </I>(= as payment for sth), <B>on ~ </B><I>On consideration, we have decided not to come. </I><B>| under ~ </B><I>proposals under active consideration </I> </P> | noun |
| 377 | 410.2 | consideration | thinking about other people's wishes and feelings | <P> <U> VERB + CONSIDERATION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERB + CONSIDERATION </U><B> have </B><I>Have some consideration for those without a job. </I><B>| show sb, treat sb with </B><I>She showed little consideration for the beginners. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> out of ~ </B><I>He did it out of consideration for his daughter. </I><B>| ~ for </B> </P> | noun |
| 378 | 410.3 | consideration | sth you think about when deciding sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONSIDERATION </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> main, major, important, prime | overriding, paramount | minor | aesthetic, commercial, economic, environmental, ethical, financial, health, legal, moral, personal, political, practical, safety, security </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONSIDERATION </U><B> take account of, take into account </B><I>There are several important safety considerations that must be taken into account. </I> </P> | noun |
| 379 | 411 | derive | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> clearly </B><I>Females and cubs clearly derive some benefit from living in groups. </I><B>| largely, mainly, primarily | partly | solely | directly </B><I>This income was derived directly from his writing. </I><B>| originally, ultimately </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>We can derive some comfort from this fact. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 380 | 412 | arise | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ARISE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> naturally, spontaneously | directly </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ARISE </U><B> may, might | be likely/unlikely to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>Some learning difficulties arise from the way children are taught at school. </I><B>| out of </B><I>The current debate arose out of the concerns of parents. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 381 | 413 | radical | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, seem, sound | become </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> really, very | increasingly | fairly, quite, somewhat | genuinely, truly </B><I>a truly radical concept </I><B>| apparently | potentially | politically, socially</B> </P> | adj. | |
| 382 | 414 | collective | ||||
| 383 | 415.1 | recognition | remembering/identifying sb/sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RECOGNITION </U> </P> <P> <U> RECOGNITION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> RECOGNITION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> immediate, instant | early </B><I>the early recognition of a disease </I><B>| dawning | character, face, handwriting, speech, text </B><I>(computing) </I><B>| automatic, computer </B><I>the automatic recognition of handwriting by computer </I> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> flicker, sign </B><I>She stared directly at the witness but he did not show a flicker of recognition </I>(= he did not show that he recognized her)</B><I>. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RECOGNITION </U><B> show | avoid </B><I>He pulled the hood of his cloak over his head to avoid recognition. </I><B>| allow </B><I>The monitoring system allows recognition of pollution hot spots. </I> </P> <P> <U> RECOGNITION + VERB </U><B> dawn </B><I>Recognition slowly dawned, ‘Oh, it's you Mrs Foster!’ </I> </P> <P> <U> RECOGNITION + NOUN </U><B> software, system </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> beyond (all) ~ </B><I>(figurative) Many of those interviewed said their job had changed beyond recognition </I>(= changed completely) </B><I>over the past five years. </I><B>| out of (all) ~ </B><I>(figurative) The equipment and methods of production have improved out of all recognition </I>(= greatly improved)</B><I>. </I><B>| without ~ </B><I>He looked up, glanced at them without recognition, and went on his way. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> recognition in sb's eyes </B><I>There was no recognition in his eyes </I>(= he did not look as if he recognized her)</B><I>. </I> </P> | noun |
| 384 | 415.2 | recognition | accepting that sth exists/is true; public praise/reward | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RECOGNITION </U> </P> <P> <U> RECOGNITION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> full | appropriate, due, proper | insufficient | greater, growing, increasing </B><I>There needs to be a greater recognition of corporate crime as a social problem. </I><B>| clear, explicit, overt | implicit | apparent | grudging | positive | equal </B><I>equal recognition for the work women do </I><B>| mutual | immediate, instant | belated </B><I>The award is being made in belated recognition of her services to the industry. </I><B>| individual, personal </B><I>personal recognition for your achievements </I><B>| general, universal, wide, widespread </B><I>The young talent at the club deserves wider recognition. </I><B>| international, national, worldwide | public, social | professional | diplomatic | formal, legal, legislative, official | de facto </B><I>Twelve states have accorded de facto recognition to the new regime. </I><B>| government </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RECOGNITION </U><B> achieve, earn sb, gain, get, obtain, receive, win </B><I>His recitals have earned him recognition as a talented performer. </I><B>| deserve | require </B><I>Both of these perspectives are valid and require recognition. </I><B>| imply </B><I>They claim that signature of the peace accord did not imply recognition of the state's sovereignty. </I><B>| ask for, call for, demand, request, seek | apply for | qualify for </B><I>to qualify for UN recognition as an International Biosphere Reserve </I><B>| accord sb/sth, give sb/sth, grant sb/sth | refuse sb/sth </B> </P> <P> <U> RECOGNITION + VERB </U><B> come </B><I>Official recognition of the change came fast. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ of </B><I>an award in recognition of his outstanding work </I><B>| without ~ </B><I>She has worked actively but without recognition. </I><B>| ~ as </B><I>a country that has long sought recognition as a major power </I><B>| ~ by/from </B><I>recognition by his superiors of the service he had performed </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>They received recognition for their 20-year commitment to safety at sea. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a lack of recognition, recognition of the importance of sth, recognition of the need for sth, a struggle for recognition</B> </P> | noun |
| 385 | 416.1 | proportion | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROPORTION </U> </P> <P> <U> PROPORTION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROPORTION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROPORTION </U> </P> | adj. | ||
| 386 | 416.2 | proportion | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROPORTION </U> </P> <P> <U> PROPORTION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROPORTION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROPORTION </U> </P> | </DIV><DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>proportion </B><I>noun </I> </B> </P> | ||
| 387 | 417 | mode | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MODE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> normal, traditional, usual | effective </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MODE </U><B> use </B><I>Try using some other mode of organization. </I><B>| change, switch to </B><I>He had no intention of changing his mode of attire. Switch from ‘receive’ mode to ‘transmit’ mode. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in … ~ </B><I>The machine is in its ‘suspend’ mode. </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>Their main mode of subsistence is hunting. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a mode of address, a mode of communication/expression, a mode of transport</B> </P> | noun | |
| 388 | 418.1 | resistance | trying to stop sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESISTANCE </U> </P> <P> <U> RESISTANCE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> RESISTANCE + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, great, stiff, strong, substantial | determined, fierce, heroic, serious, spirited, stubborn | effective | token | active | passive | collective, organized | widespread | armed, military | political | popular, public | guerrilla, peasant </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESISTANCE </U><B> mount, offer, put up </B><I>They mounted stiff resistance to the proposal. </I><B>| encounter, meet (with), run into </B><I>The advancing army met with little resistance. </I><B>| break (down), crush, overcome </B> </P> <P> <U> RESISTANCE + VERB </U><B> stiffen | collapse, crumble </B> </P> <P> <U> RESISTANCE + NOUN </U><B> movement | fighter, forces, group, leader, worker </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> without ~ </B><I>The attacks did not take place without resistance. </I><B>| ~ against </B><I>armed resistance against the Nazis </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>There was fierce resistance to the new laws. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the line/path of least resistance </B>(= the easiest way of doing sth), <B>a pocket of resistance </B>(= an area of resistance) </P> | noun |
| 389 | 418.2 | resistance | to a disease/drugs | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESISTANCE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high | low | disease | antibiotic, drug </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESISTANCE </U><B> have | build up, develop </B><I>You need to build up your resistance to colds. </I><B>| lower </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to </B><I>Aids lowers the body's resistance to infection. </I> </P> | noun |
| 390 | 419 | furthermore | ||||
| 391 | 420 | diversity | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DIVERSITY </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, enormous, extraordinary, great, immense, rich, wide </B><I>There is need for greater diversity and choice in education. the rich diversity of the city's cultural life </I><B>| growing, increased, increasing | biological, genetic </B><I>the need to preserve biological diversity </I><B>| cultural, ethnic, linguistic, political, regional </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DIVERSITY </U><B> create | encourage, promote </B><I>Our party believes in encouraging cultural diversity, not division. </I><B>| maintain, preserve, protect </B><I>The producer was under pressure to maintain a diversity in his output. </I><B>| decrease, increase | allow (for) </B><I>Tyrannies do not allow diversity and disagreement. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ in </B><I>diversity in the style of the reports </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>There is a wide diversity of views on this subject. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 392 | 421 | anxiety | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ANXIETY </U> </P> <P> <U> ANXIETY + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> ANXIETY + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> acute, considerable, deep, great | chronic, constant, nagging | growing, increasing, mounting | natural, understandable | needless, unnecessary | public </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> level </B><I>the high level of anxiety created by entering a new environment </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ANXIETY </U><B> arouse, bring, cause, create, provoke | lead to | experience, feel, suffer from </B><I>She felt a nagging anxiety that could not be relieved. </I><B>| express, share </B><I>The mothers were able to share their anxieties with each other. </I><B>| cope with, deal with </B><I>skills to cope with anxiety </I><B>| allay, alleviate, dispel, reduce, relieve </B><I>The aim is to reduce anxiety and help the patients relax. </I><B>| aggravate, increase </B> </P> <P> <U> ANXIETY + VERB </U><B> grow </B><I>The more reports I study the more my anxiety grows. </I><B>| arise (from/out of sth), surface </B><I>A few anxieties surfaced during the meeting. </I> </P> <P> <U> ANXIETY + NOUN </U><B> attack | level </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ about </B><I>her growing anxiety about her health </I><B>| ~ at </B><I>anxiety at the deterioration of relations between the powers </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>deep anxiety for the whole family </I><B>| ~ over </B><I>There are anxieties over the effects of unemployment. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> fear and anxiety </B><I>They were encouraged to express their fears and anxieties. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 393 | 422.1 | logic | system of reasoning | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + LOGIC </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> formal | deductive, inductive </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + LOGIC </U><B> apply, use </B><I>Philosophers use logic to prove their arguments. </I> </P> | noun |
| 394 | 422.2 | logic | use of reason | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + LOGIC </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> compelling, exquisite, impeccable, inexorable </B><I>There is a compelling logic to his main theory. </I><B>| strict | internal, underlying | commercial, economic, political, scientific </B><I>There is sound commercial logic in never giving credit to retailers. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + LOGIC </U><B> accept, follow, understand </B><I>I can't follow the logic of what you are saying. </I><B>| defy </B><I>It's a stupid decision that completely defies logic. </I><B>| apply, use </B><I>You can't use the same logic in dealing with children. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ behind </B><I>What's the logic behind this decision? </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>There doesn't seem to be any logic in the move. </I> </P> | noun |
| 395 | 423.1 | whole | all of sth | <P> <U> VERB + WHOLE </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERB + WHOLE </U><B> cover, embrace, encompass, involve, span </B><I>The project involved the whole of the university. </I><B>| fill, occupy, take up </B><I>The library takes up the whole of the first floor. </I><B>| permeate, pervade </B><I>Technology permeates the whole of our lives. </I> </P> | noun |
| 396 | 423.2 | whole | complete thing | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + WHOLE </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> coherent, cohesive, harmonious, homogeneous, integrated, organized, seamless </B><I>She was struggling to organize her ideas into a coherent whole. </I><B>| single | complex </B><I>The author examines each aspect of Roman society, then attempts to summarize the complex whole. </I><B>| meaningful </B><I>At this age, babies do not yet combine sounds into a meaningful whole. </I><B>| organic </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + WHOLE </U><B> form, make (up) </B><I>He tried to fit the pieces of evidence together to make a coherent whole. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> as a whole </B><I>Unemployment is higher in the north than in the country as a whole. </I> </P> | noun |
| 397 | 424 | characterize | ||||
| 398 | 425 | cooperation | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + COOPERATION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> close | full | greater, increased | active | effective | international, local | mutual </B><I>a society founded on mutual cooperation and shared prosperity </I><B>| cultural, economic, military, political, social, technical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + COOPERATION </U><B> need, require | ask for, call for, demand, seek </B><I>She called for closer cooperation on drugs control. They are seeking the cooperation of senior medical staff. </I><B>| enlist, get </B><I>We are hoping to enlist the cooperation of women's groups. </I><B>| give (sb), offer (sb) | encourage, promote </B><I>promoting cooperation between universities and industry </I><B>| ensure </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ with </B><I>The film was made in cooperation with the Sports Council. </I><B>| with/without sb's ~ </B><I>With the cooperation of the public, the police may be able to catch this man. </I><B>| ~ among </B><I>increased technical cooperation among large companies </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>political cooperation between the two groups </I><B>| ~ from </B><I>You will need a bit of cooperation from your family. </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>We asked for their cooperation in the collection of data. </I><B>| ~ on </B><I>They offered their cooperation on the project. </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>We should like to thank you for your cooperation with us. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a lack of cooperation, a need for cooperation </B><I>There is a need for greater economic cooperation. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 399 | 426 | dominate | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> completely, entirely, totally </B><I>She completely dominated the conversation. </I><B>| increasingly </B><I>His work increasingly dominates his life. </I><B>| largely | overwhelmingly</B> </P> | verb | |
| 400 | 427 | implementation | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + IMPLEMENTATION </U> </P> <P> <U> IMPLEMENTATION + NOUN </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> effective, successful | complete, full | detailed </B><I>Detailed implementation of the plans was left to the regional offices. </I><B>| strict | smooth </B><I>We will consult widely to ensure smooth implementation. </I><B>| practical </B><I>The practical implementation of the regulations proved difficult. </I><B>| early, immediate | gradual | policy </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + IMPLEMENTATION </U><B> achieve, ensure, secure </B><I>To achieve implementation of the programme is a long, slow task. </I><B>| monitor, oversee, supervise </B><I>The UN is to supervise the implementation of the peace treaty. </I><B>| consider, discuss </B> </P> <P> <U> IMPLEMENTATION + NOUN </U><B> plan | process </B><I>The restructuring will take place in phases, to simplify the implementation process. </I><B>| problem</B> </P> | noun | |
| 401 | 428 | universal | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, seem | become | remain </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> truly | by no means, far from </B><I>Some of the teachers are technical specialists, but this is far from universal. </I><B>| almost, near, nearly, virtually | pretty | apparently | supposedly </B><I>supposedly universal standards </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> among </B><I>These practices remain universal among the islanders. </I><B>| in </B><I>a scheme that is universal in scope </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 402 | 429 | significance | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SIGNIFICANCE </U> </P> <P> <U> SIGNIFICANCE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, criminal, deep, enormous, great, immense, major, profound, real | full, general, wider </B><I>The scientists are cautious about the wider significance of their findings. </I><B>| limited, minor | particular, special | real, true </B><I>They failed to appreciate the true significance of these discoveries. </I><B>| functional, practical, statistical, strategic, symbolic, theoretical | constitutional, cultural, economic, moral, historical, political, religious, social </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SIGNIFICANCE </U><B> have </B><I>The ceremony has great symbolic significance. </I><B>| acquire, assume, gain, take on </B><I>Suddenly his son's relationship with the girl took on a new significance. </I><B>| attach </B><I>Let us not attach too much significance to these meetings. </I><B>| assess | appreciate, be aware of, grasp, understand | exaggerate | minimize, play down, underestimate </B> </P> <P> <U> SIGNIFICANCE + VERB </U><B> lie in sth </B><I>The significance of this lies in the fact that he had previously denied all knowledge of the fund. </I><B>| attach to sth </B><I>Does any significance attach to the use of the technical terms? </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for/to </B><I>a meal that has particular significance for a Jewish family </I><B>| of ~ </B><I>a policy of special significance to women </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> be of little, no, etc. significance</B> </P> | noun | |
| 403 | 430.1 | resolution | formal decision taken after a vote | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESOLUTION </U> </P> <P> <U> RESOLUTION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> draft | formal | joint </B><I>a joint US-British resolution </I><B>| unanimous | ordinary | emergency, special | compromise | affirmative, negative </B><I>(both law) An affirmative resolution of both Houses of Parliament is needed. </I><B>| Security Council, UN, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESOLUTION </U><B> draft | propose, put forward, table | vote on | adopt, agree, approve, carry, pass </B><I>The resolution was carried unanimously. </I><B>| block, reject </B> </P> <P> <U> RESOLUTION + VERB </U><B> be aimed at sth, call for sth </B><I>The resolution called for the resumption of negotiations. </I><B>| declare sth, proclaim sth </B><I>a resolution declaring independence </I><B>| approve sth, authorize sth </B><I>The assembly adopted a resolution approving the scheme. </I><B>| condemn sth </B><I>a resolution condemning the invasion </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> under (a/the) ~ </B><I>weapons banned under Resolution 687 </I><B>| ~ on </B><I>The General Assembly rejected the resolution on the subject of arms control. </I>> Special page at MEETING </B> </P> | noun |
| 404 | 430.2 | resolution | settling a dispute | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESOLUTION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> early, quick, rapid | final, ultimate | peaceful </B><I>Hopes of a peaceful resolution to the conflict were fading. </I><B>| satisfactory, successful | conflict, dispute </B><I>methods of conflict resolution </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESOLUTION </U><B> require | press for </B><I>The government is pressing for an early resolution of the hostage crisis. </I><B>| achieve, reach </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to </B><I>the likelihood of achieving a satisfactory resolution to the problem </I> </P> | noun |
| 405 | 430.3 | resolution | being firm and determined | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESOLUTION </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> great </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESOLUTION </U><B> have | show </B><I>She showed great resolution in her dealings with management. </I><B>| lack </B> </P> | noun |
| 406 | 430.4 | resolution | firm decision to do/not to do sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESOLUTION </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> firm, good | New Year/New Year's </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESOLUTION </U><B> make </B><I>I made a New Year resolution to give up smoking. </I><B>| keep </B> </P> | noun |
| 407 | 430.5 | resolution | power to give a clear image | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high </B><I>high-resolution graphics </I><B>| low | maximum | screen | pixel </B><I>a monitor capable of a 1,024 by 768 pixel resolution </I> </P> | noun |
| 408 | 431 | numerous | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be | become </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> especially, particularly, very | increasingly | reasonably, relatively | enough, sufficiently </B><I>By the mid-twelfth century pilgrims were numerous enough to merit a guidebook. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> too numerous to list/mention </B><I>The related publications are far too numerous to list individually. </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 409 | 432 | extensive | ||||
| 410 | 433 | biological | ||||
| 411 | 434.1.1 | display | arrangement of things | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISPLAY </U> </P> <P> <U> DISPLAY + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> DISPLAY + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> attractive, beautiful, colourful, dazzling, excellent, eye-catching, fascinating, fine, good, interesting, stunning | special | public | permanent, temporary | static </B><I>The locomotive is normally kept on static display in the National Railway Museum. </I><B>| audio-visual, visual </B><I>An audio-visual display gives visitors an idea of what life was like aboard a sailing ship. </I><B>| floral, photographic </B><I>a beautiful floral display outside the Town Hall </I><B>| in-store, wall, window | museum, shop </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISPLAY </U><B> have </B><I>The museum has a fine display of old medical instruments. </I><B>| mount </B><I>We plan to mount a display of the children's work in the lobby area. </I><B>| go on </B><I>Examples of her work will go on permanent display in the new museum. </I><B>| put sth on </B><I>The birds were put on display at the zoological society. </I> </P> <P> <U> DISPLAY + VERB </U><B> illustrate sth, show sth </B><I>The display illustrates the traditional industries of the town. </I> </P> <P> <U> DISPLAY + NOUN </U><B> board, cabinet, case, stand </B><I>a glass-fronted display cabinet </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on ~ </B><I>Designs for the new sports hall are on public display in the library. On display are earrings, necklaces and bracelets made from jade, amber and amethyst. </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>a display of Roman coins </I> <br><a href="#" class="show_hide" id="plus">More information about ART WORKS </a> <DIV class="slidingDiv"> <a><I>ART WORKS:</I></a> <P><B>of art a piece/work of art </B><I>Michelangelo's Pietà is a magnificent work of art. </I></P> <P><B>collect ~ </B><I>She collects Jacobean portraits. </I></P> <P><B>display, exhibit, show ~ </B><I>The works will be displayed in the new wing of the museum. </I></P> <P><B>~ be (put) on display/exhibition/show ~ go on display/exhibition/show </B><I>paintings put on show for the first time The photographs are on exhibition until the end of September. </I></P> <P><B>house ~ </B><I>An annexe was built to house the sculptures. </I></P> <P><B>a series of ~ </B><I>a series of paintings by Van Gogh </I></P> <P><B>a collection/exhibition of ~ </B><I>an exhibition of early 20th century French masterpieces </I></P> <P><B>an art/photographic/photography exhibition </B><I>The open art exhibition will allow new artists to exhibit their work. </I></P> <P><B>by ~ </B><I>a sculpture by Barbara Hepworth </I></P> <P></P> </DIV> </P> | noun |
| 412 | 434.1.2 | display | performing a skill | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISPLAY </U> </P> <P> <U> DISPLAY + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> astonishing, awesome, breathtaking, brilliant, devastating, flamboyant, great, impressive, magnificent, outstanding, spectacular, spirited, superb, virtuoso </B><I>a flamboyant display of footballing skills </I><B>| disappointing, lacklustre, poor | firework | pyrotechnic </B><I>The sun set in a pyrotechnic display that burnt up the whole western sky. </I><B>| aerial, aerobatic, air, flying, parachute | courtship, mating, sexual </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISPLAY </U><B> give, perform, put on </B><I>The male performs a magnificent courtship display. They put on a spectacular firework display. </I><B>| treat sb to </B><I>The crowd was treated to an impressive display of power tennis. </I><B>| watch </B> </P> <P> <U> DISPLAY + NOUN </U><B> team </B><I>an aerobatic display team </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ of </B><I>They gave a virtuoso display of disco dancing. </I> </P> | noun |
| 413 | 434.1.3 | display | showing a particular feeling/quality | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> brief | rare | impressive, incredible, striking </B><I>Members of the community closed ranks in an impressive display of unity. </I><B>| open, public </B><I>an open display of affection for her husband </I><B>| outward </B><I>Despite his outward display of friendliness, I sensed he was concealing something. </I><B>| ostentatious, overt </B><I>an ostentatious display of wealth </I><B>| aggressive </B><I>There may be specific events which trigger aggressive displays in your dog. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ of </B><I>She slammed the door behind her in a display of ill-temper. </I> </P> | noun |
| 414 | 434.1.4 | display | on a computer screen, etc. | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> DISPLAY + NOUN </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> computer, screen | data, graphics, video, visual | colour, mono/monochrome | high resolution, low resolution </B><I>a high resolution colour display </I><B>| LCD/liquid crystal | analogue, digital | Windows </B> </P> <P> <U> DISPLAY + NOUN </U><B> screen, terminal, unit </B><I>display screen equipment a visual display unit </I> </P> | noun |
| 415 | 434.2 | display | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISPLAY </U> </P> <P> <U> DISPLAY + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> DISPLAY + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISPLAY </U> </P> <P> <U> DISPLAY + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> DISPLAY + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> clearly, prominently </B><I>His football trophies were prominently displayed in the kitchen. </I><B>| proudly </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>She proudly displayed her degree certificate to her parents. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 416 | 435.1 | publication | of a book, etc. | <P> <U> VERB + PUBLICATION </U> </P> <P> <U> PUBLICATION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PUBLICATION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERB + PUBLICATION </U><B> begin | cease, stop | prepare sth for | be due/scheduled for </B><I>The book is scheduled for publication in the autumn. </I><B>| accept sth for </B> </P> <P> <U> PUBLICATION + VERB </U><B> be due/scheduled </B><I>The publication of her memoirs is scheduled for the autumn. </I> </P> <P> <U> PUBLICATION + NOUN </U><B> date </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the date/time of publication </B> </P> | noun |
| 417 | 435.2 | publication | book, magazine, etc. | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PUBLICATION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> new, recent | forthcoming | leading, major | sister </B><I>‘This Week’'s German sister publication, ‘Diese Woche’, went out of business. </I><B>| government, official | specialist | academic, business, scientific, trade </B> </P> <P> <U> PUBLICATION + NOUN </U><B> publications catalogue/list </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ about </B><I>specialist publications about bees </I><B>| ~ on </B><I>She has several publications to her name on local history. </I> </P> | noun |
| 418 | 436 | widely | ||||
| 419 | 437.1 | permit | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PERMIT </U> </P> <P> <U> PERMIT + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PERMIT + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PERMIT </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> government, official | export, import | residence, residency | work | travel | resident's, visitor's | building, filming, fishing, landing, parking </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PERMIT </U><B> have | give (sb), grant (sb), issue | get, obtain, receive | revoke | renew | apply for | need, require </B> </P> <P> <U> PERMIT + VERB </U><B> expire, run out </B> </P> <P> <U> PERMIT + NOUN </U><B> holder </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>Entry is by permit only. </I><B>| with/without a ~ </B><I>You can't park here without a permit. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>They applied for a permit for a street demonstration against university fees. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 420 | 437.2 | permit | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PERMIT </U> </P> <P> <U> PERMIT + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PERMIT + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PERMIT </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> legally | generally, normally </B><I>Development is not normally permitted in conservation areas. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PERMIT </U><B> refuse to | be designed to </B><I>The bill was designed to permit workers to take up to twelve weeks' unpaid leave annually for family reasons. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 421 | 438 | merely | ||||
| 422 | 439.1 | joint | in the body | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JOINT </U> </P> <P> <U> JOINT + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> elbow, hip, knee, etc. | inflamed, painful, rheumatic, stiff, swollen | artificial </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JOINT </U><B> replace </B><I>He's going to have his hip joint replaced. </I> </P> <P> <U> JOINT + VERB </U><B> ache | move </B><I>The joint should be able to move freely. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>You've got fluid in the joint. </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>the joint between the lower and upper parts of the arm </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> put sth out of joint </B><I>She fell and put her knee out of joint. </I> </P> | noun |
| 423 | 439.2 | joint | connecting point | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JOINT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> airtight, watertight | leaking </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JOINT </U><B> make, seal </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ between </B><I>a joint between two lengths of copper </I> </P> | noun |
| 424 | 439.3 | joint | piece of meat | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JOINT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> bacon </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JOINT </U><B> cook, roast | carve </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ of </B><I>a joint of beef/lamb/pork </I> </P> | noun |
| 425 | 440 | comprehensive | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> extremely, very | fully, totally </B><I>fully comprehensive insurance </I><B>| increasingly | fairly, pretty, quite, reasonably </B><I>The list is fairly comprehensive. </I><B>| truly</B> </P> | adj. | |
| 426 | 441 | alter | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> considerably, dramatically, drastically, fundamentally, greatly, radically, significantly, substantially </B><I>He had not altered greatly in the last ten years. </I><B>| slightly </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> not alter the fact that </B><I>Unemployment has come down slightly but this does not alter the fact that it is still a major problem. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 427 | 442 | insight | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INSIGHT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, great, real, significant | deep | detailed | brief | good, remarkable </B><I>The objective of the research is to gain a better insight into labour market processes. </I><B>| penetrating, profound, revealing, illuminating | crucial, important, invaluable, valuable | useful | fascinating, interesting | startling | fresh, new | original, unique </B><I>Freud's original insights into the working of the mind </I><B>| rare | clear | basic | direct </B><I>The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. </I><B>| further | sufficient | individual, personal | critical, historical, theoretical </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> flash </B><I>With a flash of insight, she found the solution to the problem. </I><B>| degree </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INSIGHT </U><B> have </B><I>The experienced specialist has professional skills and insight. </I><B>| be lacking in, lack | show | allow (sb), afford (sb), give (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with), produce, yield | gain, get, obtain | apply </B><I>Teachers have to apply in the classroom the insights that they gain in educational courses. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ about </B><I>Schopenhauer's insight about music </I><B>| ~ into </B><I>a fresh insight into Picasso's mind </I><B>| ~ (as) to </B><I>an insight as to how the gene works </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a lack of insight</B> </P> | noun | |
| 428 | 443.1 | document | official paper/book | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DOCUMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> DOCUMENT + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> important, key, seminal </B><I>one of the key documents in this case </I> | relevant | large, lengthy, long, <B>weighty | brief, short | </B> 10-page, etc. | complete, entire, <B>whole </B><I>This statement must be understood in the context of the entire document. </I><B>| summary | detailed | draft | revised | final | original </B><I>The original document has been lost or destroyed. </I><B>| electronic, paper, printed, written | published, unpublished | enclosed </B><I>Please sign the enclosed document and return it to me. </I><B>| single </B><I>A constitution need not be a single document. </I><B>| classified, confidential, privileged </B><I>(law)</I>, <B>(top) secret | private | public | available </B><I>Documents will be available at the news conference. </I><B>| internal </B><I>details of internal UN documents </I><B>| approved, signed | unsigned | authentic, genuine | forged | disclosed, leaked | government, legal, official | policy, strategy | travel </B><I>Keep your travel documents in a secure place. </I><B>| registration </B><I>a car's registration document </I><B>| contract, offer, tender </B><I>(all business) He has promised to post a formal offer document to shareholders by Monday. </I><B>| briefing | consultation, consultative, discussion, proposal, working </B><I>a working document in the discussions for a final treaty </I><B>| basic, framework | guidance | supporting | (legally) binding </B><I>A document signed abroad is as legally binding as one signed at home. </I><B>| constitutional, contractual | historical </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> copy </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DOCUMENT </U><B> draft, draw up, prepare, produce, publish, type, write </B><I>The government has produced an important new policy document. </I><B>| revise | disclose </B><I>(law)</I>, <B>issue </B><I>a consultative document issued by the Department of Trade and Industry </I> <B>| receive | obtain | file </B><I>Copies of the relevant documents must be filed at court. </I><B>| hand over/sb, present, submit </B><I>Supporting documents must be submitted to the supervisory authority. </I><B>| produce </B><I>He was unable to produce the document that he claimed would prove his case. </I><B>| keep | circulate, send (out) | leak </B><I>documents leaked from the government to the press </I><B>| read | go through, read through </B><I>Go through the document checking for errors. </I><B>| search through, sort through </B><I>I had to search through 4,000 documents to find the information I needed. </I><B>| consider, examine, study | accept, adopt, approve, endorse, execute </B><I>(law)</I>, sign </B><I>The conference adopted a document on minority rights. </I><B>| authenticate | forge | refer to | address | attach, enclose </B><I>The relevant documents are enclosed for your information. </I><B>| scan </B><I>Existing paper documents could be scanned into a computer. </I> </P> <P> <U> DOCUMENT + VERB </U><B> be concerned with sth, concern sth, deal with sth, focus on sth, relate to sth | contain sth, cover sth, include sth </B><I>documents covering various points of concern </I><B>| refer to sth | acknowledge sth, describe sth, detail sth, explain sth, indicate sth, list sth, note sth, outline sth, record sth, say sth, set out sth, state sth, tell sb sth </B><I>The document says they are against tax rebates. </I><B>| call for sth, propose sth, suggest sth </B><I>a document calling for a ceasefire </I><B>| aim at sth, envisage sth, seek sth </B><I>documents aimed at stimulating discussion </I><B>| reveal sth, show sth | purport sth </B><I>Documents leaked to this newspaper purport to reveal that radioactive waste is being illegally dumped on the site. </I><B>| summarize sth | confirm sth | be agreed (on/upon) </B><I>a document agreed with the District Council </I><B>| be called sth, be entitled sth, be headed sth, be known as sth </B><I>a document entitled ‘Guidelines for Good Practice’ </I><B>| be written </B><I>The document is written in Chinese. </I><B>| exist </B><I>No other genuine document exists. </I><B>| date back from/to … , <B>be dated … </B><I>documents dating back to the 1920s The document is dated 775. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> according to a/the ~ </B><I>According to leaked cabinet documents, no compensation would be paid. </I><B>| in a/the ~ </B><I>He particularly criticized the terminology in the document. </I><B>| throughout a/the ~ </B><I>There is a disclaimer throughout the official documents. </I><B>| ~ about/concerning </B><I>a document concerning arbitration procedures in Cairo </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>a document of 2,000 words a document of 1999 Her journal is an important document of Victorian rural life </I><B>| ~ on </B><I>a government document on transport policy </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a draft/version of a document </B> </P> | noun |
| 429 | 443.2 | document | computer file | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DOCUMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> active, current </B><I>Highlight </I>a </B><I>passage in the active documen</I>t </B><I>and click on the print icon. </I>| <B>printed </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DOCUMENT </U><B> open | close | display </B><I>to display documents o</I>n </B><I>screen </I><B>| retrieve | scroll through </B><I>Scroll through the document usin</I>g </B><I>the slider bar on the right of th</I>e </B><I>window. </I><B>| search </B><I>a software too</I>l </B><I>for searching documents an</I>d </B><I>retrieving information </I><B>| create </B><I>T</I>o </B><I>create a new document, selec</I>t </B><I>New from the File menu. </I><B>| edit | save </B><I>Save the document befor</I>e </B><I>closing. </I><B>| format | spell check | send </B><I>Send and receive document</I>s </B><I>at the click of a button. </I><B>| receive | print (out) </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>Cut and paste i</I>s </B><I>used to move text to a new plac</I>e </B><I>in the document</I>. > Special page at COMPUTER </B> </P> | noun |
| 430 | 444 | imply | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + IMPLY </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> clearly, heavily, strongly | simply | generally, normally, usually | automatically | not necessarily </B><I>This does not necessarily imply that children achieve better results in private schools. </I><B>| in no way </B><I>They believe that submission in no way implies inferiority. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + IMPLY </U><B> seem to </B><I>The letter seems to imply that the minister knew about the business deals. </I><B>| intend to, mean to </B><I>I never meant to imply any criticism. </I><B>| take sth to </B><I>This statement should not be taken to imply that the government is exonerated of all blame. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> express or implied </B><I>the express or implied terms of the contract </I> </P> | verb | |
| 431 | 445.1 | absence | fact of not being present | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> lengthy, long, prolonged | brief, temporary | unauthorized </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> period, spell </B><I>You will not be paid for the full period of absence. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> during/in sb's ~ </B>(= while sb is not there) <I>My father did all the cooking in my mother's absence. </I><B>| ~ from </B><I>absence from work </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> conspicuous/notable by your absence </B>(= very obviously absent when you ought to be present) <I>When it came to clearing up afterwards, Anne was conspicuous by her absence. </I><B>| leave of absence </B>(= permission to be absent) <I>He asked for leave of absence from the army. </I> </P> | noun |
| 432 | 445.2 | absence | lack | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complete, total | virtual | conspicuous, notable </B><I>a conspicuous absence of evidence </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in the ~ of </B><I>In the absence of stone, most houses in the area are built of wood. </I> </P> | noun |
| 433 | 446 | explicitly | ||||
| 434 | 447.1 | conventional | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONVENTION </U> </P> <P> <U> CONVENTION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONVENTION </U> </P> <P> <U> CONVENTION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> CONVENTION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONVENTION </U> </P> <P> <U> CONVENTION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>conventional </B><I>adj</I> </P> | ||
| 435 | 447.2 | conventional | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONVENTION </U> </P> <P> <U> CONVENTION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONVENTION </U> </P> <P> <U> CONVENTION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> CONVENTION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONVENTION </U> </P> <P> <U> CONVENTION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | noun | ||
| 436 | 448.1 | index | list of names/topics in a book | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INDEX </U> </P> <P> <U> INDEX + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> comprehensive, complete | detailed | general | alphabetical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INDEX </U><B> appear in, be in </B><I>Although the book was devoted to cancer, the word ‘cancer’ did not even appear in the index. </I><B>| consult, look (sth up) in </B><I>Why don't you look up her name in the index? </I><B>| compile </B> </P> <P> <U> INDEX + VERB </U><B> give sth, list sth </B><I>The index only gives the main towns. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>Is there any reference to it in the index? </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>It's a general index to the whole work. </I> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>index </B><I>noun </I> </B> </P> |
| 437 | 448.2 | index | ordered record of books/files | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INDEX </U> </P> <P> <U> INDEX + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> subject, title | card | computer, computerized </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INDEX </U><B> have, keep </B><I>We keep a card index of all the titles on the shelves. </I><B>| compile, create | consult, look (sth up) in, search </B><I>Look up ‘The Waste Land’ in the index. Search the index to find the address of the data file. </I> </P> <P> <U> INDEX + NOUN </U><B> card </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>cards in a card index </I> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>index </B><I>noun </I> </B> </P> |
| 438 | 448.3 | index | system showing the level of sth; measure of sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INDEX </U> </P> <P> <U> INDEX + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> good, reliable, sensitive | high | low | weighted | official | general </B><I>a general index calculated from death and population information </I><B>| world </B><I>The world index fell 3.1%. </I><B>| cost-of-living, market, retail price | futures, share, stock | Dow Jones, FT-SE 100, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INDEX </U><B> have </B><I>Those who lived in the inner cities had a high index of deprivation. </I><B>| use (sth as) </B><I>The test results were used as an index of language proficiency. </I><B>| compile, construct, create | calculate, compute </B><I>The index was calculated with a computer. </I><B>| publish </B><I>The retail price index is published monthly. </I><B>| drag, drive, push, take </B><I>A wave of frenzied buying pushed the index up 136.2 points. </I> </P> <P> <U> INDEX + VERB </U><B> measure sth </B><I>an index designed to measure monthly changes in the volume of industrial production </I><B>| be based on sth </B><I>an index based on incidents causing a loss of production </I><B>| be linked to sth </B><I>The increase in our standard rates will be linked to the retail price index. </I><B>| cover sth </B><I>an index covering some 1,700 companies </I><B>| open | close, end </B><I>The hundred shares index closed down 15 points. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in an/the ~ </B><I>dividends on shares in the index </I><B>| on an/the ~ </B><I>people dealing in options on the FT-SE 100 index </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a drop/fall in an index </B><I>a 28.2 point drop in the FT-SE 100 index </I><B>| changes in an index, an increase in an index, as measured by an index </B><I>Inflation, as measured by the retail price index, is expected to drop. </I> <br><a href="#" class="show_hide" id="plus">More information about PER CENT</a> <DIV class="slidingDiv"> <a><I>FINANCIAL:</I></a> <P><B>indicators ~ be down/up </B><I>With the share price down at 234p, it might be time to start buying. The CAC index was up 18.84 points. </I></P> <P><B>~ reach sth, stand at sth </B><I>Consumer confidence reached a 30-year high. Second quarter sales stood at £ 18 billion. </I></P> <P><B>~ be/remain unchanged </B><I>The 100 Share Index remained unchanged at 5297. </I></P> <P><B>~ gain (sth) </B><I>The share gained 19 cents to close at 4.38. </I></P> <P><B>~ suffer (sth) </B><I>Profit margins suffered when the company lowered prices to remain competitive. </I></P> <P><B>~ climb, edge up, go up, increase ( ~ increase in value </B>for currencies<B>), jump, rise, rocket, shoot up, skyrocket, soar (</B>+ <I>by, from, to or no preposition</I><B>) </B><I>Earnings per share climbed from 3.5p to 5.1p. The pound has increased in value relative to the euro. Profits have shot up by a staggering 25%. Oil prices have skyrocketed. </I></P> <P><B>~ come/go down, crash, decline, decrease ( ~ decrease in value </B>for currencies<B>), dive, drop, fall, plummet, plunge, shrink, slip, slump (</B>+ <I>by, from, to or no preposition</I><B>) </B><I>Banana exports crashed nearly 50%. The pound fell to a 14-year low against the dollar. Net income plummeted to USD 3.7 million. </I></P> <P></P> </DIV> </P> | <DIV class="item"><P class="word"><B>index </B><I>noun </I> </B> </P> |
| 439 | 449 | nevertheless | ||||
| 440 | 450 | facilitate | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FACILITATE </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> greatly </B><I>The use of computers has greatly facilitated the firm's ability to keep accurate records. </I><B>| further </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FACILITATE </U><B> be designed to, help (to)</B> </P> | verb | |
| 441 | 451 | evolution | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EVOLUTION </U> </P> <P> <U> EVOLUTION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> gradual | rapid | continuous | natural | peaceful </B><I>the peaceful evolution to democracy </I><B>| biological, cultural, historical, political, social, technological | animal, human | Darwinian </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EVOLUTION </U><B> trace </B><I>a book tracing the evolution of the English language </I> </P> <P> <U> EVOLUTION + VERB </U><B> occur, proceed, take place </B><I>Evolution proceeds by a series of small changes. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ from … to … </B><I>his evolution from comedian to serious actor </I><B>| ~ towards </B><I>the country's gradual evolution towards democracy </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the theory of evolution </B><I>people who reject the theory of evolution </I> </P> | noun | |
| 442 | 452 | intellectual | ||||
| 443 | 453 | govern | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GOVERN </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> well | directly </B><I>The colony was governed directly from Paris. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GOVERN </U><B> be fit/unfit to </B><I>He accused the opposition party of being unfit to govern. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 444 | 454.1.1 | signal | sign/action/sound that sends a </B>message | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SIGNAL </U> </P> <P> <U> SIGNAL + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> clear, unmistakable | agreed, pre-arranged | conflicting, confusing, contradictory, mixed | wrong </B><I>Laughing when you should be crying sends out the wrong signals to people. </I><B>| alarm, danger, distress, warning | hand, non-verbal, semaphore, smoke, verbal, visual </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SIGNAL </U><B> arrange </B><I>He had arranged a signal for the band to begin. </I><B>| give (sb), make, send (out) </B><I>When I give the signal, run! </I> <B>| interpret (sth as), read, see sth as </B><I>The remark was seen as a signal that their government was ready to return to the peace talks. </I> <B>| pick up, respond to </B><I>Interviewers quickly learn to pick up non-verbal signals. </I><B>| act as </B><I>The insect's bright colours act as warning signals to its predators. </I> </P> <P> <U> SIGNAL + VERB </U><B> come from sth </B><I>trying to read the signals coming from the patient </I><B>| indicate sth </B><I>the signals that can indicate danger </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> at/on a ~ </B><I>At a pre-arranged signal, everyone started cheering. </I> <B>| ~ for </B><I>She made a signal for the car to stop. </I><B>| ~ from/to </B><I>Wait for the signal from the leader of your group. </I> </P> | noun |
| 445 | 454.1.2 | signal | set of lights for drivers | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SIGNAL </U> </P> <P> <U> SIGNAL + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> SIGNAL + NOUN </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> railway, traffic </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SIGNAL </U><B> operate </B> </P> <P> <U> SIGNAL + VERB </U><B> be (on) red/green </B><I>The traffic signals were on red. </I><B>| fail </B> </P> <P> <U> SIGNAL + NOUN </U><B> box | failure </B> </P> | noun |
| 446 | 454.1.3 | signal | series of radio waves, chemical messages, etc. | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SIGNAL </U> </P> <P> <U> SIGNAL + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> faint, weak | strong | high-frequency, low-frequency | acoustic, analogue, audio, chemical, digital, electrical, electronic, light, radar, radio, sonar, sound, television/TV, video, wireless </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SIGNAL </U><B> carry, pass </B><I>The nerves carry these signals to the brain. </I><B>| convert (sth into), scramble, unscramble </B><I>The signal is scrambled into code before it is sent. </I><B>| emit, generate, send, transmit | detect, pick up, receive, respond to </B><I>This equipment can detect very low frequency signals. </I> </P> <P> <U> SIGNAL + VERB </U><B> travel </B><I>A light signal can travel well over 16km before it halves in intensity. </I><B>| fade </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ from </B><I>a faint signal from the satellite </I><B>| ~ to </B> </P> | noun |
| 447 | 454.2.1 | signal | move your arms to give a signal | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> frantically, wildly </B><I>She signalled frantically to us. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>He raised his hand and signalled for the waiter. </I><B>| to </B><I>She signalled to the bus driver to stop. </I> </P> | verb |
| 448 | 454.2.2 | signal | show/mark sth | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> clearly </B><I>These changes clearly signal the end of the welfare state as we know it. </I><B>| effectively | not necessarily </B><I>A change of mind in one instance does not necessarily signal a change in overall policy. </I> </P> | verb |
| 449 | 455.1 | passage | narrow way through | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PASSAGE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> long, short | narrow, small | wide | twisting, winding | connecting, side | subterranean, underground | dark, secret </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PASSAGE </U><B> clear </B><I>to clear a passage for ships through the ice </I><B>| force </B><I>He forced a passage for the singer through the crowd. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> along/down/through a/the~ </B><I>We ran through the dark passage. </I><B>| in/into a/the ~ </B><I>Someone was waiting outside in the passage. </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>the passage between the cottage and the house </I><B>| ~ from </B><I>There is an underground passage from the church to the house. </I><B>| ~ through </B><I>a narrow passage through the bushes </I><B>| ~ to </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the end of a passage </B><I>There was a door at the end of the passage. </I><B>| a maze of passages </B><I>the maze of secret passages which wound their way under the building </I> </P> | noun |
| 450 | 455.2 | passage | tube in the body | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PASSAGE </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> nasal | back </B>(= rectum) </P> <P> <U> VERB + PASSAGE </U><B> block, obstruct | clear </B> </P> | noun |
| 451 | 455.3 | passage | extract from a book/speech | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PASSAGE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> lengthy, long | short | opening | famous, well-known | descriptive, purple </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PASSAGE </U><B> quote, read </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>There's a lot of slang in this passage. </I><B>| ~ from </B><I>a passage from the Bible </I> </P> | noun |
| 452 | 455.4 | passage | extract from a piece of music | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PASSAGE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> lengthy, long | short | opening | fast, slow | loud | quiet, soft | solo </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PASSAGE </U><B> play, quote </B><I>In the 15th symphony he quotes a passage from Rossini's ‘William Tell’ overture. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ | ~ from </B> </P> | noun |
| 453 | 455.5 | passage | movement/progress | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PASSAGE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> rapid, speedy | slow | safe | smooth | free </B><I>The UN Security Council has demanded free passage for families fleeing from the fighting. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PASSAGE </U><B> deny sb, refuse sb </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ across </B><I>the slow passage of a snail across the veranda </I><B>| ~ down </B><I>Steps cut in the hillside give walkers an easy passage down the mountain. </I><B>| ~ from … to … </B><I>We are not aware of our passage from consciousness to sleep. </I><B>| ~ into </B><I>Portugal's passage into the next round of the tournament </I><B>| ~ out of </B><I>a safe passage out of the war zone </I><B>| ~ over </B><I>State-of-the-art suspension guarantees a smooth passage over the bumpiest road. </I><B>| ~ through </B><I>They denied him passage through the territory. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the passage of time </B><I>The problems only got worse with the passage of time. </I><B>| a rite of passage </B><I>Marriage is seen as a rite of passage. </I> </P> | noun |
| 454 | 455.6 | passage | journey by ship | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PASSAGE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> long, short | rough, stormy | homeward, outward | sea </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PASSAGE </U><B> have | book | work </B><I>He worked his passage </I>(= he worked to pay for his journey) </B><I>to Australia. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> during a/the ~ </B><I>During the passage, she taught herself basic Arabic. </I><B>| on sb's/the ~ </B><I>We met him on our outward passage. </I><B>| ~ across </B><I>a rough passage across the Atlantic </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>We had a stormy passage to India. </I> </P> | noun |
| 455 | 455.7 | passage | of a bill through Parliament | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PASSAGE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> smooth | speedy </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PASSAGE </U><B> begin, complete </B><I>The bill will complete its passage in November. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> during the ~ </B><I>There was much controversy during the passage of the bill. </I><B>| ~ through </B><I>a strategy to ensure the bill's smooth passage through Parliament </I> </P> | noun |
| 456 | 456.1 | discovery | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISCOVER </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISCOVERY </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | verb | ||
| 457 | 456.2 | discovery | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISCOVER </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISCOVERY </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> amazing, big, exciting, great, important, major, remarkable, significant, startling, surprising, unexpected </B><I>potentially the biggest archaeological discovery in Norway for fifty years </I><B>| awful, chilling, grim, terrible </B><I>the awful discovery that he had been deceiving her </I><B>| latest, new, recent | accidental, chance </B><I>All these were chance discoveries made by scientists engaged in other investigations. </I><B>| archaeological, medical, scientific | personal </B><I>The story tells of a man's journey of personal discovery up an African river. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISCOVERY </U><B> make </B><I>New scientific discoveries are being made all the time. </I><B>| lead to </B><I>Their work led to some important medical discoveries. </I><B>| await </B><I>There may be many unexpected treasures awaiting discovery. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ by </B><I>a discovery by a French scientist </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>the discovery of oil in the North Sea </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a process of discovery, a journey/voyage of discovery </B><I>(figurative) To tour Sri Lanka is to take a voyage of discovery through a land of endless variety. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 458 | 457.1 | introduction | first use | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> early, gradual, recent, widespread </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ into </B><I>the gradual introduction of modern farming methods into traditional societies </I> </P> | noun |
| 459 | 457.2 | introduction | first part of a book/talk | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> brief, short </B><I>He began with a brief introduction. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in an/the ~ </B><I>His mother is mentioned in the introduction. </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>the introduction to her latest book </I> </P> | noun |
| 460 | 457.3 | introduction | book for studying a subject | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> excellent, general, useful </B><I>It serves as an excellent introduction to 19th-century painting. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to </B> </P> | noun |
| 461 | 457.4 | introduction | telling people each other's names | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INTRODUCTION </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> formal </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INTRODUCTION </U><B> make </B><I>I can never remember names, so I don't like to make the introductions. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a letter of introduction </B><I>He gave me a letter of introduction to the manager. </I> </P> | noun |
| 462 | 458.1 | boundary | line that marks the limits of a place | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BOUNDARY </U> </P> <P> <U> BOUNDARY + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> common | northern, southern, etc. | national, state | district, parish </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BOUNDARY </U><B> have | form, mark </B><I>The river forms the boundary. </I><B>| share | draw, establish, fix, set </B><I>The boundary was fixed just south of the farm. </I><B>| redraw | cross </B><I>We've just crossed the boundary into Sussex. </I><B>| extend </B> </P> <P> <U> BOUNDARY + NOUN </U><B> fence, hedge, line, wall | dispute </B><I>a boundary dispute with their neighbours </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> across/over the ~ </B><I>They drove across the boundary. </I><B>| along the ~ </B><I>We continued along the southern boundary of the county. </I><B>| at/on the ~ </B><I>We had to stop at the boundary. on the boundary of the two countries </I><B>| beyond the ~ </B><I>She had never strayed beyond the city boundaries. </I><B>| within the ~s </B><I>within the boundaries of the old city walls </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>the boundary between Sussex and Surrey </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>The state has a boundary with Ontario. </I> </P> | noun |
| 463 | 458.2 | boundary | limit | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BOUNDARY </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> traditional </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BOUNDARY </U><B> cross </B><I>This job crosses the traditional boundary between social work and health care. </I><B>| extend, push back </B><I>research which extends the boundaries of human knowledge </I><B>| overstep </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> across ~s </B><I>His policies appeal across party political boundaries. </I><B>| beyond the ~s </B><I>going beyond the boundaries of accepted behaviour </I><B>| on the ~ </B><I>on the boundary of physics and chemistry </I><B>| within the ~s </B><I>keeping within the boundaries of the law </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>the boundary between sanity and insanity </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the boundaries of taste </B><I>In her performance she had clearly overstepped the boundaries of good taste. </I> </P> | noun |
| 464 | 459 | gain | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GAIN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, considerable, huge, major, real, significant, substantial </B><I>This change in the tax system will mean big gains for some companies. </I><B>| modest, small | long-term, short-term | potential | pre-tax | net, overall </B><I>Labour made an overall gain of 39 seats. </I><B>| ill-gotten </B><I>She tucked her ill-gotten gains into her purse and left. </I><B>| personal, private </B><I>using the investments for their private gain </I><B>| commercial, economic, financial, material </B><I>There will be no financial gain for mothers from this new system. </I><B>| electoral, political </B><I>the far right made huge electoral gains </I><B>| military, territorial | weight </B><I>She was most upset by her recent weight gain. </I><B>| efficiency, productivity </B><I>There is still scope for efficiency gains </I>(= gains to be made by being more efficient)</B><I>. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GAIN </U><B> make | bring (sb) </B><I>Better workplace design can bring real gains in productivity. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for ~ </B><I>It's amazing what some people will do for gain. </I><B>| ~ from </B>£</B><I>3.9 million gains from the sale of stock </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>Last year there was only a modest gain in earnings. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 465 | 460 | yield | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + YIELD </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> good, high </B><I>This method of cultivation produces higher yield. </I><B>| low, poor </B><I>Yields are quite poor this year. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + YIELD </U><B> produce</B> </P> | noun | |
| 466 | 461.1 | decline | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DECLINE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> catastrophic, considerable, dramatic, drastic, massive, marked, precipitate, precipitous, rapid, serious, sharp, significant, steep, substantial | gentle, gradual, modest, slight, slow | continuing, progressive, steady </B><I>a steady decline in manufacturing </I><B>| general, long-term, overall | absolute, inevitable, inexorable, irreversible, terminal </B><I>an industry in terminal decline </I><B>| economic, industrial, moral, political, urban </B><I>the moral decline of the nation </I><B>| national </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DECLINE </U><B> fall into, go into, suffer </B><I>The cloth trade went into gradual decline. </I><B>| cause, lead to </B><I>The increased gold price lead to the decline of his jewellery business. </I><B>| arrest, halt, stop </B><I>We must halt this decline in health services. </I><B>| prevent | accelerate | see </B><I>We have seen a sharp decline in educational standards over recent years. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>The motor industry is still in decline. </I><B>| on the ~ </B><I>This area has been on the decline for some years now. </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>a steep decline in sales </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>the decline of British farming </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the decline and fall of sth </B><I>the decline and fall of a great civilization </I> </P> | noun | |
| 467 | 461.2.1 | decline | refuse | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> politely | absolutely </B><I>I absolutely decline to discuss my dealings with him or anyone. </I> </P> | verb |
| 468 | 461.2.2 | decline | become smaller/weaker | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> considerably, dramatically, drastically, markedly, sharply, significantly, steeply </B><I>The economy has declined sharply in recent years. </I><B>| a little, slightly | fast, rapidly </B><I>The market for these products is declining fast. </I><B>| steadily | gradually, slowly | further </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by </B><I>Profits declined by 6% this year. </I><B>| from, to </B><I>The number of full-time staff has declined from 300 to just 50. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> decline in importance/numbers/size </B><I>This section of the market has slowly declined in importance. </I> </P> | verb |
| 469 | 462.1 | ratio | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RATION </U> </P> <P> <U> RATION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RATIO </U> </P> <P> <U> RATIO + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high, low | male/female, pupil/teacher, etc. | benefit-to-risk, power-to-weight, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RATIO </U><B> achieve, have </B><I>They have a high ratio of imports to exports. </I><B>| improve, increase </B><I>The hospital is trying to improve its staff/patient ratio. </I><B>| reduce | calculate, find, work out </B> </P> <P> <U> RATIO + VERB </U><B> improve | worsen </B><I>the worsening pupil/teacher ratio in our schools </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>We mixed the oil and water in a ratio of one to five. </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>the ratio between the amount of time spent on the work and the profit produced </I><B>| ~ of sth to sth </B><I>the ratio of house prices to incomes </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in direct ratio to sth </B><I>Their sales rose in direct ration to the amount they spent on advertising. </I> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> strictly </B><I>These foods had to be strictly rationed. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>The soldiers were rationed to one litre of water each per day. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 470 | 462.2 | ratio | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RATION </U> </P> <P> <U> RATION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RATIO </U> </P> <P> <U> RATIO + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high, low | male/female, pupil/teacher, etc. | benefit-to-risk, power-to-weight, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RATIO </U><B> achieve, have </B><I>They have a high ratio of imports to exports. </I><B>| improve, increase </B><I>The hospital is trying to improve its staff/patient ratio. </I><B>| reduce | calculate, find, work out </B> </P> <P> <U> RATIO + VERB </U><B> improve | worsen </B><I>the worsening pupil/teacher ratio in our schools </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>We mixed the oil and water in a ratio of one to five. </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>the ratio between the amount of time spent on the work and the profit produced </I><B>| ~ of sth to sth </B><I>the ratio of house prices to incomes </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in direct ratio to sth </B><I>Their sales rose in direct ration to the amount they spent on advertising. </I> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> strictly </B><I>These foods had to be strictly rationed. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>The soldiers were rationed to one litre of water each per day. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 471 | 462.3 | ratio | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RATION </U> </P> <P> <U> RATION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RATIO </U> </P> <P> <U> RATIO + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | verb | ||
| 472 | 463 | strongly | ||||
| 473 | 464 | crucial | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, prove | become | remain | consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> really | absolutely </B><I>It's absolutely crucial that we get this right. </I><B>| fairly, quite | hardly | clearly, obviously </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>The talks are crucial for the success of the plan. </I><B>| to </B><I>Secrecy is crucial to this police operation. </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 474 | 465.1 | settlement | agreement | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SETTLEMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> early, speedy | final | lasting, long-term | temporary | amicable, friendly, peaceful | just, reasonable, satisfactory | compromise | negotiated | constitutional, diplomatic, financial, political | compensation, divorce, marriage | out-of-court | peace | pay, wage </B><I>Nurses refused to accept a pay settlement less than the rate of inflation. </I><B>| dispute </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SETTLEMENT </U><B> agree, reach </B><I>Both parties hope to reach an amicable settlement. </I><B>| negotiate, produce </B><I>The union has negotiated a temporary settlement. </I><B>| seek </B><I>Lawyers are seeking an out-of-court settlement. </I><B>| offer </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the terms of the settlement </B> </P> | noun |
| 475 | 465.2 | settlement | payment of debt, etc. | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> prompt, speedy | early | full </B><I>full settlement of a debt </I><B>| cash | debt </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ of </B><I>a cheque in settlement of the amount owing </I><B>| under a/the ~ </B><I>a beneficiary under the settlement </I> </P> | noun |
| 476 | 465.3 | settlement | place where people have come to live | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SETTLEMENT </U> </P> <P> <U> SETTLEMENT + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> SETTLEMENT + NOUN </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> ancient, early | land | agricultural, rural </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SETTLEMENT </U><B> establish, found </B><I>The Romans established a settlement on the south shore. </I> </P> <P> <U> SETTLEMENT + VERB </U><B> grow up </B><I>A settlement grew up around the castle. </I> </P> <P> <U> SETTLEMENT + NOUN </U><B> site</B> </P> | noun |
| 477 | 466 | resolve | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESOLVE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> completely, fully </B><I>The matter is not yet fully resolved. </I><B>| successfully | adequately, satisfactorily | amicably, peacefully </B><I>We hope that the dispute can be resolved peacefully. </I><B>| easily, readily | quickly, rapidly, speedily | immediately | eventually, finally, ultimately </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESOLVE </U><B> attempt to, take steps to, try to | be unable to, fail to </B><I>The two countries have failed to resolve their differences on this. </I><B>| help (to) | be difficult to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by/through </B><I>The crisis was finally resolved through high-level negotiations. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> an attempt/effort to resolve sth </B><I>They met in a last-ditch attempt to resolve their differences. </I><B>| a means/method/way of resolving sth</B> </P> | verb | |
| 478 | 467 | distinguish | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISTINGUISH </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> clearly, sharply | carefully | easily, readily </B><I>The adult can b</I>e </B><I>readily distinguished by its orang</I>e </B><I>bill</I>. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISTINGUISH </U><B> be able to, can/could | be unable to | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to, be possible to | be important to, be necessary to </B><I>It is important to distinguish between cause and effect. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> between </B><I>It is often difficul</I>t </B><I>to distinguish clearly between fac</I>t </B><I>and fiction in this book. </I><B>| from </B><I>She could not distinguish one chil</I>d </B><I>from another</I>. </B> </P> | verb | |
| 479 | 468 | independence | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INDEPENDENCE </U> </P> <P> <U> INDEPENDENCE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> INDEPENDENCE + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, great | complete, full, total | relative </B><I>The council's relative independence of the government means it can negotiate its own agreements. </I><B>| nominal | genuine, real, true | de facto </B><I>Aquitaine's de facto independence from the king of France </I><B>| continued/continuing, growing | hard-won | local, national | academic, economic, editorial, financial, judicial, personal, political, professional </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> degree, measure </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INDEPENDENCE </U><B> have </B><I>Young people have more independence these days. </I><B>| lack | enjoy, value </B><I>I value my independence too much to get married. </I><B>| display, show </B><I>She displayed independence of judgement in choosing a career quite different from that of her parents. </I><B>| assert </B><I>Edward III tried to assert his independence of the regime at court. </I><B>| achieve, gain, win </B><I>Mexico achieved independence from Spain in 1821. </I><B>| bring (about) </B><I>the need to bring independence to the country a colonial crisis which brought about independence </I><B>| declare, proclaim | ensure, maintain, preserve, retain, sustain </B><I>The army is committed to ensuring the independence of the country. </I><B>| give up, lose </B><I>She doesn't want to lose her hard-won independence. </I><B>| regain, restore | encourage, promote </B><I>Parents should encourage independence in their children. </I><B>| undermine </B><I>Economic aid tends to undermine the national independence of third world countries. </I><B>| seek | call for, demand | vote for | give sb/sth, grant sb/sth | recognize </B><I>They have agreed to recognize the breakaway republic's independence. </I> </P> <P> <U> INDEPENDENCE + VERB </U><B> come </B><I>Independence came to the British colonial territories in Africa in the late fifties and early sixties. </I> </P> <P> <U> INDEPENDENCE + NOUN </U><B> day | celebrations | movement | struggle </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> at ~ </B><I>Namibia became a full member of the UN at independence. </I><B>| ~ from </B><I>independence from Spain </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>the church's independence of the state independence of mind </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a declaration of independence, a lack of independence, the loss of independence, a sign/symbol of independence </B><I>The car became a symbol of independence. </I><B>| the struggle for independence, a war of independence </B><I>the American War of Independence </I> </P> | noun | |
| 480 | 469.1 | formation | making/developing sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FORMATION </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> policy </B><I>the top civil servants who are responsible for policy formation </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FORMATION </U><B> lead to, result in </B><I>This dispute led to the formation of a new breakaway group. </I> </P> | noun |
| 481 | 469.2 | formation | arrangement/group/pattern | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> FORMATION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> close, tight | battle </B><I>The troops advanced in battle formation. </I><B>| family, household, social </B><I>changing patterns of marriage and family formation </I> </P> <P> <U> FORMATION + NOUN </U><B> dancing, flying </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a … ~ </B><I>The men were grouped in a close formation. </I><B>| in ~ </B><I>a squadron of planes flying in formation </I> </P> | noun |
| 482 | 469.3 | formation | sth that has been formed | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> cloud, geological, rock | military, political</B> </P> | noun |
| 483 | 470.1 | transmission | sending out/passing on | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TRANSMISSION </U> </P> <P> <U> TRANSMISSION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> direct, indirect | one-way </B><I>Classes are based on discussion rather than on the one-way transmission of knowledge. </I><B>| onward, outward </B><I>An extra copy of each document was supplied for onward transmission to head office. </I><B>| data, information, voice | facsimile/fax | light, power | money | gas | cable, radio, satellite, television | analogue, digital | live, simultaneous </B><I>There will be simultaneous transmission of the concert on TV and radio. </I><B>| genetic, oral, person-to-person, sexual | herpes, HIV, malaria | cultural </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TRANSMISSION </U><B> prevent </B> </P> <P> <U> TRANSMISSION + NOUN </U><B> equipment, line, technology | mechanism, network, system | route </B><I>The virus's usual transmission route is by sneezing. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ among </B><I>HIV transmission among homosexual men </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>transmission between patients </I><B>| ~ by </B><I>transmission by satellite </I><B>| ~ from, ~ to </B><I>transmission from one aircraft to another </I><B>| ~ through </B><I>HIV transmission through blood transfusion </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a mode of transmission, a risk of transmission </B><I>There is a risk of transmission of the virus between hypodermic users. </I> </P> | noun |
| 484 | 470.2 | transmission | TV/radio programme | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TRANSMISSION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> radio, television/TV | FM, long-wave, medium-wave, short-wave, UHF, VHF | live, satellite, stereo | test </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TRANSMISSION </U><B> receive </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ from </B><I>a live transmission from Sydney </I> </P> | noun |
| 485 | 470.3 | transmission | in a car, etc. | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> TRANSMISSION + NOUN </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> automatic, manual | 4-speed, 5-speed </B> </P> <P> <U> TRANSMISSION + NOUN </U><B> system</B> </P> | noun |
| 486 | 471.1 | shape | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHAPE </U> </P> <P> <U> SHAPE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHAPE </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHAPE </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHAPE </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | adj. | ||
| 487 | 471.2.1 | shape | physical outline | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHAPE </U> </P> <P> <U> SHAPE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> basic, simple </B><I>The children cut the paper into various simple shapes. </I><B>| characteristic, distinctive </B><I>I recognized the distinctive shape of a Boeing-747. </I><B>| curious, interesting, unusual, weird | awkward </B><I>The desk was an awkward shape and wouldn't fit through the door. </I><B>| original | geometric/geometrical, regular, symmetrical | complex | asymmetrical, irregular | odd, random </B><I>tiles of random shape </I><B>| solid, three-dimensional | aerodynamic | angular, arch, circular, cone/conical, cylindrical, diamond, dome, egg, elliptical, elongated, hemispherical, hexagonal, oblong, pentagonal, pointed, pyramid/pyramidal, rectangular, round, spherical, triangular, wedge | rounded, smooth | arrow, banana, cross, pear, star, T, etc. </B><I>The road forms an L shape. The bruise was a sort of mushroom shape. </I><B>| blurred, ghostly, shadowy, vague | huge, massive | black, dark, grey | human | body </B><I>You can't change your natural body shape. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHAPE </U><B> cut out, draw, make, trace </B><I>First draw the rough shape of your chosen animal. Fold the paper to make the shape of a cone. </I><B>| cut sth into, make sth in, produce sth in </B><I>a cheese similar to Brie but produced in a different shape </I><B>| come in, have </B><I>Tables come in various shapes. </I><B>| assume, make, take on </B><I>Ordinary things assumed different shapes in the mist. </I><B>| keep, retain </B><I>These garments will retain their shape even with repeated washing. </I><B>| regain | change | lose | distort </B><I>The wide-angle lens distorts shapes. </I><B>| distinguish, make out, see </B><I>I could just make out the shapes of animals in the field. </I> </P> <P> <U> SHAPE + VERB </U><B> appear, emerge, loom </B><I>Ghostly shapes loomed out of the fog. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in the ~ of </B><I>a doormat in the shape of a cat </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> out of shape </B><I>The bicycle had been battered out of shape. </I><B>| oblong/rectangular/hexagonal, etc. in shape </B><I>The island is roughly circular in shape. </I> </P> | noun |
| 488 | 471.2.2 | shape | structure/nature of sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHAPE </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> general | changing | final | future </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHAPE </U><B> alter, change, determine, influence </B><I>He did much to determine the shape of Europe's political map at that time. </I><B>| take </B><I>A wonderful idea began to take shape in her brain. </I><B>| give </B><I>the words we use to give a shape to our feelings </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in any shape or form </B><I>I can't stand insects in any shape or form. </I><B>| the shape of things to come </B><I>This revolutionary transport system could be the shape of things to come. </I> </P> | noun |
| 489 | 471.2.3 | shape | good or bad condition | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHAPE </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> fine, good, great | bad, poor | physical </B><I>He's 64, but he's in better physical shape than I am. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHAPE </U><B> get sb/sth into, knock/lick/whip sb/sth into </B><I>Get your body into shape for the summer! Leave the boy with me?I'll soon knock him into shape! </I><B>| be in, keep in, stay in </B><I>You are in pretty good shape for your age. She likes to stay in shape. </I><B>| be out of</B> </P> | noun |
| 490 | 471.3 | shape | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHAPE </U> </P> <P> <U> SHAPE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHAPE </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHAPE </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHAPE </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> profoundly </B><I>Memory can be profoundly shaped by subsequent experience. </I><B>| largely | actively, deliberately </B><I>actively shaping the history of their country </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHAPE </U><B> help (to) </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a part/role in shaping sth</B> </P> | verb | |
| 491 | 472 | racial | ||||
| 492 | 473 | detect | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DETECT </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> early, late </B><I>A lot of cancers can now be cured if they are detected early. </I><B>| quickly | easily, readily </B><I>Some substances can be detected fairly easily. </I><B>| accurately </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DETECT </U><B> be able to, be sensitive enough to, can </B><I>a machine that is sensitive enough to detect tiny amounts of explosives </I><B>| be unable to | be designed to | fail to </B><I>The test failed to detect any illegal substances. </I><B>| be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to | be easy to, be possible to | be used to </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> be capable of detecting sth, a means/method/way of detecting sth</B> </P> | verb | |
| 493 | 474 | poverty | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + POVERTY </U> </P> <P> <U> POVERTY + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> abject, absolute, extreme, grinding, severe | widespread | rural, urban </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + POVERTY </U><B> alleviate, combat, reduce | eliminate, eradicate </B><I>hoping to eradicate urban poverty </I> </P> <P> <U> POVERTY + NOUN </U><B> trap </B><I>Caught in the poverty trap, they are unable to save money for business ventures. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>Most of the population lives in grinding poverty. </I><B>| ~ among </B><I>the true extent of poverty among the unemployed </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>His work displays a poverty of imagination. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> below/on the poverty line </B><I>families living on incomes below the poverty line </I> </P> | noun | |
| 494 | 475 | intention | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INTENTION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> original </B><I>My original intention was to study all morning, but this turned out to be impractical. </I><B>| declared, stated | firm | general | deliberate </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INTENTION </U><B> have </B><I>I have no intention of changing jobs. </I><B>| announce, declare, state </B><I>The council has announced its intention to crack down on parking offences. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with a/the ~ of </B><I>I went to the bank with the intention of getting some traveller's cheques. </I><B>| ~ behind </B><I>The general intention behind the project is a good one. </I><B>| ~ by </B><I>The intention by the local authority to build 2,000 new houses is unrealistic. </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>His intention in inviting us to dinner was to persuade us to back his project. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> good/the best intentions </B><I>It was done with the best intentions, I assure you </I><B>| have every/no intention of doing sth </B><I>We have every intention of winning the next election. </I><B>| make your intention clear </B><I>He didn't make his intentions clear in his letter. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 495 | 476 | mutual | ||||
| 496 | 477 | evolve | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EVOLVE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> gradually, slowly | rapidly | eventually </B><I>the theory which eventually evolved from this study </I><B>| constantly, continually | naturally | independently, separately </B><I>Monkeys in the New World evolved quite separately from those in the Old World. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EVOLVE </U><B> continue to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>More complex animals gradually evolved from these very simple creatures. </I><B>| into </B><I>The protest movement has evolved into a well organized political party. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> fully/highly evolved </B><I>These are very highly evolved animals. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 497 | 478.1.1 | shift | change | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHIFT </U> </P> <P> <U> SHIFT + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> distinct, dramatic, fundamental, major, marked, profound, pronounced, radical, significant, substantial | discernible | slight, subtle | gradual | abrupt, sudden | decisive, irreversible, long-term | climate, cultural, demographic, ideological, policy, population </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHIFT </U><B> be, represent </B><I>These proposals represent a dramatic shift in policy. </I><B>| bring about, cause, lead to, produce, result in | mark, see </B><I>The moment marked a significant shift in attitudes to the war. </I><B>| detect </B><I>I detected a subtle shift towards our point of view. </I><B>| explain </B><I>one factor which may explain the president's policy shift </I> </P> <P> <U> SHIFT + VERB </U><B> occur, take place </B><I>These climate shifts occurred over less than a decade. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ between </B><I>the many shifts between verse and prose that occur in Shakespeare </I><B>| ~ (away) from </B><I>the shift away from direct taxation </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>a shift in public opinion </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>a sudden shift to the right in British politics </I><B>| ~ towards </B><I>a shift towards part-time farming </I> </P> | noun |
| 498 | 478.1.2 | shift | division of the working day | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHIFT </U> </P> <P> <U> SHIFT + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> double, long, split </B><I>I agreed to work double shifts for a few weeks. </I><B>| day, early, late, night | eight-hour, ten-hour, etc. | afternoon, evening, morning, weekend </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHIFT </U><B> be/come/go on, do, work (in) ~s </B><I>I'm doing the early shift this week. I didn't realize that I'd have to work shifts. The clinic is staffed by ten doctors who work in shifts. </I><B>| change (your) ~s </B><I>It was 8.00 a.m. and the nurses were changing shifts. My husband has changed his shifts, from the afternoon shift to the night one. </I><B>| be/go/come off </B> </P> <P> <U> SHIFT + NOUN </U><B> work | supervisor, manager, worker | pattern, system </B><I>They'd altered his shift pattern twice in the past fortnight. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on a/the ~ </B><I>a decision for the chief nurse on each shift </I> </P> | noun |
| 499 | 478.2.1 | shift | move | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> slightly </B><I>Julie shifted her position slightly and smiled. </I><B>| impatiently, restlessly, uncomfortably, uneasily </B><I>She shifted uncomfortably in her chair. </I><B>| away </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>She shifted her gaze away from the group of tourists. </I><B>| onto </B><I>He shifted his weight onto his left foot. </I><B>| to </B><I>Her eyes shifted to his face. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> shift from foot to foot </B> </P> | verb |
| 500 | 478.2.2 | shift | change | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHIFT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> dramatically, markedly </B><I>The emphasis has shifted markedly in recent years. </I><B>| slightly | effectively | simply </B><I>We cannot simply shift the responsibility onto someone else. </I><B>| gradually, slowly | rapidly | suddenly | constantly, continually </B><I>constantly shifting alliances </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHIFT </U><B> attempt to, try to </B><I>trying to shift the blame onto the government </I><B>| tend to | begin to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> (away) from </B><I>I felt the advantage had suddenly shifted away from us. </I><B>| onto, to </B><I>His sympathies rapidly shifted to the side of the workers. </I><B>| towards </B><I>These changes will shift the balance in higher education more towards science subjects. </I> </P> | verb |
| 501 | 479 | progressive | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> highly, very </B><I>highly progressive in outlook </I><B>| relatively | politically</B> </P> | adj. | |
| 502 | 480 | flexibility | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FLEXIBILITY </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, enormous, great | added, additional, extra, increased, more | maximum, total | enough, sufficient | financial </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> degree </B><I>Police work involves a considerable degree of flexibility and discretion. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FLEXIBILITY </U><B> have </B><I>You have considerable flexibility in this job and can choose how to do things. </I><B>| show | obtain </B><I>Flexibility of labour was obtained through the break up of old trade union structures. </I><B>| maintain, retain | restore </B><I>She had physiotherapy to restore the flexibility of her muscles. </I><B>| bring (sb/sth), give (sb/sth), introduce, provide (sb/sth with) </B><I>The new range of machines will bring flexibility to your business computing. </I><B>| allow (sb/sth), allow for, offer (sb/sth), permit (sb/sth) </B><I>The courses are designed to allow maximum flexibility. </I><B>| build, create </B><I>reforms to build flexibility into the system </I><B>| enhance, improve, increase | encourage </B><I>an initiative to encourage greater flexibility in teaching and learning </I><B>| reduce | need, require </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ in </B><I>This will give schools greater flexibility in their use of resources. </I><B>| ~ over </B><I>flexibility over the deadline </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a need for flexibility </B><I>There is a need for greater flexibility in the way the network is managed. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 503 | 481 | domain | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> DOMAIN + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> private, public | Internet </B> </P> <P> <U> DOMAIN + NOUN </U><B> name </B><I>Register a domain name if you want people to find your website. </I><B>| registration </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~, within a/the ~ </B><I>This information is all in the public domain. </I><B>| outside a/the ~ </B><I>things that happen outside the domain of the home </I> </P> | noun | |
| 504 | 482.1 | profession | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROFESSION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | adj. | ||
| 505 | 482.2 | profession | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROFESSION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> chosen | legal, medical, teaching, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROFESSION </U><B> practise </B><I>In the 1930s he was forbidden to practise his profession. </I><B>| enter, go into, join </B><I>She entered the legal profession after university. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>He was a consultant physician by profession. </I><B>| in a/sb's/the ~ </B><I>making an impact in her chosen profession </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a choice of profession </B><I>She was shocked at her daughter's choice of profession. </I><B>| the top of sb's profession </B><I>He reached the top of his profession in very little time. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 506 | 482.3 | profession | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROFESSION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> chosen | legal, medical, teaching, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROFESSION </U><B> practise </B><I>In the 1930s he was forbidden to practise his profession. </I><B>| enter, go into, join </B><I>She entered the legal profession after university. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>He was a consultant physician by profession. </I><B>| in a/sb's/the ~ </B><I>making an impact in her chosen profession </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a choice of profession </B><I>She was shocked at her daughter's choice of profession. </I><B>| the top of sb's profession </B><I>He reached the top of his profession in very little time. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 507 | 483 | apparent | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, seem | become </B><I>It soon became apparent that the company was losing money. </I><B>| make sth </B><I>He made it apparent that he was very annoyed. </I> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> glaringly, strongly, very | fully, quite | increasingly | all too </B><I>His unhappiness was all too apparent. </I><B>| quickly, soon | immediately, instantly </B><I>The extent of their injuries was not immediately apparent. </I><B>| easily, readily | clearly | painfully </B><I>Local suspicion of the incomers was painfully apparent. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>His lack of experience was quite apparent to everyone. </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 508 | 484 | coordinate | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> carefully </B><I>a carefully coordinated policy </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with </B><I>We try to coordinate our activities with those of other groups. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a coordinated approach/policy/programme</B> </P> | verb | |
| 509 | 485 | constrain | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONSTRAINT </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> important, major | severe, tight </B><I>The government has placed tight constraints on spending this year. </I><B>| budget, financial </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONSTRAINT </U><B> impose, place, put | remove </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> within a/the ~ </B><I>We have to work within severe constraints. </I><B>| without ~ </B><I>I felt free to speak to her without constraint. </I><B>| ~ on/upon </B><I>There are major financial constraints on all schools. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 510 | 486 | assign | ||||
| 511 | 487 | asia | ||||
| 512 | 488 | electronic | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ELECTRONICS </U> </P> <P> <U> ELECTRONICS + NOUN </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high-tech, state-of-the-art | consumer, defence, medical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ELECTRONICS </U><B> work in </B><I>About 45,000 people worked in electronics in Scotland. </I> </P> <P> <U> ELECTRONICS + NOUN </U><B> company, firm, giant, group </B><I>Their firm merged with a Japanese electronics giant. </I><B>| industry, manufacturer | market, sector | product | engineer, specialist </B> | noun | |
| 513 | 489 | exception | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXCEPTION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> conspicuous, important, major, notable, obvious, significant, striking </B><I>Most industries have suffered badly in the recession, but there have been a few notable exceptions. </I><B>| minor, rare | honourable </B><I>With a few honourable exceptions, MPs kept quiet about the corruption. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXCEPTION </U><B> make </B><I>No parking is allowed, but an exception is made for disabled drivers. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with the ~ of </B><I>The whole of the island was flooded with the exception of a small area in the north. </I><B>| without ~ </B><I>Without exception, all employees must carry their identity card with them at all times. </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>Guide dogs are the one exception to the store's ban on dogs. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> be no exception </B><I>The weather had been rainy for days, and the day of the race was no exception. </I><B>| be the exception rather than the rule </B><I>Nowadays a job for life is very much the exception rather than the rule. </I><B>| be the exception to the rule </B><I>Most of his family are sports enthusiasts, but he's the exception to the rule. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 514 | 490 | visible | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be | become | remain, stay </B><I>The scars remained visible all her life. </I><B>| leave sth, make sth </B><I>We cut the trees down to make the lake visible from the house. </I> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> all too, clearly, easily, highly, obviously, particularly, plainly, readily, very </B><I>His relief was all too visible. The election poster was clearly visible from the street. Italy has a highly visible environmental movement. </I><B>| fully, quite </B><I>The sea was now out, leaving the wreck fully visible. Ellie's quite visible embarrassment </I><B>| just </B><I>The mountains were just visible, dusky and black. </I><B>| barely, hardly, scarcely </B><I>The low, flat boats were barely visible. </I><B>| almost | half, partially </B><I>She stood, half visible in the dim light. </I><B>| dimly, faintly </B><I>A figure was dimly visible in the evening gloom. </I><B>| externally | immediately </B><I>Women are advised to wait where they are not immediately visible to approaching traffic. </I><B>| still | no longer </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>Its contents were visible to all of them. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> visible to the naked eye </B><I>tiny spiders that are hardly visible to the naked eye </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 515 | 491 | norm | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + NORM </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> accepted, established | ethical, moral | cultural, social | statistical | community, family, group </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + NORM </U><B> conform to </B><I>Their behaviour conforms to the group norm. </I><B>| break, challenge | deviate from, differ from </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> above the ~, below the ~, over the ~ </B><I>They want to discourage pay settlements over the norm. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>On-screen editing has become the norm for all student work. </I><B>| ~ of </B><I>accepted norms of behaviour </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a deviation/departure from the norm, an exception to the norm, the norm rather than the exception </B><I>In the inner-city areas, poverty is the norm rather than the exception. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 516 | 492.1 | adjust | change sth slightly | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> slightly | finely </B><I>It is important to have equipment that can be finely adjusted. </I><B>| automatically | carefully | accordingly </B><I>Children are sensitive to disapproval and adjust their behaviour accordingly. </I><B>| downwards, upwards </B><I>This estimate may have to be adjusted downwards. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>Salaries are adjusted for inflation. </I> </P> | verb |
| 517 | 492.2 | adjust | get used to new situation | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADJUST </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADJUST </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADJUST </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> quickly, rapidly | gradually, slowly </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADJUST </U><B> be difficult/hard to </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADJUST </U><B> need/take time to </B><I>It may take a little time to adjust to the climate here. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADJUST </U><B> try to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>She will gradually adjust to her new role. </I> </P> | verb |
| 518 | 493 | consumption | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONSUMPTION </U> </P> <P> <U> CONSUMPTION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> CONSUMPTION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> heavy, high </B><I>the country with the highest fuel consumption in the world </I><B>| low | average | overall, total | excessive | conspicuous </B>(= buying expensive goods in order to impress people and show how rich you are) <B>| annual, daily </B><I>Annual consumption of wine has risen from five to eleven litres per head. </I><B>| per capita | domestic, local, home </B><I>It is important that the recovery be export-led rather than led by domestic consumption. Half the small crop was kept for home consumption. </I><B>| foreign, world | household | individual, personal | mass | public | private | future </B><I>households that save for future consumption </I><B>| alcohol, beer, cigarette, food, meat, tobacco, water | electricity, energy, fuel, gas, oil, petrol, power </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> level </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONSUMPTION </U><B> boost, encourage, increase, stimulate </B><I>Doctors say that children need to increase their consumption of fruit and vegetables. The industry faced a serious challenge in trying to stimulate consumption. </I><B>| cut down, reduce </B><I>You need to reduce your alcohol consumption. </I> </P> <P> <U> CONSUMPTION + VERB </U><B> go up, increase, rise | decline, decrease, fall, go down </B> </P> <P> <U> CONSUMPTION + NOUN </U><B> expenditure, spending | figures, levels | habits, patterns </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for sb's ~ </B>(= intended to be read or heard by sb) <I>The documents were for the committee rather than for public consumption. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> fit/unfit for human consumption </B>(= safe/not safe to be eaten) <I>meat that is unfit for human consumption </I> </P> | noun | |
| 519 | 494.1 | symbol | image/object/event that is a sign of sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SYMBOL </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> clear, dramatic, perfect, potent, powerful, supreme, ultimate </B><I>The Berlin wall was the supreme symbol of the Cold War. </I><B>| universal </B><I>The dove is a universal symbol of peace. </I><B>| outward, physical, visual </B><I>The company car is an outward symbol of the employee's status. </I><B>| ancient, traditional | national | cultural, military, political | divine, religious, sacred | Christian, Hindu, etc. | fertility, phallic, sexual, virility </B><I>The villagers took fertility symbols into the fields to ensure a good harvest. </I><B>| sex </B>(= a person famous for being attractive) <I>He is not most people's idea of a sex symbol. </I><B>| status </B><I>A stressful job can actually be a status symbol. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SYMBOL </U><B> adopt sth as, regard sth as, see sth as, use sth as </B><I>Eggs are seen as the symbol of new life. </I> </P> | noun |
| 520 | 494.2 | symbol | letter/sign that has a particular meaning | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SYMBOL </U> </P> <P> <U> SYMBOL + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> identifying </B><I>All GM products carry an identifying symbol. </I><B>| abstract, geometric, geometrical | graphic, written | chemical, Chinese, linguistic, mathematical, musical, phonemic, phonetic, punctuation </B><I>A list of phonetic symbols is given in the front of the dictionary. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SYMBOL </U><B> bear, be marked with, have </B><I>The coin bears a Jewish symbol. The bottle had a skull and crossbones symbol on it. </I><B>| display, show, use </B><I>Hotels that show this symbol offer activities for children. </I><B>| look out for, see </B><I>Always look out for the special ABTA symbol at your travel agent's. You can use your tokens wherever you see this symbol. </I><B>| decipher, interpret, understand </B> </P> <P> <U> SYMBOL + VERB </U><B> denote sth, indicate sth, mean sth, represent sth </B><I>What does this little symbol mean? </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~s </B><I>a message written in symbols </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>O is the chemical symbol for oxygen. </I> </P> | noun |
| 521 | 495 | dominant | <P> <U> VERBS </U> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, seem | become | remain </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> extremely, very | completely, overwhelmingly, totally | increasingly | fairly, relatively | economically, politically, socially </B><I>the economically dominant class </I> </P> | adj. | |
| 522 | 496.1 | barrier | fence/gate | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BARRIER </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> physical | crash, crush, flood, police, protective, security, ticket | sound </B><I>(figurative) the first plane to break the sound barrier </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BARRIER </U><B> build, erect, install | break through </B><I>The crowd managed to break through the barriers and get onto the pitch. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> at a/the ~ </B><I>Please show your ticket at the barrier. </I><B>| behind a/the ~ </B><I>The police waited behind the barriers. </I><B>| through a/the ~ </B><I>There was a slow trickle of people through the barriers. </I> </P> | noun |
| 523 | 496.2 | barrier | thing that causes problems | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BARRIER </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> effective, formidable, major | class, cultural, language, racial, trade </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BARRIER </U><B> build, create, erect, put up, set up </B><I>The old laws created barriers to free trade. </I><B>| break down, lift, lower, reduce, remove | cross </B><I>They believe that sport can cross any barriers. </I><B>| be faced with, encounter, face | overcome, transcend </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ against </B><I>The country has set up barriers against imports. </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>a class barrier between the two families </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>a formidable barrier to communication </I> </P> | noun |
| 524 | 496.3 | barrier | physical object that prevents sb/sth passing | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BARRIER </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> impassable, impenetrable | natural </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BARRIER </U><B> form </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ between </B><I>The mountains form a natural barrier between the two countries. </I> </P> | noun |
| 525 | 497 | motor | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MOTOR </U> </P> <P> <U> MOTOR + VERB </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> large, powerful | small | diesel, electric | outboard </B><I>a boat with a powerful outboard motor </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MOTOR </U><B> start, turn on | turn off </B> </P> <P> <U> MOTOR + VERB </U><B> run, work </B><I>He left the motor running. </I><B>| drive sth </B><I>A powerful motor drives the mill wheel. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 526 | 498.1 | entry | right to enter sth | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTRY </U> </P> <P> <U> ENTRY + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> free </B><I>The club offers free entry to women on Thursdays. </I><B>| school, university </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTRY </U><B> apply for | gain | allow sb, grant sb </B><I>They were later allowed entry into the country. </I><B>| refuse sb, restrict </B><I>It has been necessary to restrict entry into the club. </I><B>| guarantee sb </B> </P> <P> <U> ENTRY + NOUN </U><B> criteria, qualifications, requirements, standard | visa | ticket </B><I>Entry tickets to most attractions are included in the price of the holiday. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ into </B><I>These qualifications will not guarantee you entry into the police force. </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>She applied for entry to Nottingham University. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> right of entry </B><I>The landlord had the right of entry to the flat with due warning. </I> </P> | noun |
| 527 | 498.2 | entry | act of coming in | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTRY </U> </P> <P> <U> ENTRY + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> forced, forcible </B><I>The house was quiet, and there were no signs of a forced entry. </I><B>| unauthorized </B><I>The sign on the gates read ‘No Unauthorized Entry’. </I><B>| illegal | dramatic | triumphal </B><I>Caesar's triumphal entry into Rome </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTRY </U><B> force, gain </B><I>He found the door locked, but he forced an entry. </I><B>| make </B><I>The champion made his usual dramatic entry into the arena. </I> </P> <P> <U> ENTRY + NOUN </U><B> point </B><I>Drugs are believed to come into the country through five main entry points. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ into </B><I>Hungary's entry into the EU </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>She wondered how she could gain entry to the building. </I> </P> | noun |
| 528 | 498.3 | entry | sb/sth that enters a competition | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTRY </U> </P> <P> <U> ENTRY + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> winning </B><I>The winning entry will be published in next month's issue. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTRY </U><B> post, send (in) </B><I>Send in your entry as soon as possible! </I><B>| attract, get, have, receive </B><I>The show attracted entries from all over the country. We have had a lot of entries this year. </I><B>| judge </B> </P> <P> <U> ENTRY + NOUN </U><B> coupon, form | fee </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>We had too many entries for this event. </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>There were a record 2,000 entries in the under-17 section. </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>one of the best entries to our competition </I> </P> | noun |
| 529 | 498.4 | entry | one item in a list/book | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTRY </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> diary | dictionary </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTRY </U><B> make, write </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in an/the ~ </B><I>Very little information is given in the diary entries. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>Look at the dictionary entry for ‘welcome’. </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>the last entry she made in her diary </I><B>| ~ on </B><I>First examine the entries on the marriage register. </I> </P> | noun |
| 530 | 499.1 | underlie | draw a line under a word | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> heavily </B><I>The word ‘not’ was heavily underlined. </I> </P> | verb |
| 531 | 499.2 | underlie | emphasize sth | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + UNDERLINE </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> clearly | just, merely, only, simply </B><I>This disaster merely underlines the need for a consistent foreign policy. </I><B>| further </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + UNDERLINE </U><B> serve to | seem to | be intended to </B><I>a move intended to underline US concern over the issue </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> underline the fact that …</B> </P> | verb |
| 532 | 500 | bias | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BIAS </U> </P> <P> <U> BIAS + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> clear, definite, marked, obvious, strong | left-wing, right-wing | cultural, political </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BIAS </U><B> have </B><I>The newspaper has a clear bias towards the Conservative Party. </I><B>| display, show | avoid, eliminate, reduce | correct </B><I>We have now tried to correct the bias in our original report. </I><B>| be free from </B><I>The newspaper was free from political bias. </I> </P> <P> <U> BIAS + VERB </U><B> creep in, exist </B><I>Bias often creeps in through the wording of questions. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with/without ~ </B><I>All material must be selected and presented without bias. </I><B>| with a ~ </B><I>a newspaper with a strong left-wing bias </I><B>| ~ against </B><I>a bias against women </I><B>| ~ in favour of/towards </B><I>a bias in favour of small firms </I> </P> | noun | |
| 533 | 501 | discriminate | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> positively | unfairly </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> against </B><I>The present law discriminates unfairly against women. </I><B>| in favour of </B><I>discriminating positively in favour of people from ethnic minorities </I><B>| on (the) grounds of </B><I>Workers must avoid discriminating on the grounds of race or sex. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 534 | 502 | hence | ||||
| 535 | 503.1.1 | guide | sth that helps you plan what you are going to do | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GUIDE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> approximate, rough | accurate </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GUIDE </U><B> give (sb), provide (sb with) | use sth as </B><I>Use the table below as a guide to how much washing powder to use. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ as to </B><I>These figures give a rough guide as to the sales we can expect. </I><B>| ~ to </B> </P> | noun |
| 536 | 503.1.2 | guide | book that gives information about a subject | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> essential, good, helpful, informative, invaluable, practical, reliable, useful, valuable | brief, quick, short, simple | complete, comprehensive, definitive, in-depth </B><I>This book is the definitive guide to world cuisine. </I><B>| step-by-step </B><I>a step-by-step guide to creating your own website </I><B>| reference </B><I>The book contains a quick reference guide to essential grammar at the back. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to </B><I>a guide to British birds </I> </P> | noun |
| 537 | 503.1.3 | guide | person | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GUIDE </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> tour, tourist </B><I>Our tour guide showed us around the old town. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GUIDE </U><B> act as, be </B><I>He agreed to go with them and act as their guide. </I> </P> | noun |
| 538 | 503.1.4 | guide | book for tourists | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GUIDE </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> holiday, travel | hotel | street </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GUIDE </U><B> consult </B><I>We consulted our guides as we walked around the cathedral. </I><B>| write | publish</B> </P> | noun |
| 539 | 503.2.1 | guide | influence sb's behaviour | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GUIDE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> firmly </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GUIDE </U><B> help (to) </B><I>the information and data which help guide the affairs of the business </I><B>| try to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> into </B><I>the ways in which young people are guided into employment </I><B>| on </B><I>Schools were firmly guided on the details of the curriculum </I> </P> | verb |
| 540 | 503.2.2 | guide | explain sth/help sb | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GUIDE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> carefully </B><I>Their teacher Phil Bailey carefully guides them through rehearsals. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GUIDE </U><B> help (to) </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in </B><I>He guided me in my research. </I><B>| on </B><I>guiding teachers on how to maintain discipline </I><B>| through </B><I>He guided us through the intricacies of the divorce law. </I> </P> | verb |
| 541 | 503.2.3 | guide | help sb move | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> gently </B><I>He took her arm, gently guiding her. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> across, along, etc. </B><I>She guided him across the busy road. </I><B>| to/towards </B><I>He guided her hand to his face. </I> </P> | verb |
| 542 | 504 | give | ||||
| 543 | 505 | dialogue | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DIALOGUE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> close </B><I>There needs to be a closer dialogue between management and staff. </I><B>| direct </B><I>The government refused to engage in direct dialogue with the terrorists. </I><B>| constructive, serious | political </B><I>a serious political dialogue </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DIALOGUE </U><B> engage in, have, hold </B><I>Managers are willing to hold a dialogue with union leaders. </I><B>| begin, enter into, open | resume </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ about </B><I>dialogue about concrete issues </I><B>| ~ among </B><I>The head encourages a climate of open dialogue among the teachers. </I><B>| ~ between </B><I>the need for dialogue between the two sides in the dispute </I><B>| ~ on </B><I>a constructive dialogue on pay and working conditions </I><B>| ~ with </B><I>They have agreed to resume their dialogue with the teachers. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 544 | 506.1 | manufacture | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MANUFACTURE </U> </P> <P> <U> MANUFACTURE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> large-scale, small-scale | commercial, industrial | local </B><I>cotton ropes of local manufacture </I><B>| metal, steel, etc. | cloth, cotton, textile, woollen, etc. | car, vehicle, etc. | drug, food, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MANUFACTURE </U><B> commence, start </B><I>They commenced large-scale commercial manufacture of the chairs in January. </I><B>| complete | be engaged in </B> </P> <P> <U> MANUFACTURE + VERB </U><B> start </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> costs of manufacture, date of manufacture </B><I>The date of manufacture of the jewellery has not been authenticated. </I><B>| the method/process of manufacture</B> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, large, leading, major </B><I>the world's largest computer manufacturer </I><B>| well-known | commercial | independent | foreign, overseas | car, chemical, computer, motor, textile, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the manufacturer's instructions </B><I>The guarantee may be rendered invalid if the manufacturer's instructions are not followed. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 545 | 506.2 | manufacture | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MANUFACTURE </U> </P> <P> <U> MANUFACTURE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> large-scale, small-scale | commercial, industrial | local </B><I>cotton ropes of local manufacture </I><B>| metal, steel, etc. | cloth, cotton, textile, woollen, etc. | car, vehicle, etc. | drug, food, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MANUFACTURE </U><B> commence, start </B><I>They commenced large-scale commercial manufacture of the chairs in January. </I><B>| complete | be engaged in </B> </P> <P> <U> MANUFACTURE + VERB </U><B> start </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> costs of manufacture, date of manufacture </B><I>The date of manufacture of the jewellery has not been authenticated. </I><B>| the method/process of manufacture</B> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, large, leading, major </B><I>the world's largest computer manufacturer </I><B>| well-known | commercial | independent | foreign, overseas | car, chemical, computer, motor, textile, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the manufacturer's instructions </B><I>The guarantee may be rendered invalid if the manufacturer's instructions are not followed. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 546 | 507.1 | enterprise | plan/project | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTERPRISE </U> </P> <P> <U> ENTERPRISE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> great | exciting | ambitious, difficult, hazardous | common, cooperative, joint </B><I>The programme is a joint enterprise with the National Business School. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTERPRISE </U><B> embark on/upon, start, undertake </B><I>They are willing to undertake a new enterprise. </I><B>| abandon </B> </P> <P> <U> ENTERPRISE + VERB </U><B> fail, succeed </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in an/the ~ </B><I>The team leader will be the most important factor in this difficult enterprise. </I> </P> | noun |
| 547 | 507.2 | enterprise | a business | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTERPRISE </U> </P> <P> <U> ENTERPRISE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> large, large-scale, medium-sized, small, small-scale | profitable, successful | family, private | public, state, state-owned | multinational | agricultural, business, commercial, economic, farming, industrial, manufacturing </B><I>the complex organization of a business enterprise </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTERPRISE </U><B> control, manage, run </B><I>He runs a successful small enterprise. </I><B>| invest in </B> </P> <P> <U> ENTERPRISE + VERB </U><B> expand, grow, succeed | fail </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in/within an ~ </B><I>something that affects all the workers in the enterprise </I> </P> | noun |
| 548 | 507.3 | enterprise | development of businesses | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTERPRISE </U> </P> <P> <U> ENTERPRISE + NOUN </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> free, private </B><I>The Act will encourage private enterprise. </I><B>| local | corporate, individual, municipal </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTERPRISE </U><B> encourage, promote </B> </P> <P> <U> ENTERPRISE + NOUN </U><B> culture </B><I>The government has promoted the small firm and the enterprise culture. </I> </P> | noun |
| 549 | 507.4 | enterprise | abilities/imagination | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTERPRISE </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> great </B><I>I thought she showed great enterprise. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTERPRISE </U><B> show </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a spirit of enterprise</B> </P> | noun |
| 550 | 508.1 | scope | opportunity | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SCOPE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> full </B><I>In her new house she had full scope for her passion for gardening. </I><B>| ample, considerable, enormous, great, tremendous | limited </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SCOPE </U><B> have | allow (sb), give sb, leave (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with) </B><I>These courses give students more scope for developing their own ideas. </I><B>| increase | cut down, reduce </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>There is limited scope for creativity in my job. </I> </P> | noun |
| 551 | 508.2 | scope | range/extent | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SCOPE </U> </P> <P> <U> SCOPE + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> broad, wide | limited, narrow </B><I>The scope of the exhibition is disappointingly narrow. </I><B>| geographical, territorial </B><I>The geographical scope of product markets has widened since the war. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SCOPE </U><B> broaden, expand, extend, increase, widen | limit, reduce, restrict | define, determine </B><I>These criteria were used to determine the scope of the curriculum. </I> </P> <P> <U> SCOPE + VERB </U><B> broaden, expand, extend, increase, widen | narrow </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> beyond/outside the ~ of </B><I>The subject lies outside the scope of this book. </I><B>| in (sth's) ~ </B><I>The survey is too limited in (its) scope. </I><B>| within the ~ of </B><I>These disputes fall within the scope of the local courts. </I> </P> | noun |
| 552 | 509 | ethical | ||||
| 553 | 510.1 | province | region | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROVINCE </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> northern, southern, etc. | central, coastal, frontier </B><I>the central province of Ghor </I><B>| English-speaking, French-speaking, etc. | autonomous 2 the provinces </B>not the capital city </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROVINCE </U><B> tour </B><I>The show is currently touring the provinces. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from the ~ </B><I>She's from the provinces and not familiar with Rome. </I><B>| in the ~ </B><I>There are a number of press agencies based in London and in the provinces. </I> </P> | noun |
| 554 | 511 | retain | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RETAIN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> still | no longer | somehow </B><I>Despite the decay the mosque somehow retained a profound grandeur. </I> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RETAIN </U><B> be keen to, hope to, want to, wish to | attempt to, seek to, struggle to, try to </B><I>He struggled to retain control of the situation. </I><B>| manage to | help (to) | be allowed to, be entitled to, have the right to </B><I>He was allowed to retain his parliamentary seat. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> as </B><I>The president retained her as his chief adviser. </I> </P> | verb | |
| 555 | 512 | capability | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CAPABILITY </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> enormous | limited </B><I>The company's manufacturing capability is quite limited. </I><B>| potential | proven </B><I>the proven capability of this technology </I><B>| human </B><I>beyond the scope of human capability </I><B>| intellectual, mental | technical, technological | manufacturing, production | research | computing, design, graphics, multimedia, networking, printing, processing, sound, video | defence, fighting, military, missile, nuclear, offensive, weapons </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CAPABILITY </U><B> have </B><I>She has the capability to become a very fine actress. </I><B>| increase </B><I>The government wants to increase its military capability. </I><B>| lose </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> beyond your ~ </B><I>Organizing a whole department is beyond his capability. </I><B>| within your ~ </B><I>I'm sure that your new job is well within your capabilities. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>her capability for making sensible decisions </I> </P> | noun | |
| 556 | 513.1 | revision | making changes | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + REVISION </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complete, considerable, drastic, extensive, fundamental, major, radical, substantial, thorough | minor | constant, frequent | downward, upward </B><I>an upward revision of government expenditure plans </I><B>| policy, treaty </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + REVISION </U><B> propose, recommend, suggest | call for, demand </B><I>They called for revisions to the treaty. </I><B>| be open to, be subject to </B><I>Our conclusions are always open to revision in the light of fresh evidence. </I><B>| undergo </B><I>The scheme has recently undergone drastic revision. </I><B>| agree (to), announce, approve </B><I>In October Parliament approved a revision of the budget. </I><B>| bring about, lead to, result in | carry out, complete, conduct, make, undertake </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ in </B><I>This has brought about a radical revision in the style of school management. </I><B>| ~ to </B><I>revisions to the plan </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the process of revision </B><I>The process of revision continued at rehearsals. </I> </P> | noun |
| 557 | 513.2 | revision | studying | <P> <U> VERB + REVISION </U> </P> <P> <U> REVISION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> VERB + REVISION </U><B> do </B><I>I've got to do some maths revision tonight. </I> </P> <P> <U> REVISION + NOUN </U><B> class, course, lesson | question </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>revision for tomorrow's history exam </I> </P> | noun |
| 558 | 514 | residential | ||||
| 559 | 515 | expansion | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPANSION </U> </P> <P> <U> EXPANSION + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> EXPANSION + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, considerable, enormous, great, huge, major, massive, significant, substantial, vast </B><I>The company was now set for major expansion. </I><B>| maximum | dramatic, marked, remarkable, unprecedented </B><I>an unprecedented expansion in linguistic studies at British universities </I><B>| rapid | gradual | steady | continued, further, sustained | eastward, westward, etc. | global, international, overseas, worldwide | successful | aggressive </B><I>The board decided to embark on aggressive overseas expansion. </I><B>| healthy | planned, proposed | uncontrolled | business, commercial, company | economic, industrial | colonial, imperial, territorial | population | urban </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPANSION </U><B> show </B><I>The economy is still showing healthy expansion. </I><B>| allow (for), provide for </B><I>The design of the front pockets allows for expansion. </I><B>| be ripe for </B><I>a ready-made hotel chain ripe for further expansion </I><B>| be set for </B><I>The company is set for further expansion into niche areas. </I><B>| call for | go for, look for </B><I>We are going for maximum expansion. </I><B>| encourage, facilitate, promote | impede, limit, restrict | halt, stop | prevent | embark on | finance, fund </B><I>In order to finance expansion on this scale, the government has relied heavily on borrowing. </I> </P> <P> <U> EXPANSION + VERB </U><B> occur, take place </B> </P> <P> <U> EXPANSION + NOUN </U><B> plan, programme </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ into </B><I>expansion into the luxury car market </I><B>| ~ in </B><I>a great age of expansion in trade and science </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a period of expansion </B><I>a period of rapid economic expansion </I><B>| the rate of expansion </B><I>The rate of expansion of our overseas trade has been spectacular. </I><B>| potential/room/scope/space for expansion </B><I>The company believes there is scope for expansion in this sector. </I> </P> | noun | |
| 560 | 516 | strengthen | <P> <U> ADV. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + STRENGTHEN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> considerably, enormously, greatly, immeasurably, significantly, substantially </B><I>The success in the election strengthened the party's position considerably. </I><B>| further </B><I>This merger will further strengthen the company and ensure its continued success. </I><B>| merely </B><I>This temporary setback merely strengthened her resolve. </I><B>| gradually </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + STRENGTHEN </U><B> help (to), serve to | be designed to </B><I>These exercises are designed to strengthen your stomach muscles. </I> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> against </B><I>The euro has strengthened against the dollar. </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> an attempt/effort to strengthen sth, be aimed at strengthening sth </B><I>The new law is aimed at strengthening protective measures for workers. </I><B>| measures to strengthen sth</B> </P> | verb | |
| 561 | 517 | simultaneously | ||||
| 562 | 518 | possess | ||||
| 563 | 519 | manifest | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MANIFESTO </U> </P> <P> <U> MANIFESTO + VERB </U> </P> <P> <U> MANIFESTO + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> Conservative, Labour, etc. | party, party's </B><I>We must all support the party manifesto. </I><B>| election </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MANIFESTO </U><B> draft, draw up, write | sign | issue, launch, publish | support </B> </P> <P> <U> MANIFESTO + VERB </U><B> pledge sth, promise sth </B><I>The manifesto promised reform of the social security system. </I><B>| call for sth, demand sth | contain sth | say sth </B> </P> <P> <U> MANIFESTO + NOUN </U><B> commitment, pledge, promise | proposal </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>The policy is outlined in the party's election manifesto. </I><B>| on a/the ~ </B><I>Labour won the election on this manifesto. </I><B>| ~ for </B><I>a manifesto for reform </I> </P> | noun | |
| 564 | 520 | incentive | <P> <U> ADJ. </U> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INCENTIVE </U> </P> <P> <U> INCENTIVE + NOUN </U> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U> </P> | <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, considerable, great, massive | powerful, strong | adequate, sufficient | main, major | added, additional, extra, more | less | real | direct </B><I>The most direct financial incentive to prevent rubbish is to charge people by the amount of rubbish they put out. </I><B>| important | positive | special | commercial, economic, financial, fiscal, monetary | cash | price, tax | sales | work | government </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INCENTIVE </U><B> act as, be </B><I>He argues that the free supply of skilled labour will act as an incentive for employees to be more diligent. </I><B>| have </B><I>She had the added incentive of being within reach of the world record. </I><B>| need | give (sb/sth), offer (sb/sth), provide (sb/sth with) | create </B><I>The government has created tax incentives to encourage investment. </I><B>| increase | reduce | undermine </B><I>High taxation rates have undermined work incentives. </I><B>| remove </B> </P> <P> <U> INCENTIVE + NOUN </U><B> programme, scheme, system </B><I>The company operates a share incentive scheme for its workers. </I><B>| payment </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to </B><I>an incentive to investment </I> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> have every incentive </B><I>The absence of penalties for anti-competitive behaviour means that firms have every incentive to engage in price-fixing. </I><B>| a lack of incentive </B><I>Low levels of profitability mean there is a lack of incentive to undertake new investment. </I> </P> | noun |