{{word}}\n\n
unit noun
\n1 single thing
\nADJ. large, small | basic, fundamental The family is the basic unit of society. | discrete, individual, single
\nVERB + UNIT break sth down into, divide sth into Large departments were broken down into smaller units.
\n2 fixed amount
\nADJ. basic, standard | monetary | lexical, linguistic
\nUNIT + NOUN cost, length, weight
\nPREP. ~ of a unit of currency a unit of length fifty units of electricity
\nPHRASES per unit Electricity is ten pence per unit.
\n3 group of people
\nADJ. cohesive The new manager changed a talented collection of individuals into a cohesive unit. | baby, casualty, emergency, intensive care, maternity, psychiatric, surgical, etc. She works in the maternity unit at the local hospital. | army, enemy, military | intelligence | policy | research | family, social the role of the family unit in the community
\nVERB + UNIT be attached to The cancer research unit is attached to the local university.
\n4 piece of furniture/equipment
\nADJ. cooking, kitchen, sink, storage | air-conditioning, control, power, processing, shower the central processing unit in a computer
\nVERB + UNIT install We're having new kitchen units installed.
\ntotal noun
\nADJ. annual, monthly | combined, cumulative, grand, overall, sum His two goals give him a grand total of 32 for the season. The sum total of my knowledge of biology is not impressive. | final | high, huge, large, record a record total of victories | low, small | global, national, world/worldwide | jobless, unemployment Britain's jobless total rose by 20,000 last month.
\nVERB + TOTAL add up to, give, make (up) Their earnings were £250, £300 and £420, giving a total of £970. | bring, take A donation of £250 has been received, bringing the total to £3,750. | achieve The Greens achieved a total of 18 seats.
\nTOTAL + VERB rise | fall
\nPREP. in ~ In total, they spent 420 hours on the project. | out of a ~ of 180 vehicles out of a total of 900 examined were not roadworthy. | ~ of
\ncomplex adj.
\nVERBS be, look, seem, sound | become
\nADV. enormously, especially, exceedingly, exceptionally, extraordinarily, extremely, highly, hugely, immensely, incredibly, infinitely, particularly, very This is a highly complex matter. | increasingly | fairly, quite, rather, relatively, somewhat | surprisingly | unnecessarily | technically technically complex surgery
\ncomplex noun
\n1 set of buildings
\nADJ. huge, large, vast | conference, entertainment, factory, holiday, hospital, housing, industrial, leisure, museum, office, shopping, sports
\nVERB + COMPLEX build
\n2 mental/emotional problem
\nADJ. real, terrible | inferiority, superiority | castration, guilt, Oedipus, persecution
\nVERB + COMPLEX have, suffer from | develop, get Don't keep on at him about his handwriting or he'll get a complex. | give sb
\nPREP. ~ about She has a complex about her big ears.
\nemploy verb
\n1 pay sb to work
\nADV. directly, indirectly By 1960 the arms industry in America directly employed 3.5 million people.
\nPREP. in A large part of the workforce is employed in agriculture.
\nPHRASES be fully employed 10% of 10?15-year-old girls were fully employed as late as 1911. | be gainfully employed Those not gainfully employed are dependent on their savings. | be permanently/temporarily employed, be regularly/irregularly employed
\n2 use
\nADV. commonly, extensively, frequently, often, widely The safety net is an image commonly employed in everyday life. | generally, usually | actively, deliberately teaching that actively employs computers in innovative and fruitful ways | successfully, usefully
\nVERB + EMPLOY can/could The army has far more junior officers than it can usefully employ.
\n3 be employed: be busy doing sth
\nADV. better You'd be far better employed taking care of your own affairs. | busily, usefully
\nPREP. in Will and Joe were busily employed in clearing out all the furniture.
\npromote verb
\n1 encourage sth
\nADV. strongly The idea of equal opportunities was strongly promoted by many Labour MPs. | actively, directly | indirectly | deliberately, intentionally They claimed that the authorities had deliberately promoted and condoned the violence.
\nVERB + PROMOTE aim to, seek to, try to | help (to) Basketball stars from the United States have helped promote the sport in Italy and Spain. | be designed to measures designed to promote economic growth | be likely to | serve to, tend to Bonus payments to staff serve to promote commitment to the company.
\nPREP. through Young people's awareness of agricultural issues is promoted through publicity material.
\nPHRASES be aimed at promoting sth, be widely promoted, a campaign/scheme to promote sth, efforts/measures to promote sth
\n2 advertise sth
\nADV. aggressively, heavily The new products have been very heavily promoted. | widely
\nPREP. as The town is now being promoted as a holiday destination. | through The company's products have been promoted mainly through advertising in newspapers.
\nliterature noun
\n1 written works of art
\nADJ. classical, contemporary, modern | great
\nQUANT. piece, work
\nVERB + LITERATURE read, study
\n2 writing on a particular subject
\nADJ. extensive, voluminous | promotional, sales
\nQUANT. body the growing body of literature on development issues
\nPREP. ~ about I picked up some literature about pensions. | ~ on There's an extensive literature on the subject.
\nprocedure noun
\nADJ. complex, complicated | simple, straightforward | correct, normal, proper, standard, usual There are standard procedures for dismissing staff. | agreed, established | special | administrative, appeals, application, assessment, complaints, court, criminal, disciplinary, emergency, parliamentary, safety, scientific, selection, surgical a minor surgical procedure
\nPROCEDURE + NOUN adopt, follow, use Did you follow the emergency procedure when you heard the alarm? | establish A straightforward complaints procedure must be established from the outset.
\nPREP. under a/the ~ under a procedure established by legislation | ~ for the correct procedure for hiring staff
\nappropriate adj.
\nVERBS be, seem | consider sth, deem sth, think sth It was thought appropriate to award her the prize.
\nADV. extremely, very | entirely, quite
\nPREP. for It might be appropriate for him to attend the course. | to Tutors can construct tests appropriate to individual students' needs.
\nestimate noun
\nADJ. official, unofficial | current, recent Current estimates suggest that supplies will run out within six months. | early, initial, preliminary | accurate, fair, good, realistic, reasonable, reliable | best Flight times in the brochure are based on our best estimate, and will be confirmed as soon as possible. | approximate, rough | conservative, low I think 15,000 will turn out to be a very low estimate. | high According to the highest estimate, over 100,000 men died in the battle. | optimistic, pessimistic | cost
\nVERB + ESTIMATE make Can you make an estimate of the numbers involved? | give (sb), provide (sb with), submit Three firms submitted estimates for the work. | revise
\nESTIMATE + VERB be based on sth | indicate sth, predict sth, show sth, suggest sth One estimate suggests that 30,000 jobs may be lost. | put sth at Some estimates put the figure as high as 50%. | range, vary Cost estimates vary from $50,000 to $200,000.
\nPREP. according to an/the ~ According to the revised estimate, four million people will be without homes. | at an ~ Even at a conservative estimate, there is a lot of work to be done. | in an/the ~ In his first estimate, he suggested a figure of £5,000. | ~ by, ~ from According to an estimate by a leading newspaper, she earns £40 million a year. | ~ for We will send you an estimate for the repairs. | ~ of an estimate of profits an estimate of £300
\nestimate verb
\nADV. currently | accurately, reliably | provisionally | conservatively It is conservatively estimated that not less than half a million people died in the famine. | officially, unofficially The strike was officially estimated to have cost $80 million.
\nVERB + ESTIMATE be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to | be used to The results of the survey were used to estimate the preferences of the population at large.
\nPREP. at We estimated the cost at £50,000.
\nnegative adj.
\n1 only thinking about/showing sb/sth's bad qualities
\nVERBS be, feel, seem, sound | become | remain
\nADV. distinctly, extremely, strongly, terribly, very the strongly negative implications of these survey results Their attitude was terribly negative. | completely, entirely, exclusively, purely, totally, wholly She spoke in entirely negative terms. | largely, mainly, overwhelmingly | fairly, rather, slightly, somewhat | apparently | essentially Critical thinking is essentially negative as it seeks to dissect and not to build. | generally
\nPREP. about He's been rather negative about the idea.
\n2 showing that sth has not happened/been found
\nVERBS be, prove, test The breathalyser test proved negative. He tested negative for HIV infection.
\nPREP. for The urine tests were negative for protein.
\nnegative noun
\n1 denial
\nVERB + NEGATIVE answer (sth) in, reply in She answered the question in the negative.
\n2 developed photographic film
\nADJ. original | photographic | film, glass
\nQUANT. strip
\nVERB + NEGATIVE produce | develop His interest in photography started with him developing negatives that he found lying around the house. | keep We must assume that the spy kept the negatives. | destroy
\ncharacteristic adj.
\nVERBS be | become
\nADV. deeply, extremely, highly, very his highly characteristic features | entirely, utterly | fairly, quite
\nPREP. of a problem that was fairly characteristic of late eighteenth century society
\ncharacteristic noun
\nADJ. defining, distinctive, distinguishing, identifying, individual, marked, special, striking, unique | personal | common, family, inherited, national, shared | basic, general | chief, dominant, main, major, outstanding, principal | essential, fundamental, important, key, salient | desirable | behavioural, biological, cultural, demographic, economic, genetic, physical, psychological, racial, sexual, social | human
\nVERB + CHARACTERISTIC have The two species have several characteristics in common.
\nchallenge noun
\n1 sth new and difficult
\nADJ. big, considerable, enormous, great, huge, radical, real, serious, significant, strong | difficult, tough | major, main | fresh, new | exciting, interesting | economic, environmental, intellectual, political, technical, technological Liszt's piano music presents an enormous technical challenge.
\nVERB + CHALLENGE be, pose, present | face, meet, respond to, rise to, take on/up The gallery has risen to the challenge of exhibiting the works of young artists. He has taken on some exciting new challenges with this job.
\nCHALLENGE + VERB face sb the challenges facing nurses in casualty
\n2 that shows that sb refuses to accept sth
\nADJ. serious | direct | effective | legal
\nVERB + CHALLENGE be, present, represent The demonstration represents a direct challenge to the new law.
\nPREP. ~ to a legal challenge to the president's power
\n3 invitation to compete
\nADJ. leadership, title his title challenge to the heavyweight champion
\nVERB + CHALLENGE issue, mount plans to mount a leadership challenge within the party | accept, take up I accepted his challenge to a game of chess. | beat off, fight off Our team will have to fight off the challenge from better trained teams.
\nPREP. ~ from a challenge from the other political party
\nchallenger noun
\nADJ. closest, main, nearest, serious, strong Her nearest challenger is the vice-president.
\nVERB + CHALLENGER take on He took on various challengers, but refused to fight Jackson.
\nPREP. ~ for the main challengers for the European title | ~ to a challenger to the prime minister
\nchallenge verb
\n1 question whether sth is right/true
\nADV. directly The newspaper was directly challenging the government's legitimacy. | seriously | effectively She was effectively challenging the whole basis on which society was run. | successfully The story was completely untrue and was successfully challenged in court.
\nPREP. on She challenged him on his old-fashioned views.
\n2 invite sb to compete, argue, etc.
\nADV. seriously No one has seriously challenged the champion. | successfully, unsuccessfully
\nPREP. for She was poised to challenge for the party leadership. | to The count challenged him to a duel.
\nprinciple noun
\n1 basic general rule
\nADJ. basic, broad, central, fundamental, general the basic principles of car maintenance | cardinal, essential, key | universal | democratic, legal, market, political, scientific, theoretical
\nVERB + PRINCIPLE establish, formulate, lay down | apply | explain
\nPRINCIPLE + VERB apply This principle applies to all kinds of selling. | underlie sth, underpin sth the principles underlying Western philosophy
\nPREP. in ~ I agree with you in principle, but we'll need to discuss the details. | ~ behind She went on to explain the principles behind what she was doing.
\n2 rule for good behaviour
\nADJ. high | guiding | Christian | moral He was a man of high moral principles.
\nVERB + PRINCIPLE betray, compromise I refuse to compromise my principles by eating meat. | adhere to, stick to She sticks to the principle that everyone should be treated equally.
\nPREP. against your ~s Eating meat was against her principles. | on ~ She's opposed to abortion on principle.
\nPHRASES a matter of principle They reject the proposal as a matter of principle. | a person of principle (= a person with high moral standards)
\nelement noun
\n1 one part of sth
\nADJ. basic, critical, crucial, decisive, essential, fundamental, important, key, main, major, necessary, principal, significant, vital | dominant The promise of tax cuts became the dominant element in the campaign. | considerable, large There is a considerable element of danger in her job. | competitive There is too much of a competitive element in the sales department. | racial, sexual Police say there may have been a racial element to the attacks.
\nVERB + ELEMENT be, constitute, form | contain, have, include, involve These rumours do contain an element of truth. | introduce
\nPREP. ~ in This constitutes one of the key elements in this reform programme. | ~ of Practical work will form a major element of the syllabus. There may have been an element of jealousy in her response.
\n2 the elements: bad weather
\nVERB + ELEMENT brave I put on my thick coat ready to brave the elements. | battle (against) He told us stories of how he had battled the elements on his mountaineering trips. | be exposed to, be open to The place was completely exposed to the elements. | be protected from, be sheltered from
\nPHRASES protection/shelter from the elements
\ndepend verb PHRASAL VERBS depend on/upon sb/sth
\n1 be affected by sth
\nADV. crucially, greatly, very much The future of the company will depend crucially on how consumers respond. | entirely, solely | largely, mainly | partly, rather, to some extent | ultimately Whether or not we can go ultimately depends on the weather.
\nVERB + DEPEND seem to The outcome seems to depend on the type of soil used.
\n2 need
\nADV. heavily | entirely, solely
\nPREP. for She depends entirely on her parents for money.
\ncreation noun
\nADJ. employment, job | wealth
\nVERB + CREATION advocate, call for, propose, recommend, urge They recommended the creation of a new government agency to be responsible for the environment. | encourage, foster, support | allow for The new Act allows for the creation of vocational schools. | allow, enable | avoid, prevent | lead to
\nintegration noun
\nADJ. true | complete, full | close, seamless | further, greater, improved, increased | rapid | economic, monetary, political, racial, social We are working to bring about closer political integration in the EU. | internal | systems (computing)
\nQUANT. degree, level
\nVERB + INTEGRATION achieve, bring about | accelerate, encourage, facilitate, promote, speed up, stimulate measures to promote the social integration of mentally handicapped people | require | lead to
\nPREP. ~ between integration between research and higher education | ~ into the integration of disabled pupils into the general education system | ~ with He called for greater integration with Europe. | ~ within economic integration within the three communities
\nPHRASES a move towards integration a move towards greater internal integration in Europe | a need for integration, a process of integration
\ninteraction noun
\nADJ. complex | informal | social | human | face-to-face, group | classroom
\nINTERACTION + NOUN processes the interaction processes of chimpanzees
\nPREP. ~ among Informal interaction among employees is seen as part of the ongoing training process. | ~ between the complex interaction between animals and their environment | ~ with What is her interaction with her boss like? | ~ within interaction within the group
\nPHRASES patterns of interaction Specific patterns of interaction in the family have been observed.
\naspect noun
\nADJ. central, crucial, essential, fundamental, important, key, main, major, principal, significant | basic, broad, general Questions also cover much broader aspects of general health and fitness. | appealing, attractive, beneficial, encouraging, exciting, fascinating, interesting, pleasing, positive | alarming, controversial, difficult, disappointing, disturbing, negative, sinister, terrible, worst the worst aspects of tourism | bizarre, curious, intriguing, puzzling | remarkable, striking | subtle | mundane | neglected | formal, functional, practical, theoretical the formal aspects of the language system | business, commercial, cultural, economic, environmental, ethical, financial, historical, human, legal, military, moral, physical, political, psychological, religious, scientific, social, technical
\nVERB + ASPECT have The project has two main aspects. | take on Events began to take on a more sinister aspect. | consider, cover, deal with, discuss, emphasize, examine, explore, focus on, look at, study We will be looking at many different aspects of pollution. | demonstrate, illuminate, illustrate a unique collection illustrating aspects of Irish transport history | ignore, neglect
\nPREP. from the … ~ This scheme is very good from the social aspect. | ~ to the positive aspects to retirement
\nPHRASES all aspects of sth, (in) every aspect (of sth) The service was excellent in every aspect.
\npublish verb
\nADV. recently | posthumously Her last book was published posthumously in 1948. | anonymously
\nVERB + PUBLISH decide to | intend to, plan to | refuse to | be free to The press should be free to publish and comment on all aspects of political and social life. | dare (to) Freud had not dared to publish the third chapter of his book in Vienna.
\nperspective noun
\n1 in art
\nADJ. distorted | horizontal, vertical
\nPREP. in ~, out of ~ That tree is out of perspective.
\nPHRASES the laws of perspective
\n2 attitude to sth
\nADJ. different, new | broader, wider | proper, true We can now see things in their true perspective. | cultural, historical, political, social, theoretical, etc.
\nVERB + PERSPECTIVE get sth in/into, place sth in/into, put sth in/into, see sth in Her death put everything else into perspective. | gain, get, put When you reach middle age you get a different perspective on life. This website puts a completely different perspective on world news. | keep | lose | adopt The book adopts a historical perspective. | shift | provide
\nPREP. from the ~ of We should view this from the perspective of the people involved. | in/into ~ Let's get this into perspective. | ~ in a feminist perspective in philosophy | ~ on/upon It's easy to lose perspective on things when you are under stress.
\nPHRASES a sense of perspective
\nbasics noun
\nVERB + BASICS grasp, know, learn, master, pick up, understand | cover The book covers the basics of massage. | concentrate on, stick to It's best to stick to basics when planning such a large party. | get/go back to, get down to It's time our education system got back to basics
\nPHRASES get the basics right The important thing is to get the basics right.
\nbelief noun
\nADJ. absolute, deep-seated, deeply held, fervent, firm, passionate, profound, strong, strongly held, unshakeable | genuine, honest, sincere She was strict with her children in the genuine belief that it was the right thing to do. | entrenched, fanatical | common, commonly held, general, popular, widely held, widespread | growing | long-held, long-standing | belief how things could have got this bad.
\nBELIEF + VERB persist Belief in the magical properties of this herb persisted down the centuries.
\nBELIEF + NOUN system
\nPREP. beyond ~ (= too great, difficult, etc. to be believed) Dissatisfaction with the government has grown beyond belief. icy air that was cold beyond belief | in the ~ that She did it in the belief that it would basic, central, core, fundamental the basic beliefs of Christianityhelp her career. | ~ about beliefs | personal, private I think the rights and wrongs of eating meat are a matter of personal belief. | rational, reasonable | irrational, superstitious | instinctive | naive | strange | conflicting, contradictory | erroneous, false, misguided, mistaken I took the job in the mistaken belief that I would be able to stay in London. | ancient, traditional The people still follow their traditional beliefs. | orthodox | cultural, moral, political, religious, spiritual They were persecuted for their religious beliefs. | Catholic, Christian, pagan, etc.
\nQUANT. set, system Each religion has its set of beliefs.
\nVERB + BELIEF have, hold I have very firm beliefs about moral issues. | share He shared his father's belief that people should work hard for their living. | adhere to, cling to, follow, hold on to, stick to She clung to the belief that he would come back to her. The Labour Party must stick to its beliefs. | abandon, give up, renounce | lose She has lost her belief in God. | affirm, assert, declare, express, state Here the apostle Peter affirms his belief that the scriptures are ‘inspired’. | emphasize, stress | encourage, foster, fuel The exam results encouraged the belief that he was a good teacher. | confirm, reinforce, strengthen, support This latest evidence strengthens our belief that the government is doing the right thing. | question, shake, shatter, undermine, weaken The child's death shook her belief in God. | respect You must respect other people's beliefs. | beggar, defy (= to be impossible to believe) It beggars about the origin of the universe | ~ among There is a belief among young people that education is a waste of time. | ~ in a belief in God
\nPHRASES contrary to popular belief (= in spite of what people think) Contrary to popular belief, rainforests are not jungles through which you have to slash a path.
\ntechnique noun
\nADJ. effective, powerful, useful | basic, simple | conventional, established, standard, traditional | advanced, modern, sophisticated | ingenious | alternative, experimental | assessment, communication, dating, evaluation, exam/examination, farming, interview, management, manufacturing, marketing, problem-solving, recording, relaxation, research, sales, teaching, training She needs to work on her interview technique if she's going to get a job. | analytical, mathematical, medical, photographic, scientific, statistical, surgical
\nVERB + TECHNIQUE have He has an ingenious technique for dealing with problems of that sort. | adopt, apply, deploy, employ, implement, try, use On the walls I applied the same technique as I had used for the ceiling. | develop, devise, pioneer The technique was pioneered in California. | acquire, learn, master, practise struggling to master the new technique | adapt, improve, perfect, work at/on | demonstrate, describe
\nTECHNIQUE + VERB allow sth, enable sth Modern freezing techniques enable the chickens to be stored for weeks. | work The new technique works better than the one it has replaced. | be based on sth, be derived from sth singing techniques derived from Tibetan music
\nPREP. ~ for techniques for the storage of data | ~ in They learn basic techniques in self-defence.
\noutcome noun
\nADJ. desirable, desired, favourable, good, happy, positive, satisfactory, successful | negative, unfortunate, unsatisfactory | fatal, tragic | possible | likely, probable | anticipated, expected, inevitable, intended, logical, predicted | unexpected | immediate | actual, eventual, final, long-term, ultimate | direct a direct outcome of the strike | practical | educational, electoral, political, etc. (all technical)
\nVERB + OUTCOME affect, influence | decide, determine | achieve, have, produce Their strategy produced the desired outcome. | evaluate, measure (technical) The aim is to evaluate possible outcomes.
\nPREP. ~ of the outcome of the election
\nPHRASES whatever the outcome Whatever the final outcome of the talks, the war should end soon.
\nexplorer noun
\nADJ. great the great British explorers of the sixteenth century | intrepid | Antarctic, Arctic, polar
\nexplore verb
\n1 travel around an area
\nVERB + EXPLORE be keen to, want to, wish to | be free to In the afternoon you'll be free to explore a little on your own.
\nPREP. for exploring for oil
\n2 think about sth in detail
\nADV. extensively | briefly | fully, thoroughly These questions have not been fully explored yet. | properly, systematically | carefully, in detail This idea is worth exploring in some detail. | further | usefully The film usefully explores some of the issues surrounding adoption.
\nVERB + EXPLORE need to | be keen to, want to, wish to | aim to, seek to | begin to, continue to
\ndistribution noun
\n1 way sth is shared or exists over an area
\nADJ. egalitarian, equitable, fair to ensure a fair distribution of wealth | inequitable, unfair | equal an equal distribution of wealth between people of different age groups | unequal | even, uniform After applying the cream, comb through to ensure even distribution. | uneven The country was noted for its uneven distribution of land resources. | optimal, optimum | relative the relative distribution of continents and oceans | general, overall the general distribution of earthquakes around the world | broad, wide, widespread the broad distribution of Bronze Age artefacts across Europe the wider distribution of wealth throughout society | local, localized Fish populations assume highly localized distributions within each river. | global, regional, worldwide | spatial | income, wealth | weight | age, class, geographical, population, sex, social the social class distribution of the male population | normal, random, skewed, smooth (all mathematics) a normal distribution with a bell-shaped frequency curve | binomial, frequency, probability (all mathematics)
\nVERB + DISTRIBUTION achieve, ensure The engine is mounted in the middle to achieve a more even weight distribution. | determine Radiology was used to determine the distribution of the disease. | have, show (mathematics) These birds have a wide geographical distribution. IQs within the population show a normal distribution.
\nDISTRIBUTION + NOUN pattern Animal herds may form in response to the distribution patterns of food. | map an atlas containing distribution maps of the most important tropical diseases
\nPREP. ~ across the distribution of resources across society | ~ among data on wealth distribution among age groups | ~ between a disparity in age distribution between groups | ~ over the distribution of trees over the estate | ~ throughout uniform distribution of the chemical throughout the timber
\nPHRASES a change in distribution changes in the distribution of wealth and income
\n2 giving/delivering sth to people
\nADJ. free The document contains sensitive information and is not suitable for free (= unrestricted) distribution. The previously free (= not paid for) distribution of textbooks will now be confined to students who are needy. | general Our catalogue lists all our books that are available for general distribution. | selective | exclusive The publisher has signed an agreement for the exclusive distribution of the books in the US. | proper | electronic the electronic distribution of software to customers | global, international, local, national, worldwide Roads are used for local distribution of goods. | electricity, food, fuel, gas, land, milk, water the creation of 1,500 smallholdings as part of a land distribution programme | retail, wholesale the wholesale and retail distribution of a huge variety of goods
\nVERB + DISTRIBUTION control, handle, organize The company is to handle the distribution of the product in Europe. | available for 2,000 copies of the booklet have been printed and are available for distribution. | ensure to ensure the proper distribution of medical aid | allow (for) to allow for the distribution of aid
\nDISTRIBUTION + NOUN agreement, arrangement, deal Her company has signed a non-exclusive distribution agreement. | list I attach a copy of the distribution list so you can see who got the last edition. | rights | costs | channel We have man | network | method | system | facilities The company wants to invest in new distribution facilities. | base, centre, depot, outlet, point The company has decided to use Belfast as its distribution base. | operation The company has manufacturing or distribution operations in 33 countries worldwide. | business, company | industry
\nPREP. for ~ free colour leaflets for distribution overseas | ~ among food for distribution among the villagers | ~ between the distribution of the health budget between various hospitals | ~ by the distribution by the government of a leaflet explaining the new tax | ~ through distribution through department stores | ~ to The food was parcelled up for distribution to outlying communities.
\nPHRASES a/the chain of distribution There are savings to be made where retailers are bypassed in the chain of distribution. | a channel of distribution
\n3 payment
\nADJ. capital, dividend, share | cash
\nVERB + DISTRIBUTION make When are distributions likely to be made to creditors? | be available for These are company reserves available for distribution as the directors may determine.
\nPREP. ~ to The promissory notes were purchased for distribution to investors.
\nfuture noun
\n1 time that will come after the present
\nADJ. foreseeable, immediate, near, not-too-distant Things will continue as they are for the foreseeable future. A new branch of the shop will be opening in the near future. | distant, remote
\nVERB + FUTURE look to, plan for Don't think too much about past troubles?look to the future. | foretell, look into, predict
\nFUTURE + VERB bring (sb), hold whatever the future may bring you Who can tell what the future holds?
\nPREP. for the ~ What are your plans for the future? | in (the) ~ In future, employees will park their vehicles away from the works entrance. The possibility of travel to other solar systems still lies in the distant future. | of the ~ The stars of the future are competing in the world junior athletics championships this month.
\nPHRASES a vision for/of the future In her speech, the director outlined her vision for the future.
\n2 what will happen to sb/sth
\nADJ. bright, great, promising, rosy, secure He has a great future as a designer. | bleak, dire, gloomy, grim, uncertain He forecasts a dire future for the industry. | long-term | economic, financial, political
\nVERB + FUTURE face, have The firm faces a very uncertain future. | determine, shape the right to determine their own future in a democratic fashion | forecast, predict, see | consider, ponder (on) After being dropped from the team the young defender is considering his future. | invest in She decided to invest in her future by taking a management course.
\nPREP. ~ as She has a very promising future as a musician. | ~ in He could see no future in his job.
\nPHRASES a question mark over the future of sb/sth A question mark hangs over the future of the company after shares plunged to a record low.
\nimportance noun
\nADJ. cardinal, central, considerable, critical, crucial, enormous, especial, extreme, fundamental, great, high, immense, key, major, outstanding, overriding, overwhelming, paramount, particular, primary, prime, profound, real, special, supreme, tremendous, vital | first, greatest, highest, utmost This information is of the first importance. It is of the utmost importance that you arrive on time. | growing, increasing | declining the declining importance of manufacturing industry | lesser, limited, marginal, minor, secondary | direct | general | added | immediate | continued/continuing, lasting | equal | relative | intrinsic | obvious | perceived differences in the perceived importance of the different subjects in the curriculum | potential | public | international, national | practical | theoretical | symbolic the symbolic importance of iron in German culture | archaeological, commercial, constitutional, cultural, ecological, economic, environmental, historical, legal, military, political, social, strategic
\nVERB + IMPORTANCE have These finds have considerable archaeological importance. | assume, take on Childcare schemes take on an added importance at a time of national recession. | grow in, increase in, rise in | decline in, diminish in, fall in The overseas markets have now declined in importance. | attach, give sth, place To what objectives do you attach most importance? the importance placed on cleanliness | accept, acknowledge, appreciate, be aware of, grasp, realize, recognize, see, understand People were aware of the importance of working with nature. | demonstrate, illustrate, indicate, point to, reflect, show, suggest Figure 2.2 shows the relative importance of the different service industries. | assert | deny | confirm | draw attention to, emphasize, highlight, point up, promote, stress, underline The manual stresses the importance of regular maintenance. | diminish, downplay, minimize, play down, underplay She was inclined to play down the importance of her own role in the affair. | exaggerate, overestimate | underestimate, undervalue Don't underestimate the importance of neat presentation. | increase | reduce | consider, discuss | explain | cast/throw doubt on, doubt, question No one can seriously question the political importance of the environment. | forget, ignore, overlook
\nIMPORTANCE + VERB arise from sth, lie in sth The town's importance lies in the richness and quality of its architecture. | depend on sth
\nPREP. of … ~ The railways were of crucial importance in opening up the American West. | ~ for an area of enormous importance for wildlife | ~ to the importance to the country of a healthy economy
\nPHRASES in order of importance Deal with the issues in order of importance. | a matter of importance
\nindependent adj.
\n1 not needing other people
\nVERBS be, feel, seem | become | remain | make sb Travelling in Asia has made her a lot more independent.
\nADV. fiercely, sturdily, very Many disabled people are fiercely independent. | completely | fairly, pretty, quite | economically, financially
\nPREP. of By the age of eighteen he was completely independent of his parents.
\n2 not influenced or controlled by anyone else
\nVERBS be | become | remain | make sth | declare sth In 1961 the country was declared independent.
\nADV. completely, entirely, fully, genuinely, quite, totally, truly, wholly | almost, fairly, largely, virtually | increasingly | effectively, essentially The country has pursued an effectively independent line on military issues. | nominally, supposedly | newly newly independent countries | politically
\nPREP. from The country became fully independent from France in 1960. | of an organization that is independent of the government
\ninitial noun
\nVERB + INITIAL have The two authors have the same initials. | be/become known by She's always been known by her initials. | use | bear, carry A stone over the door bears the initials ‘R.P.’, which stand for ‘Ralph Piggot’. | carve, embroider, engrave (sth with), mark sth with, monogram sth with, put, sign, stamp (sth with), write He carved his girlfriend's initials in the rock. Now that she was managing director she could put the initials MD after her name.
\nINITIAL + VERB stand for sth
\nPREP. ~ for When writing, if you use initials for a long name, make sure you spell out the name at least once.
\nfeature noun
\n1 important part of sth
\nADJ. basic, central, essential, important, key, main, major, significant | conspicuous, distinctive, distinguishing, dominant, notable, noteworthy, noticeable, predominant, prominent a distinctive feature of his poems | outstanding, remarkable, striking | attractive, endearing, eye-catching | interesting, special, unusual | salient He took me around our new offices, pointing out all the salient features. | useful | characteristic, typical | unique | common the common feature in all these cases | permanent, regular These walks became a regular feature of his day. | recurring Self-deprecation is a recurring feature as Stevenson talks. | redeeming The one redeeming feature of the scheme was its low cost to the council. | original The house retains most of its original features. | built-in | additional | constructional, design, physical, structural | energy-saving, safety a car with new built-in safety features
\nVERB + FEATURE have The site had a number of interesting features. | retain | point out
\nFEATURE + VERB distinguish sth the essential feature that distinguishes anorexia nervosa from other eating disorders | characterize sth A feature that characterizes all anteaters is an extremely slow metabolic rate. | include sth Special features include passenger airbags and an electric sunroof.
\n2 features: sb's face
\nADJ. handsome | delicate, fine | rugged admiring his rugged features | chiselled a slim figure with strongly chiselled features | aquiline, hawk-like | facial
\nVERB + FEATURE have She's got very delicate features.
\nPREP. with ~ a young woman with fine features
\n3 newspaper article/television item
\nADJ. big, major, special | regular The magazine runs a regular feature on ethnic cooking. | in-depth
\nVERB + FEATURE do, have, publish, run Next month they will publish a special feature on computer books.
\nFEATURE + NOUN writer
\nPREP. ~ on an in-depth feature on the Italian fashion scene
\nfeature verb
\n1 include sth as an important part
\nADV. regularly Women's magazines regularly feature diets and exercise regimes. | rarely
\nPHRASES be featured in/on sth His work is featured in a special documentary tonight. The school has been featured on television.
\n2 have a part in sth
\nADV. heavily, highly, largely, prominently, significantly, strongly Reading over his past speeches, you'll see that housing, public health and education feature strongly.
\nPREP. in Garlic features prominently in her recipes.
\ndesire noun
\nADJ. burning, deep, great, strong, urgent | insatiable, overwhelming Most children have an insatiable desire for knowledge. | genuine, real | natural | sexual
\nVERB + DESIRE feel, have I suddenly felt an overwhelming desire to laugh | express The chairman expressed his desire to expand the company. | satisfy | be motivated by They were motivated by a deep desire for money and fame.
\nPREP. ~ for Horses need to satisfy their desire for space and freedom.
\nPHRASES an object of desire He felt he was nothing more to her than an object of desire.
\ndesire verb
\nADV. greatly, really, sincerely, very much A home of her own was something she had always very much desired.
\nfollowing noun
\nADJ. big, considerable, great, large, mass, strong | limited, small | local | dedicated, devoted, faithful, fanatical, loyal | enthusiastic | personal | cult They enjoy a cult following in the UK.
\nVERB + FOLLOWING command, enjoy, have | acquire, attract, build up, create, gain, gather
\nPREP. ~ among Top of the range Scotches attract a fanatical following among whisky buffs.
\nalternative noun
\nADJ. attractive, constructive, effective, good, radical, useful | acceptable, available, credible, possible, practical, real, realistic, reasonable, satisfactory, serious, suitable, viable Is there a viable alternative to prison? | clear, obvious | cheap, healthy, interesting, safe a healthier alternative to fizzy drinks
\nVERB + ALTERNATIVE have We have two alternatives. | offer, provide His idea seemed to offer a possible alternative. | seek seeking alternatives to nuclear power | find We'll have to find an alternative.
\nPREP. ~ for There is no alternative for those with no car of their own. | ~ to Is there an alternative to surgery for this complaint?
\nPHRASES have little/no alternative (but to) She had no alternative but to do as he said. | leave sb with no alternative (but to) He was left with no alternative but to hobble to the nearest telephone box.
\nconsistent adj.
\n1 always behaving in the same way
\nVERBS be | remain
\nADV. highly, remarkably, very | absolutely, completely, entirely, quite, wholly His attitude isn't absolutely consistent. | largely | fairly, reasonably
\n2 in agreement with sth
\nVERBS be, seem | remain
\nADV. completely, entirely, fully, perfectly | broadly, largely | fairly, quite, reasonably | internally His argument is not even internally consistent (= different parts of the argument contradict each other). | mutually It is desirable that domestic and EU law should be mutually consistent. | logically
\nPREP. across These findings are consistent across all the studies. | with The figures are fully consistent with last year's results.
\nbasics noun
\nVERB + BASICS grasp, know, learn, master, pick up, understand | cover The book covers the basics of massage. | concentrate on, stick to It's best to stick to basics when planning such a large party. | get/go back to, get down to It's time our education system got back to basics
\nPHRASES get the basics right The important thing is to get the basics right.
\nbasis noun
\n1 starting point
\nADJ. firm, solid, sound
\nVERB + BASIS form, provide
\nPREP. ~ for The proposal provides a sound basis for a book.
\nPHRASES have no basis in sth These allegations have no basis in fact.
\n2 principle/reason
\nADJ. whole
\nPREP. on the ~ of We made our decision on the basis of the information we had. | ~ for The whole basis for your argument is false.
\n3 way sth is done/organized
\nADJ. regular | daily, monthly, weekly, etc. Staff are employed on a monthly basis. | permanent, temporary | casual, part-time, voluntary | commercial
\nPREP. on a … ~
\ncontrast noun
\nADJ. clear, marked, sharp, stark, startling, striking, strong There is a stark contrast between the lives of the rich and those of the poor. | complete, direct
\nVERB + CONTRAST make, offer, provide The fresh fruit provides a contrast to the rich chocolate pudding.
\nPREP. by ~ When you look at their new system, ours seems very old-fashioned by contrast. | in ~ (to/with) The company lost $13 million this year, in contrast with a profit of $15 million last year. | ~ between, ~ in The contrast in appearance between the sisters was striking. | ~ to This busy social life was a complete contrast to his old quiet life.
\nPHRASES stand in … contrast to sb/sth Their attitudes towards love and marriage stand in stark contrast to those of their parents.
\ncontrast verb
\n1 compare things in order to show differences
\nADV. favourably, unfavourably He contrasted her brashness unfavourably with his mother's gentleness.
\nPREP. with
\nPHRASES compare and contrast Compare and contrast the two main characters in the play.
\n2 be clearly different
\nADV. markedly, sharply, starkly, strikingly, strongly, vividly | nicely | oddly | favourably, unfavourably The open approach contrasts favourably with the exclusivity of some universities.
\nPREP. with This statement contrasts starkly with his previous statements.
\nobtain verb
\nADV. fraudulently, unlawfully (law)
\nVERB + OBTAIN be able/unable to | attempt to, endeavour to | fail to | assist sb to, enable sb to The local authority may assist you to obtain alternative accommodation. | be easy to, be possible to | be difficult to, be impossible to goods which are difficult to obtain | be necessary to, be required to, need to It is necessary to obtain the patients' consent.
\nPREP. from Anglers are required to obtain prior authorization from the park keeper.
\nPHRASES be easily obtained Such information is easily obtained from the Internet. | sth can/may be obtained Details of this offer can be obtained from any of our stores. | a means/method/way of obtaining sth
\ndistinction noun
\n1 clear difference
\nADJ. critical, crucial, important, key, main, major, vital | basic, essential, fundamental, underlying | clear, clear-cut, definite, marked, obvious, real, rigid, sharp, strong | fine, subtle | broad, general | crude, simple | logical, valid | useful | arbitrary, artificial | invidious making invidious distinctions between the ‘deserving’ and the ‘undeserving’ poor | absolute Is there always an absolute distinction between right and wrong? | conventional, old, traditional the conventional distinction between pure and applied science | formal | conceptual | theoretical | class, cultural, gender, moral
\nVERB + DISTINCTION draw, make She draws an important distinction between the different kinds of illness. | recognize, see We can see a sharp distinction between ambition and greed. | blur blurring the distinction between amateur and professional players
\nDISTINCTION + VERB lie Cultural distinctions lie at the heart of these issues.
\nPREP. without ~ All groups are entitled to this money without distinction (= without a difference being made between them). | ~ between
\n2 excellence/fame
\nADJ. considerable, great | modest | dubious | rare | unique | added | academic, intellectual, professional, social Wearing the county tie was a mark of modest social distinction.
\nVERB + DISTINCTION have He has the dubious distinction of being the first railway baron to go bankrupt. | achieve She achieved distinction in several fields of scholarship. | add Fennel leaves add distinction to any dish.
\nPREP. of ~ She is a historian of great distinction. | with ~ He served with distinction in the First World War.
\nexpress verb
\nADV. well Perhaps I have not expressed myself very well. | fully She expresses herself most fully in her paintings. | openly He expressed his anger openly. | clearly | cogently Students must learn to express a point of view cogently and with clarity. | exactly, precisely | concisely, succinctly | eloquently The poet eloquently expresses the sense of lost innocence.
\nVERB + EXPRESS be/feel able/unable to Many patients feel unable to express their fears. | find it difficult to
\nPHRASES a chance/an opportunity to express sth
\nvariety noun
\n1 not being the same; different kinds of sth
\nADJ. amazing, astonishing, bewildering, considerable, endless, enormous, exciting, extraordinary, fascinating, good, great, huge, impressive, incredible, infinite, large, remarkable, rich, surprising, tremendous, vast, wide, wonderful The market sold a bewildering variety of cheeses. the rich variety of the local bird life
\nVERB + VARIETY add, give, offer Dealing with customers adds variety to the job.
\nPREP. of … ~ a country of great variety | ~ in There is wide variety in shape and colour. | ~ of Menus offer a good variety of seafood.
\n2 particular type of sth
\nADJ. distinctive | common-or-garden, standard | rare, unusual | different There are hundreds of different varieties of apple. | new, old Old varieties of rose can be less resistant to diseases.
\nbroad adj.
\nVERBS be
\nADV. extremely, very | fairly, pretty, quite, rather, reasonably, relatively | enough, sufficiently He questioned whether the school curriculum was broad enough in scope. | unusually His job gave him an acquaintance with an unusually broad spectrum of society.
\ncomponent noun
\nADJ. basic, central, core, critical, crucial, essential, fundamental, important, integral, key, main, major, necessary, principal, significant, vital | minor | common The researchers discovered a common component in all types of the organism. | standard Our software is becoming a standard component of many computer systems. | individual, separate, simple Individual components for the car can be very expensive. | chemical, genetic | electrical, electronic | aircraft, engine, etc. | course
\nCOMPONENT + NOUN failure Component failure was the cause of the accident. | manufacturer, supplier
\nPREP. ~ in a crucial component in our success.
\nassume verb
\nADV. automatically, naturally I automatically assumed that you knew about this. | reasonably, safely I think we can safely assume that this situation will continue.
\nVERB + ASSUME can, might | tend to | be fair to, be reasonable to, be safe to It is reasonable to assume that the economy will continue to improve. | be a mistake to, be wrong to | be easy to It's all too easy to assume that people know what they are doing.
\nPHRASES let us assume Let us assume for a moment that the plan succeeds.
\ntool noun
\n1 instrument for making/repairing things
\nADJ. general-purpose, multi-purpose | basic, primitive, standard, traditional craftsmen using traditional tools | sophisticated, special | sharp | rusting/rusty | cutting, drawing, measuring | cordless, hand, machine, power | agricultural, engineering, farm, garden/gardening, industrial, woodworking
\nQUANT. set
\nVERB + TOOL use | sharpen | blunt Cutting concrete would blunt a metal-cutting tool. | down ~s Workers downed tools (= stopped work) in protest at poor safety standards in the works.
\nTOOL + NOUN kit
\nPHRASES the tool/tools of the trade The guitarist opened the case and took out the tool of his trade.
\n2 sth that helps you do/achieve sth
\nADJ. effective, essential, important, indispensable, invaluable, major, necessary, powerful, useful, valuable, vital | educational, learning, reference, research This dictionary is an invaluable reference tool for advanced learners. | ideological, negotiating, political, propaganda We must ensure that education is not used as a political tool. | communication, management, marketing | analysis/analytical, design, desktop, development, drawing, multimedia, presentation, programming, software
\npredict verb
\nADV. accurately, correctly, reliably, successfully, with accuracy/certainty It is not possible to predict with any certainty what effect this will have. | exactly, precisely | confidently | wrongly
\nVERB + PREDICT be able/unable to, can/could | try to | dare (to) Few would have dared to predict such a landslide victory. | fail to | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to | be easy to, be possible to | use sth to a computer model used to predict future weather patterns | allow sb to, enable sb to Newton's theories allow us to predict the flight of a cricket ball.
\nPREP. from We can predict from this information what is likely to happen next.
\nPHRASES be widely predicted This result had been widely predicted by the opinion polls.
\nlabour noun
\n1 work
\nADJ. manual, physical | forced, hard He was sentenced to four years hard labour for his crime.
\nVERB + LABOUR withdraw The miners are threatening to withdraw their labour.
\nLABOUR + NOUN market an increasingly competitive labour market
\n2 workers
\nADJ. cheap | casual | skilled, unskilled | child, migrant, slave It is thought that Stonehenge was built using slave labour.
\nLABOUR + NOUN force the size of the labour force | cost/costs | relations
\n3 giving birth
\nADJ. difficult, easy | long, short The baby was born after a long labour.
\nVERB + LABOUR go into She went into labour two weeks early. | induce Labour was induced when the baby was ten days overdue.
\nLABOUR + NOUN room, ward | pains
\nPREP. in ~ She was in labour for ten hours.
\nengaged adj.
\n1 doing sth
\nVERBS be
\nADV. deeply, heavily those who are deeply engaged in party politics | fully, totally | largely, mainly, primarily | directly | constantly | currently | actively, busily | otherwise I'm afraid Mr Wilson cannot see you now as he is otherwise engaged.
\nPREP. in She was engaged in conversation with a client. | on He is actively engaged on several projects. | with Mrs Scott is engaged with a customer at the moment.
\n2 having promised to marry sb
\nVERBS be | become, get The couple got engaged last month.
\nPREP. to She's engaged to an actor.
\nengage verb
\nADV. directly, fully
\nVERB + ENGAGE fail to, refuse to
\nPREP. with acknowledging the need to engage directly with these problems PHRASAL VERBS engage (sb) in sth
\nADV. actively people who actively engage in shaping the world they live in
\nVERB + ENGAGE attempt to, seek to, try to He tried to engage me in conversation. | be eager to, be willing to | be reluctant to, be unwilling to
\nseparate adj.
\nVERBS be | become | remain | keep sb/sth The women are kept separate from the men. | consider sth
\nADV. very, widely I kept my two lives very separate. species from widely separate parts of the world | absolutely, completely, entirely, quite, totally, wholly The waste water is kept entirely separate from the rainwater. | largely | rather, relatively, somewhat | essentially The two groups are essentially separate and independent. | apparently | hitherto, previously to merge the two previously separate businesses | geographically, physically
\nPREP. from a lifestyle which is quite separate from that of her parents
\nseparate verb
\n1 move/keep people/things apart
\nADV. completely, totally | carefully | clearly These two branches of the science have now become clearly separated. | effectively | easily, readily One cannot easily separate moral, social and political issues. | formally | legally | physically, spatially | out A magnet separates out scrap iron from the rubbish.
\nVERB + SEPARATE attempt to, try to | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to It was impossible to separate the rival fans.
\nPREP. from separating the boys from the girls | into I separated the documents into two piles.
\nPHRASES sharply separated The disciplines of science and engineering are not always sharply separated. | widely separated The two groups became widely separated.
\n2 stop living together
\nADV. legally
\nVERB + SEPARATE decide to
\nPREP. from She is separated from her husband.
\nrely verb PHRASAL VERBS rely on/upon sb/sth
\n1 need sb/sth
\nADV. heavily, a lot, strongly countries that rely heavily on food aid | entirely, exclusively, solely | increasingly | largely, mainly | traditionally
\nVERB + RELY be forced to, have to, must people who are forced to rely on public transport | tend to
\nPREP. for They relied entirely on these few weapons for their defence.
\n2 trust sb/sth
\nADV. safely You can safely rely on his judgement. | simply Most historians simply rely on archives.
\nVERB + RELY can/could | can/could always | can/could no longer The party could no longer rely on its traditional supporters.
\nPREP. for I couldn't rely on John for information.
\nassess verb
\n1 form an opinion
\nADV. fully | accurately, correctly, properly
\nVERB + ASSESS attempt to, try to | help to | be difficult to It is difficult to fully assess the damage.
\n2 amount/value
\nADV. accurately, correctly, properly
\nVERB + ASSESS attempt to, try to | be difficult to It is difficult to assess the building's value properly without seeing it.
\nPREP. at The legal costs have been assessed at £75,000.
\nobjective adj.
\nVERBS be, seem | remain
\nADV. truly, very | completely, purely, totally, wholly It is impossible to be completely objective. | fairly, quite, reasonably | apparently | supposedly
\nobjective noun
\nADJ. key, main, major, primary, prime, principal | broad, overall, overriding, ultimate | limited, narrow | long-term, short-term | clear, specific | stated The legislation has failed to achieve its stated objectives. | common The two groups are pursuing a common objective. | economic, educational, environmental, military, political, strategic | business, policy
\nVERB + OBJECTIVE accomplish, achieve, attain, fulfil, meet, reach, succeed in The department needs more money to fulfil its objectives. | fail in | agree, define, establish, formulate, identify, set, specify We need to establish a clear objective. | declare, state | clarify | promote, pursue
\nPREP. in an/the ~ The party is radical in its objectives. | ~ of We succeeded in our prime objective of cutting costs.
\nencourage verb
\nADV. greatly, strongly We were greatly encouraged by the support we received. | actively, positively The government must actively encourage investment in these areas.
\nVERB + ENCOURAGE aim to | try to | be designed to These questions are designed to encourage debate. | be likely to Newspapers should not publish material that is likely to encourage discrimination on the grounds of race or colour.
\nPREP. in Her head of department encouraged her in her research work.
\nadopt verb
\n1 child
\nADV. legally The child has now been legally adopted.
\nPHRASES have sb adopted She was forced to have her baby adopted.
\n2 take and use sth
\nADV. formally, officially The policy has not yet been formally adopted.
\nVERB + ADOPT tend to | decide to | be forced to
\nPREP. towards the policies employers adopt towards the labour force
\nview noun
\n1 opinion/idea about sth
\nADJ. general, popular, prevailing, widely held The prevailing view is that he has done a good job in difficult circumstances. | conflicting, differing, divergent, opposing, polarized The debate brings together experts with conflicting views. | clear, forthright, strong He's a doctor with clear views on how to prevent illness. | idealized, optimistic, positive, romantic, rosy Her rosy view of life abroad seems rather naive. | jaundiced, negative, pessimistic After his experience in jail, he has a pretty jaundiced view of the penal system. | conventional The conventional view is that work is pleasant and rewarding. | unorthodox | minority | political | liberal, modern, progressive, radical | moderate | conservative, reactionary | extremist, hard-line | stereotyped, stereotypical | informed | ill-informed, uninformed | world His world view revolves around a battle between rich and poor.
\nVERB + VIEW have, hold | take I took the view that an exception should be made in this case. | air, convey, expound, express, make known, present, put forward The meeting gave everyone the chance to air their views. She picked up the phone and made her views known to her boss. | discuss, exchange, share At the meeting, we hope people will exchange views freely. | canvass, solicit He called a meeting to solicit the views of his staff. | reflect, represent His letter to the management did not reflect the views of his colleagues. | adhere to, agree with, endorse | confirm, support | challenge His music challenges the view that modern jazz is inaccessible.
\nPREP. in your ~ In my view it was a waste of time. | ~ about Teachers generally keep their views about politics hidden. | ~ on Experts hold widely differing views on this subject.
\nPHRASES an exchange of views It's good to have a full and frank exchange of views. | a point of view From a teacher's point of view, activities that can be done with minimal preparation are invaluable. | take a dim view of sth (= have a poor opinion of sth) My mother takes a pretty dim view of my cooking skills.
\n2 ability to see/be seen from a particular place
\nADJ. good, grandstand, wonderful | poor, terrible We had a poor view of the stage from where we were sitting. | clear, unimpeded, uninterrupted, unobstructed | back, front, rear, side The picture shows a front view of the car. | close, close-up | public Tensions within the band remained hidden from public view. | overall (figurative) The staff handbook gives an overall view of the company.
\nVERB + VIEW get, have The pillar prevented me getting a clear view of the action. | give sb The patio gave an unimpeded view across the headland to the sea. | block A woman in a very large hat was blocking my view of the procession. | come into A large truck suddenly came into view. | disappear from They stood waving on the platform, until the train disappeared from view. | be hidden from
\nPREP. in ~ There was nobody in view. | on ~ The carriage was put on view for the public to see.
\nPHRASES in full view (of sth) He was shot in full view of a large crowd.
\n3 scenery
\nADJ. breathtaking, fine, lovely, magnificent, spectacular, splendid, stunning, superb, wonderful a room with a breathtaking view across the bay | commanding, panoramic | mountain, sea, etc.
\nVERB + VIEW afford, boast, enjoy, give, have Most rooms enjoy panoramic views of the sea. The large windows give fine views of the surrounding countryside. | admire, enjoy a place to unwind and enjoy the view
\nPREP. ~ across/over a view over the valley | ~ from the view from his apartment | ~ of
\nPHRASES a room with a view
\nstability noun
\nADJ. greater | relative | long-term | internal | economic, financial, monetary, price | political, social | emotional
\nVERB + STABILITY achieve, bring, ensure, give sb, provide (sb with) The policy should bring greater monetary stability to the country. | lack | threaten, undermine | maintain, preserve
\nPHRASES a period of stability The country was enjoying a period of political stability. | a threat to stability The conflict is becoming a threat to stability in the region.
\nclient noun
\nADJ. big The company needs to focus on its biggest clients. | new | potential, prospective | established, existing, regular | business, corporate | private
\nVERB + CLIENT serve A new branch has been opened to serve clients in East London. | act for, represent | take on She's so busy that she's not taking on any new clients. | attract a campaign to attract new clients
\nPREP. on behalf of ~ On behalf of my client, I would like to remind you of your obligations in this matter.
\ninstrumental adj.
\n1 important in making sth happen
\nVERBS be | become
\nADV. highly | largely | partly
\nPREP. in They were highly instrumental in bringing the business to Newtown.
\n2 being only a means to an end
\nVERBS be
\nADV. very | purely | merely | essentially
\ninstrument noun
\n1 tool for a particular task
\nADJ. precision | sophisticated | reliable | crude | blunt The autopsy revealed that the deceased had been hit with a blunt instrument. (figurative) Even though it was a somewhat blunt instrument (= not very precise), our questionnaire provided us with some interesting ideas. | sharp | small | delicate | appropriate | research | drawing, measuring, writing | astronomical, flight, flying, mathematical, medical, navigation, navigational, optical, scientific, surgical | cockpit
\nQUANT. set a set of mathematical instruments
\nVERB + INSTRUMENT use All pupils should learn to use drawing instruments. | check, read to read the instruments and make a note of the wind speed and direction | design, develop, devise, invent | build, make All the instruments are made from glass capillary tubing.
\nINSTRUMENT + VERB measure sth an instrument that measures light intensity
\nINSTRUMENT + NOUN check The pilot did his instrument checks and taxied towards the runway. | maker | panel There was a warning light flashing on the instrument panel.
\nPHRASES an instrument of torture medieval instruments of torture such as the rack and the wheel
\n2 for playing music
\nADJ. musical | beautiful, fine | classical | modern | period baroque music played on period instruments | solo | orchestral | brass, keyboard, percussion, string/stringed, wind, woodwind | acoustic, electric, electronic
\nVERB + INSTRUMENT play (on) She plays three musical instruments. The score was written to be played on a keyboard instrument. | learn, learn (how) to play | tune Ensure the instrument is tuned to concert pitch. | make an instrument made by a woman guitar maker in Canada
\nINSTRUMENT + VERB sound The instrument sounds like a cello.
\nINSTRUMENT + NOUN maker > Special page at MUSIC
\n3 sb/sth used to make sth happen
\nADJ. chief, key, main, major, prime, principal | good, great They agreed that the UN was the best instrument for reaching agreement. | ideal | important, valuable | powerful | useful | effective | flexible | mere Some cynics say that sport is a mere instrument of capitalist domination. | chosen The despot claimed to be the chosen instrument of divine providence. | divine | political
\nVERB + INSTRUMENT perceive sb/sth as, regard sb/sth as, see sb/sth as, view sb/sth as They saw criminal law as an instrument for improving public morals. | use sb/sth as | make sb/sth
\nPREP. ~ for Criminal law is not the best instrument for dealing with family matters. | ~ of She was accused of making a public service an instrument of private advantage.
\nextend verb
\nADV. greatly, significantly Next year we will greatly extend the range of goods that we sell.
\nPREP. from, to The repayment period will be extended from 20 years to 25 years.
\ndemand noun
\n1 firm request
\nADJ. legitimate, realistic, reasonable I think your demand for higher wages is perfectly reasonable. | unrealistic, unreasonable | radical | urgent | central, key, main, major | fresh, new, renewed There have been renewed demands for the government to take action to reduce crime. | growing, increasing | final A final demand for payment had been issued. | written | financial, political | government, opposition, popular, public, royal, union The management had no intention of meeting union demands. | pay, ransom, tax, wage A ransom demand has been made for the kidnapped racehorse.
\nVERB + DEMAND issue, make, present, press, put forward Demands have been made for the immediate distribution of food to the refugees. | renew, repeat, step up Campaigners have stepped up their demands for immediate government action. | face | respond to | agree to, give in to, meet, satisfy, yield to My government cannot give in to the demands of an illegal organization. | reject, resist
\nPREP. on ~ Campaigners insist that abortion should be available on demand. | ~ for, ~ from demands from the opposition for a recount of the votes
\n2 need/desire for goods/services
\nADJ. big, buoyant, considerable, enormous, great, heavy, high, huge, insatiable, peak, strong, unprecedented Demand for the product is buoyant. There's always a great demand for our soups in winter. | burgeoning, growing, increased/increasing, rising | excess, extra | constant, steady She is in constant demand to make public appearances and give interviews. | changing, fluctuating, seasonal | current, future | latent, likely, pent-up, potential, projected, prospective | overall, total We can estimate that total market demand for electrical goods will rise by 8%. | declining, falling, limited, low, reduced, sluggish | consumer, customer, market, popular, public By popular demand, the play will run for another week. | domestic, export, foreign, local, world, worldwide The slowdown in domestic demand was offset by an increase in exports. | electricity, energy, housing, labour, etc.
\nQUANT. level a high level of demand
\nVERB + DEMAND cope with, meet, satisfy The factories are staying open all weekend to try to meet the consumer demand for this product. | create, generate It is the job of the marketing manager to create demand for the new product. | boost, increase, stimulate | reduce | exceed, outstrip Supply normally exceeds demand for the bulk of consumer goods. | forecast It can be difficult to forecast demand in the construction industry. | manage policies aimed at managing demand
\nDEMAND + VERB grow, increase, rise Demand for personal computers has risen sharply. | decline, fall, slow (down) As demand slows, the need to export will return.
\nPREP. in ~ These old machines are still in demand. | ~ among the potential demand among children | ~ for increased demand for health products | ~ from the demand from consumers | ~ on This section of the population makes a high demand on health care resources.
\nPHRASES supply and demand the law of supply and demand > Special page at BUSINESS
\n3 demands: difficult/tiring things you have to do
\nADJ. considerable, enormous, excessive, extra, great, heavy, high, impossible I think the demands of this job are excessive. | exacting, pressing | growing, increasing | competing, conflicting, contradictory | day-to-day, everyday the day-to-day demands of the job | immediate the need for scientific research freed from the immediate demands of industry | external The person who cannot say ‘no’ to others' requests is likely to be overwhelmed by external demands. | economic, emotional, financial, physical, practical, sexual, social, technical Life is hard for nurses on children's wards, where the emotional demands can be overwhelming.
\nVERB + DEMAND impose, make, place My elderly parents make a lot of demands on me. | respond to | cope with coping with the conflicting demands of work and family life
\nPREP. ~ on/upon My work seems to make more and more demands on my time.
\ndemand verb
\nADV. aggressively, angrily, coldly, fiercely, furiously, harshly, indignantly, irritably, roughly, sharply ‘Where are the keys?’ she demanded angrily.
\nPREP. from He had demanded money from her. | of They failed to provide the information demanded of them.
\nvision noun
\n1 ability to see
\nADJ. 20/20, excellent, perfect The eye test shows she has perfect vision. | normal | clear The rain prevented her having clear vision of the road ahead. | blurred, defective, distorted, impaired, poor | double, tunnel (often figurative) | all-round The high driving position gives excellent all-round vision. | binocular, stereoscopic | X-ray | distance I can read without glasses, but my distance vision is poor. | night | peripheral Use your peripheral vision widely when moving from place to place.
\nVERB + VISION have | give (sb) | obscure, restrict | blur The tears blurred her vision. | improve
\nVISION + VERB clear Her vision cleared and she realized Niall was standing beside her.
\nPREP. across your ~ A bird shot across her vision.
\nPHRASES your field of vision She was aware of shapes moving across her field of vision. | your line of vision Someone was standing in my line of vision so I couldn't see the screen.
\n2 picture in your imagination
\nADJ. disturbing, dreadful, ghastly, horrible | bleak | inner, intuitive, mental, spiritual | mystic/mystical, prophetic, religious A young girl in the village experienced a prophetic vision. | poetic | apocalyptic an apocalyptic vision of the end of civilization | momentary, sudden
\nVERB + VISION experience, have, receive I had visions of us getting hopelessly lost. | conjure up The word ‘island’ conjures up a vision of a relaxing summer holiday.
\nVISION + VERB fade As he approached, the vision faded and there was no one there.
\nPREP. in a/the ~ The idea came to her in a vision. | ~ of
\n3 ability to see/plan for the future
\nADJ. great | imaginative | alternative | broad, comprehensive, global, wide The company needs to develop a global vision. | narrow | overall | personal | clear The engineers had a clear vision of what they wanted to achieve. | common They share a common vision for the development of health services. | strategic | political | revolutionary | romantic, Utopian
\nVERB + VISION have | develop | convey, expand on/upon, outline, promote He outlined his vision for the new economic order. | impose The new leader set about imposing his vision on the party. | share | cloud He was determined not to let emotions cloud his vision.
\nPREP. of ~ a statesman of great vision | ~ for a vision for the future | ~ of an alternative vision of society
\nPHRASES breadth of vision His plans for the country's future show a remarkable breadth of vision.
\npropose verb
\nADV. seriously Are you seriously proposing that we should allow this situation to continue?
\nPREP. as The measures have been proposed as a way of improving standards. | for He was proposed for the job of treasurer.
\nPHRASES originally proposed The plan originally proposed was ruled completely unrealistic.
\nefficiency noun
\nADJ. ruthless | great, high attempts to achieve greater efficiency in the production process | maximum, optimum | low | cost | energy, fuel | mental, physical | administrative, business, economic, industrial, management, operational, organizational, production, productive, technical
\nVERB + EFFICIENCY achieve | boost, enhance, improve, increase, maximize, promote | decrease, impair, reduce
\nEFFICIENCY + NOUN drive, measures New timekeeping procedures had been introduced as part of an efficiency drive. | gains, improvements, savings the efficiency gains resulting from improved technology
\nPREP. with ~ The uprising was put down with ruthless efficiency. | ~ in greater efficiency in energy use
\nsolution noun
\n1 to a problem, difficult situation, etc.
\nADJ. complete, comprehensive | partial | effective, good, happy, ideal, neat, optimal, perfect, real His plan does not offer a real solution to the problem. | acceptable | satisfactory, workable | correct, right | easy, obvious, simple | possible | feasible, practical, realistic, viable | cost-effective | creative, imaginative, ingenious | drastic, radical | early, immediate, instant, quick, speedy The UN representative stressed the urgency of an early solution. | final, lasting, long-term, permanent, ultimate | interim, short-term, temporary | proposed | pragmatic | compromise, negotiated | diplomatic, peaceful, political | military | technical
\nVERB + SOLUTION look for, seek, work towards | achieve, agree (on), arrive at, come up with, find, produce, reach, work out attempts to find a comprehensive political solution to the crisis | propose, put forward, suggest | adopt | offer, provide
\nPREP. ~ for a quick solution for dealing with the paper shortage | ~ to They were seeking an ultimate solution to the city's traffic problem.
\n2 liquid in which a solid has been dissolved
\nADJ. concentrated, neat, strong | dilute, weak | saturated | acid | alkaline | aqueous | saline, salt | bicarbonate, sodium chloride, etc.
\nSOLUTION + VERB contain
\nPREP. in ~ aluminium ions in solution
\nconclusion noun
\n1 opinion reached after considering the facts
\nADJ. correct | logical, reasonable, valid | inescapable, inevitable, obvious | erroneous, false, wrong | main | hasty
\nVERB + CONCLUSION arrive at, come to, draw, reach I can't draw any conclusions from what she said. | jump to, leap to We don't want to jump to the wrong conclusion. Don't go jumping to conclusions before you know the facts. | lead to, point to It all points to the conclusion that nobody knew what was going on.
\n2 ending of sth
\nADJ. satisfactory, successful | foregone The result of the match was a foregone conclusion. | hasty
\nVERB + CONCLUSION bring about, bring sth to The meeting was brought to a hasty conclusion. | come to
\nPREP. in ~ In conclusion, I would like to thank you all for your hard work. > Special page at MEETING
\npresence noun
\n1 being present
\nADJ. mere The mere presence of children in the room is enough to upset him. | constant, continued, continuing, permanent | strong The company now has a strong presence in Germany.
\nVERB + PRESENCE indicate, reveal, show These chemicals could indicate the presence of water on the planet. | acknowledge He acknowledged our presence with a nod of his head. | detect | grace sb with (ironic or humorous) How nice of you to grace us with your presence!
\nPREP. in sb's ~ He should never have made those remarks in your presence.
\nPHRASES make your presence felt/known She certainly made her presence felt in the boardroom.
\n2 number of people
\nADJ. constant | military, police There was a strong police presence throughout the demonstration.
\nVERB + PRESENCE maintain The army maintains a constant presence in the area.
\n3 force of personality
\nADJ. charismatic, commanding, formidable, great, imposing, powerful, strong | stage He had a formidable stage presence.
\nVERB + PRESENCE have
\nclaim noun
\n1 statement saying that sth is true
\nADJ. false, unfounded, unsubstantiated | conflicting There are conflicting claims about the cause of the fire. | absurd, astonishing, extravagant, grandiose
\nVERB + CLAIM make The company had made false claims about its products. I make no claim to understand modern art. | accept They accepted her claim that she had been ill-treated. | challenge | deny, dismiss, dispute, reject Claims of a cover-up were dismissed. | back up, substantiate, support They were able to produce witnesses to support their claim. | investigate
\nPREP. ~ about to investigate claims about appalling prison conditions | ~ of Claims of corruption within the police force were denied.
\n2 demand for sth
\nADJ. large, small | excessive excessive wage claims | legal, legitimate | bogus, fraudulent Police are investigating fraudulent claims for fire damage. | accident, compensation, damage/damages, insurance, pay, wage | civil to file a civil claim for damages
\nVERB + CLAIM bring, file, lodge, make, put forward/in, submit She brought a claim for damages against the company. | drop, waive, withdraw | investigage | allow, uphold His claim for compensation was upheld in court. | dismiss | win | meet, pay, settle We will need extra funds to meet all the insurance claims.
\nCLAIM + VERB arise claims arising out of accidents at work | fail The claim failed because the company had not been misled.
\nCLAIM + NOUN form
\nPREP. ~ against claims against the company for breach of contract | ~ for a claim for compensation | ~ on to make a claim on your insurance policy I have many claims on my time.
\n3 right to have sth
\nADJ. good, strong | competing, rival competing claims for public money | prior She had a prior claim on his affections. | moral | territorial
\nVERB + CLAIM have He has a good claim to the land. | assert, lay, press, stake Four men laid claim to leadership of the country. to stake a claim to some of the prize money | establish, prove You will have to prove your claim to the property in a court of law. | relinquish, renounce, withdraw
\nPREP. ~ on His children have a claim on his estate. | ~ to She renounced her claim to the property.
\nclaim verb
\n1 say that sth is true
\nADV. justifiably, rightfully, rightly | falsely, wrongly The company had falsely claimed that its products were biodegradable.
\nVERB + CLAIM attempt to, try to He tried to claim that he had acted in self-defence.
\n2 ask for sth you think you have a right to have
\nADV. back You can claim back some of the cost of your treatment.
\nVERB + CLAIM be able to, be entitled to, can/could You might be entitled to claim compensation if you are injured at work. | attempt to, try to
\nPREP. on Can't you claim on your insurance?
\ntransform verb
\nADV. considerably, fundamentally, profoundly, radically The riots radically transformed the situation. | completely, entirely, totally, utterly | quickly, rapidly | gradually, slowly | suddenly | apparently | miraculously He seems to have been miraculously transformed into a first-class player. | overnight Things cannot be transformed overnight.
\nVERB + TRANSFORM help (to) | manage to
\nPREP. from, into The place was transformed from a quiet farming village into a busy port.
\nPHRASES the power to transform sb/sth the power of religion to transform our hearts and minds
\ngenerate verb
\nADV. quickly | automatically, spontaneously People used to believe that dirt spontaneously generated disease. | randomly a sequence of randomly generated fractions | externally, internally internally generated revenue | locally
\nVERB + GENERATE help (to) the opportunity to help generate ideas | be used to The wind turbines are used to generate electricity. | be expected to, be likely to The lottery is expected to generate substantial funds for charities.
\nPREP. from Living cells generate energy from food. profits generated from the company's activities
\nfailure noun
\n1 lack of success
\nADJ. complete, total | abject, humiliating, ignominious The attempt ended in abject failure. | inevitable | costly | alleged, apparent, perceived | evident | comparative, relative | initial Initial failure was followed by unexpected, if modest, success. | ultimate War is the ultimate failure of public communication. | personal | moral | academic | economic, financial | military
\nVERB + FAILURE be doomed to, end in, result in All her efforts were doomed to failure. | admit, confess He was too proud to admit failure. | expect Children who are doing badly tend to expect failure and criticism. | fear | avoid
\nFAILURE + NOUN rate There is a high failure rate with this treatment.
\nPHRASES fear of failure Fear of failure should not deter you from trying. | a history of failure John had a long history of academic failure. | a possibility/risk of failure, a sense of failure
\n2 unsuccessful person/thing
\nADJ. great, serious | complete, total, utter | catastrophic, disastrous | abject, conspicuous, dismal, humiliating, ignominious, lamentable, miserable | costly | heroic Her ideas were large: if she could not succeed, she would at least be a heroic failure. | alleged, apparent, perceived | evident | comparative, relative | past to learn from past failures | rare The film was one of the rare failures in his career. | unexpected | personal | collective | moral | academic | economic, financial economic failure and increasing unemployment | military
\nVERB + FAILURE be, represent | prove The venture proved a costly failure. | feel I felt a complete failure. | consider sb/sth, regard sb/sth as | brand sb/sth, pronounce sb/sth Her parents had long since branded her a failure.
\nFAILURE + VERB arise from sth failures arising from circumstances beyond your control
\nPREP. ~ of The decision to withdraw funding represents a failure of imagination.
\n3 not doing sth
\nADJ. fundamental | general | manifest | consistent, constant, continued/continuing, persistent, repeated | government, management government failure to listen to the voice of the electorate
\nVERB + FAILURE excuse, justify seeking to excuse his failure to ask her permission
\n4 of a machine/system/part of the body, etc.
\nADJ. battery, brake, component, computer, engine, equipment, mechanical, power, system, technical | bank, business, commercial, company, corporate, market Business failures rose by 30% in 2001. | brain, heart, kidney, liver | crop, harvest | communication
\nVERB + FAILURE cause, lead to, result in a rare viral infection that can lead to heart failure
\nFAILURE + VERB occur A power failure occurred between 4 and 5 p.m.
\nPREP. ~ in a failure in the computer system
\nadvanced adj.
\n1 modern and highly developed
\nVERBS be
\nADV. extremely, highly, very a highly advanced economy | fairly, quite, relatively | industrially, technically, technologically
\n2 at a late stage of development
\nVERBS be
\nADV. far, greatly, well The disease was too far advanced for doctors to operate. | fairly, quite | further
\nadvance noun
\n1 forward movement
\nADJ. rapid | Allied, British, German, etc.
\nVERB + ADVANCE make The regiment made an advance on the enemy lines. | order The general ordered an advance to the front line. | halt, resist, stop
\nPREP. on ~ the advance on Leningrad | to ~, towards ~ the Russian advance towards Berlin
\n2 development
\nADJ. big, considerable, dramatic, enormous, great, spectacular, substantial, tremendous | important, major, notable, remarkable, significant | rapid, steady rapid advances in science and technology | recent | economic, educational, medical, political, scientific, social, technical, technological | theoretical
\nVERB + ADVANCE make We need more money if we are to make any further advances in this area of science.
\nPREP. in ~ two major advances in orthopaedic medicine | on ~ an advance on the existing techniques | towards ~ an advance towards a better understanding of God
\n3 money
\nADJ. large | cash
\nVERB + ADVANCE give, pay The publishers have paid me an advance. | get, receive
\nPREP. ~ of an advance of £10,000 | ~ on He was paid £5,000 as an advance on royalties.
\n4 advances: sexual
\nADJ. amorous, sexual
\nVERB + ADVANCE make He made amorous advances to one of his students.
\nPREP. ~ to
\nadvance verb
\n1 move forward
\nADV. quickly, rapidly | cautiously, slowly
\nPREP. from advancing from the south | into The troops advanced into central Europe. | on/upon The army advanced on the capital. | towards He advanced towards me in aggressive style.
\n2 develop
\nADV. considerably, greatly, significantly | rapidly
\nPREP. beyond Society needs to advance beyond prejudice and superstition.
\nconnection noun
\n1 relationship between two things
\nADJ. clear, close, direct, intimate, strong There is a close connection between family background and academic achievement. | tenuous | obvious | causal
\nVERB + CONNECTION have His death had no connection with drugs. | discover, establish, find, make, see Researchers have now established a connection between air pollution and asthma. She did not make the connection between her diet and her poor health. | break, sever She wanted to sever all her connections with the firm.
\nPREP. in ~ with I am writing in connection with your recent job application. | ~ between the connection between crime and alcohol | ~ to/with What is your connection with the school?
\nPHRASES in that/this connection (= for reasons connected with sth recently mentioned)
\n2 place where wires/pipes join together
\nADJ. loose | electrical, pipe
\nVERB + CONNECTION break If you break the connection, the light won't come on.
\nCONNECTION + NOUN charge
\nPREP. ~ to waiting for connection to the water mains
\n3 bus/train/plane
\nADJ. good | bus, rail/railway, train
\nVERB + CONNECTION make | miss
\nPREP. ~ between There are good connections between the resort and major cities. | ~ to We'll be lucky if we make our connection to Paris. | ~ with good connections with New York
\n4 person you know
\nADJ. good | aristocratic | business, family, personal, political, professional, social
\nVERB + CONNECTION have I have some good business connections in New York. He has connections (= he knows important people who would be able to help him). | use She used her connections to get the job.
\njournal noun
\n1 serious magazine
\nADJ. academic, learned, scholarly | professional, technical, trade | house/in-house the house journal of the South Western Gas Board | non-specialist, specialist | research, reviewing | business, literary, medical, science/scientific | august, highly-ranked/high-ranking, leading, major, prestigious ‘Nature’ was the highest-ranked journal in thte survey. | official It's the official journal of the Medical Foundation. | international, national | monthly, quarterly, weekly
\nQUANT. copy Please send me two copies of your new journal. | edition, issue, volume
\nVERB + JOURNAL read | edit, write for an academic who writes for specialist journals | produce, publish | buy, get, subscribe to She subscribes to quite a few academic journals.
\nJOURNAL + VERB come out The journal comes out five times a year.
\nJOURNAL + NOUN article | editor
\nPREP. in a/the ~ an article in a medical journal | ~ of the British Journal of Geology
\n2 diary
\nADJ. private | daily
\nVERB + JOURNAL keep, write Lady Franklin kept a daily journal of the voyage. | read
\nJOURNAL + NOUN entry Her journal entry for that day describes a thunder storm.
\nPREP. in a/the ~ The events are all recorded in her journal. | ~ of He wrote a journal of his travels.
\ninitiative noun
\n1 new plan
\nADJ. fresh, new fresh initiatives to find a peaceful end to the conflict | pioneering pioneering initiatives in bioengineering | current, latest, recent | important, major | welcome | successful | practical | exciting | private | co-operative, joint | international, local, national, regional | government | business, diplomatic, economic, education/educational, environmental, marketing, peace, policy, political, research, training
\nQUANT. range, series
\nVERB + INITIATIVE undertake The research initiative is being undertaken by a group of environmentalists. | plan | develop | announce | introduce, launch, set up, start The government has launched a new policy initiative. | be/become involved in Ten schools have been involved in the initiative. | lead | approve | reject The peace initiative was rejected out of hand. | sponsor a peace initiative sponsored by the Organization of African Unity | endorse, support The committee endorsed an initiative by the chairman to enter discussion about a possible merger. | welcome We welcome the government's initiative to help the homeless. | praise | encourage
\nINITIATIVE + VERB be aimed at sth, be designed to a local initiative aimed at economic regeneration an initiative designed to promote collaborative research | involve sth, relate to sth | founder The initiative foundered because there was no market interest in redevelopment.
\nPREP. ~ against a new initiative against car theft | ~ by the latest initiative by the UN Secretary General | ~ for an initiative for peace and human rights | ~ on the government's major new initiative on crime > Special page at BUSINESS
\n2 ability to decide/act independently
\nADJ. considerable, great, real | individual, personal, private It is a very hierarchical company and there's little place for individual initiative. | entrepreneurial
\nVERB + INITIATIVE have He had the initiative to ask what time the last train left. | display, show | act/work on your own, use He acted on his own initiative and wasn't following orders. Don't ask me what you should do all the time. Use your initiative! | lack | encourage, promote | stifle Raising taxes on small businesses will stifle initiative.
\nPREP. on sb's ~ The project was set up on the initiative of a local landowner. | ~ in Some scientists show little initiative in applying their knowledge.
\nPHRASES a lack of initiative, on your own initiative In an unprecedented action, the army, on its own initiative, arrested seven civilians.
\n3 the initiative: opportunity to gain an advantage
\nVERB + INITIATIVE have, hold After their latest setback, the rebel forces no longer hold the initiative. | gain, seize, take | regain In the second half, Manchester United regained the initiative. | lose
\nINITIATIVE + VERB comes from sb/sth, lie with sb The initiative to re-open negotiations came from Moscow.
\nPREP. ~ in She took the initiative in asking the board to conduct an enquiry.
\nenhance verb
\nADV. considerably, dramatically, enormously, greatly, much, significantly, substantially The attractiveness of the book is much enhanced by Mark Stevens's drawings. | directly | further | undoubtedly
\nVERB + ENHANCE can/could, may/might things that can significantly enhance the quality of your life | help (to), serve to | be designed to, seek to reforms designed to enhance market efficiency
\naccurate adj.
\nVERBS be, prove His predictions proved accurate.
\nADV. deadly, extremely, highly, very | amazingly, remarkably, surprisingly, uncannily | completely, perfectly, totally | not completely, not entirely, not quite, not strictly, not wholly The figures he gave were not strictly accurate. | partially | broadly, fairly, generally, largely, pretty, quite, reasonably, sufficiently | historically, statistically
\nPHRASES full and accurate He gave a full and accurate account of his movements.
\nfacility noun
\n1 facilities buildings/services/equipment
\nADJ. excellent, first-class, good | adequate, appropriate, proper, suitable | inadequate, poor | basic, limited a hotel with only basic facilities | modern, up-to-date | extensive | extra | available, existing We are looking to upgrade the existing facilities. | essential, necessary to improve access to essential facilities | local, community hospitals, schools and other major community facilities | communal, shared The toilets and other communal facilities were in a shocking state. | public | disabled The railway station was criticized for its lack of disabled facilities. | conference | airport, hotel | bar, holiday, leisure, play, recreational, social, sporting/sports | transport, travel | parking | shopping | storage | canteen, dining, restaurant | catering, cooking, kitchen | baby changing, bathroom, laundry, sanitary, shower, toilet, washing | en suite, private All bedrooms offer private facilities (= a private bathroom). | health, health care, hospital, medical | childcare, creche, day care, nursery | educational, training | library, research | laboratory | computing
\nVERB + FACILITY have, offer, provide | improve, upgrade | make use of, use I made full use of the computing facilities.
\nFACILITY + VERB be available, exist | include sth Facilities include a large indoor pool, jacuzzi and sauna.
\nPREP. ~ for The school has no facilities for the teaching of music. The hotel provides excellent facilities for children.
\nPHRASES a range of facilities
\n2 special feature of a machine/service
\nADJ. central The archive offers a central facility for cataloguing and indexing data. | back-up The report warns that there are no back-up facilities if the reprocessing plant breaks down. | support training and other support facilities | special | useful | flexible A First National Bank loan is an extremely flexible facility. | technical | cheque book, credit, loan, overdraft a bank account with an overdraft facility | editing, graphics, help, mail, search, word processing (all computing)
\nVERB + FACILITY have, offer, provide | use
\nFACILITY + VERB allow (for) sth The cheque book facility allows for a minimum withdrawal of £200.
\nPREP. ~ for The device has a facility for storing any sound you like.
\n3 natural ability
\nADJ. amazing, great
\nVERB + FACILITY have | show
\nPREP. with ~ He played with great facility. | ~ for She showed an amazing facility for mind-reading.
\nprotection noun
\nADJ. adequate, effective | legal | police Witnesses at the trial were given police protection. | animal, child, consumer, data, environmental, personal, wildlife Animal protection supporters gathered to protest against hunting. She carries a gun in her bag for personal protection. | fire, flood Fire protection equipment must be available on all floors. | sun sun protection products
\nQUANT. degree A helmet affords the cyclist some degree of protection against injury.
\nVERB + PROTECTION afford (sb), give (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with)
\nPROTECTION + NOUN law, legislation, order The couple were found guilty of violation of child protection laws. | measures, mechanism, scheme, system
\nPREP. under the ~ of Many British wild animals are now under the protection of the Wildlife and Countryside Act. | ~ against Fill the cooling system with antifreeze as a protection against frost. | ~ from The high walls give the garden protection from the wind.
\nPHRASES a means of protection The skunk releases a pungent smell as a means of protection.
\nextent noun
\nADJ. full, greatest, maximum, overall The overall extent of civilian casualties remained unclear. | actual, exact, precise, true | geographical, territorial
\nVERB + EXTENT reach The railway network had reached its greatest extent in route mileage. | see | consider, examine, explore, investigate | assess, calculate, estimate, evaluate, gauge, judge, measure | define, determine, establish, identify a statement defining the extent of Latvia's territory | discover | acknowledge, appreciate, realize, recognize | know, understand We do not yet know the extent of her injuries. | demonstrate, illustrate, indicate, make clear, reflect, reveal, show The operation revealed the extent of the cancer. | outline a lengthy agenda outlining the extent of global environmental problems | discuss | clarify, explain | emphasize, highlight, underline The victory underlined the extent to which Prussia had become a major power. | exaggerate, overstate She was exaggerating the true extent of the problem. | overestimate | underestimate | play down, underplay, understate The government sought to play down the extent of the problem. | ignore | conceal, obscure | limit, reduce, restrict to reduce the extent of deforestation
\nPREP. in ~ The park is about 20 acres in extent. | to an ~ To an extent (= to some degree) East-West distrust continued throughout the war. | to a … ~ He had withdrawn from the company of his friends to an alarming extent.
\nPHRASES at sth's fullest/greatest extent At its fullest extent the Angevin Empire comprised most of western France. | to a considerable/great/large/significant extent, to a certain/to some extent To some extent, we are all responsible for this tragic situation. | to a lesser/limited/small extent The pollution of the forest has seriously affected plant life and, to a lesser extent, wildlife. | to the same extent People no longer live in small communities to the same extent as they used to.
\nconsequence noun
\nADJ. full | far-reaching, important, profound | adverse, bad, catastrophic, damaging, dangerous, devastating, dire, disastrous, fatal, harmful, negative, serious, severe, terrible, tragic, unfortunate, unpleasant | beneficial, good, positive | major, main | direct, immediate | indirect | inevitable, necessary | likely, possible, potential | logical, natural | long-term, short-term | unintended | ecological, economic, electoral, environmental, financial, legal, physical, political, social to face up to the physical consequences of ageing
\nVERB + CONSEQUENCE have, lead to The practice had far-reaching environmental consequences. | accept, bear, face (up to), suffer, take You must accept the full consequences of your behaviour.
\nCONSEQUENCE + VERB arise, ensue, follow the important electoral consequences that will follow from this decision
\nPREP. as a ~ Hundreds of people lost their jobs as a direct consequence of the merger. | in ~ (of) (formal) The child was born deformed in consequence of an injury to its mother. | ~ for This could have serious consequences for the economy.
\ninstitute noun
\nADJ. professional | independent | government | international, national | economic, education, educational, research, scientific, technical
\nVERB + INSTITUTE establish, found, set up | open | belong to She belongs to the Chartered Institute of Management. | join
\nINSTITUTE + VERB find sth The environmental research institute found that the global average temperature had risen by 1.2°C. | claim sth, say sth The Institute says that an unidentified virus is to blame for the syndrome. | publish sth | provide sth an institute providing opportunities to veterinary graduates
\nPREP. at an/the ~ She used to give lectures at the Mechanics' Institute. | in/within an/the ~ He is a key figure in the Institute of Mathematics. | ~ for the International Institute for Economic Development | ~ of
\n PHRASES a founder of an institute, a member of an institute \n \n \n
More information about ORGANIZATION\n \n
create, establish, form, found, set up, start ~ an association created to promote local industry The company was founded in 1981.
\ndissolve ~ (often law) She sought a court order to have the partnership dissolved.
\nrun ~ He runs an accountancy firm.
\nmanage ~ The executive committee manages the group on a day-to-day basis.
\nbe/become a member of, join ~ She became a member of the Society of Arts.
\nleave ~ The country plans to leave the organization.
\n \n \ncontent adj.
\nVERBS appear, be, feel, seem
\nADV. perfectly, quite, utterly I'm perfectly content just to lie in the sun. | fairly, reasonably, relatively | apparently | curiously, strangely She felt curiously content.
\nPREP. with She seemed quite content with the idea.
\ncontent noun
\n1 contents things inside sth
\nVERB + CONTENT empty She emptied the contents of her bag on the floor
\n2 amount of a substance that sth contains
\nADJ. high foods with a high fibre content | low | alcohol, calorie, carbon, fat, fibre, moisture, protein, sugar, sulphur, vitamin, etc.
\ndevice noun
\nADJ. clever, ingenious | labour-saving, useful | complex, sophisticated | simple | hi-tech | hand-held | automatic, electrical, electronic, mechanical | bugging, contraceptive, measuring, safety, timing, warning Police found several bugging devices in the room. | explosive, incendiary An incendiary device exploded in the store, setting fire to furniture.
\nVERB + DEVICE be fitted with, have All new cars are now fitted with these safety devices. | design, develop, make | use He measured the room using an ingenious new electronic device.
\nDEVICE + VERB consist of sth The device consists of a large wheel mounted on a metal post. | be designed to a tiny device designed to trace telephone calls | work The device worked exactly as I'd hoped.
\nPREP. ~ for a useful device for checking electrical circuits
\nscholar noun
\nADJ. brilliant, distinguished, eminent, famous, great, leading, outstanding | visiting | biblical, classical, French, history, literary, etc.
\nunique adj.
\nVERBS be | make sb/sth Its magnificent proportions make this palace unique among the buildings of the world.
\nADV. quite, totally, truly The city has an atmosphere which is quite unique. | by no means, far from, hardly Although such a case is rare, it is by no means unique. | almost, virtually | apparently
\nPREP. to This monkey is unique to the island.
\ndifficult adj.
\nVERBS be, look, prove, seem, sound | become, get It is getting more and more difficult to find a job. | make sth The fog made driving very difficult. | find sth
\nADV. exceedingly, extraordinarily, extremely, incredibly, particularly, really, very | doubly Her disability made taking care of the home and raising a family doubly difficult. | increasingly | a bit, quite, rather | notoriously Birth rates are notoriously difficult to predict.
\ndifficulty noun
\nADJ. considerable, enormous, grave, great, major, real, serious, severe We had enormous difficulty in getting hold of the right equipment. | insurmountable | increasing questions of increasing difficulty | inherent the difficulties inherent in treating overdose patients | particular, special English spelling presents special difficulties for foreign learners. | economic, financial | practical, technical I think we've managed to overcome most of the practical difficulties. | behavioural, emotional, learning children with learning difficulties
\nQUANT. level The games have various different levels of difficulty.
\nVERB + DIFFICULTY encounter, experience, face, get into, have, run into Among the difficulties encountered was a lack of cooperation on the part of the authorities. Anyone experiencing difficulty with radio reception should call us on the new helpline. Let me know if you have any difficulties. I had little difficulty in persuading the others to come. The scheme has run into serious difficulties. | cause, create, make, present Will it cause any difficulties if I go early? She is always making difficulties for herself. | cope with, deal with, overcome, resolve, solve, surmount | avoid how to avoid technical difficulties | be fraught with The situation was fraught with difficulty.
\nDIFFICULTY + VERB arise, crop up Difficulties arise when people fail to consult their colleagues. | lie (in sth) The difficulty lies in identifying the precise nature of the problem.
\nPREP. despite a/the ~ Despite all the difficulties, he still remains optimistic. | in ~ We could see that the swimmer was in difficulties. | with/without ~ We crossed the border without any difficulty. Life in the city was not without its difficulties. | ~ in She had difficulty in starting her car. | ~ of the difficulty of finding affordable accommodation | ~ with having difficulty with the engine
\ndiscipline noun
\n1 controlling behaviour
\nADJ. effective, firm, good, strong We need better discipline in our schools. | harsh, iron, rigid, strict strict military discipline | lax, poor Discipline was too lax. | staff, team | military, naval, party, prison, school, work
\nVERB + DISCIPLINE enforce, exercise, exert, impose the discipline that the party exercises over its members | keep, maintain The teacher was unable to maintain discipline. | accept, submit to They submitted to the discipline imposed by their leaders. | have The school was criticized for having very poor discipline. | lack Modern schools lack discipline. | tighten The new headmaster tightened discipline in the school. | relax | restore
\nPHRASES a breach of discipline It's unfair to dismiss somebody for a single breach of discipline. | a breakdown of discipline a breakdown of discipline in the classroom | a lack of discipline
\n2 controlling yourself
\nADJ. good, great, useful, valuable It is good discipline to learn to delegate. | strict | personal | mental, spiritual | business, commercial, financial, fiscal, industrial, market, monetary The chancellor has stabilized the economy through strict fiscal discipline.
\nVERB + DISCIPLINE have He'll never get anywhere working for himself?he's got no discipline. | show | lack | demand, require, take It takes great discipline to learn a musical instrument.
\nPHRASES a lack of discipline
\n3 subject of study
\nADJ. core, main, major Students are to be tested on the three core disciplines: maths, English and science. | distinct, independent When did sociology emerge as a distinct discipline? | established, traditional | subject | academic, intellectual They established psychology as an academic discipline. | professional | humanities, science/scientific
\nPREP. across ~s There is a lack of communication across disciplines (= between teachers and students of different subjects). | within a/the ~ Within a discipline there may be more than one school of thought.
\nPHRASES a range of disciplines The university offers a wide range of disciplines.
\nsustain verb
\nADV. long The soil was so badly eroded it could no longer sustain crop production. | indefinitely | still
\nVERB + SUSTAIN be able/unable to, can/could | help (to) | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to This relationship would be very difficult to sustain.
\ncapacity noun
\n1 amount held/produced
\nADJ. high, large a high capacity electric pump large capacity disk drives | limited, small | maximum, total a total capacity of 50 litres | excess, spare spare capacity in the health service | economic, productive | earning The qualification should increase my earning capacity. | carrying, nuclear, seating, storage | engine, lung
\nVERB + CAPACITY have | be filled/packed to The theatre was filled to capacity (= was full) for every performance. | expand, increase | reduce
\nCAPACITY + NOUN audience, crowd
\nPHRASES operate/work at full capacity (= to produce the maximum amount possible)
\n2 ability
\nADJ. amazing, enormous, great, remarkable | limited | innate, natural Children have an innate capacity to understand language. | intellectual, mental | human the human capacity for compassion
\nVERB + CAPACITY have | lose She seems to have lost the capacity to enjoy herself. | increase | reduce, restrict
\nPREP. beyond your ~ This maths is beyond the capacity of most school children. | within your ~ The mountain walk is well within the capacity of most fit people. | ~ for her amazing capacity for organization
\n3 official position
\nADJ. official | personal, private, unofficial, voluntary | professional | acting, caretaker | advisory | judicial
\nVERB + CAPACITY act in, work in I have worked in an advisory capacity with many hospitals.
\nPREP. in your ~ In my capacity as president, I would like to thank Jack for his hard work.
\nperceive verb
\nADV. clearly | dimly Babies are weak and vulnerable in the presence of huge shapes that they can only dimly perceive. | directly the world of directly perceived objects | differently Risks are perceived differently by different people. | easily, readily The industrial bias of canal building can be readily perceived by looking at Figure 7.3. | correctly | immediately
\nVERB + PERCEIVE be able/unable to, can/could | fail to | be difficult to
\nPREP. as The General's words were perceived as a threat by neighbouring countries.
\nPHRASES commonly/generally/widely perceived It is widely perceived as a women's health problem, but it does also affect men. | a failure/an inability to perceive sth
\nensure verb
\nVERB + ENSURE must | aim to, try to | take action/care/steps to We must take steps now to ensure the survival of these animals. | be designed to provisions designed to ensure safe conditions of work | help (to) | be important to, be necessary to, be sufficient to It is important to ensure that delegates have been properly briefed.
\nPHRASES an attempt to ensure sth, efforts/measures to ensure sth
\ncombination noun
\nADJ. perfect, right, unbeatable, winning The orchestra played with a winning combination of gusto and precision. | attractive, delicious, good, happy, powerful | curious, rare, strange, unique, unusual | colour an unusual colour combination
\nPREP. in ~ (with) The materials can be used singly or in combination. Hepatitis D exists only in combination with the hepatitis B virus. | ~ of a delicious combination of flavours
\nemphasize verb
\nADV. strongly | rightly The new law rightly emphasizes parental responsibility.
\nVERB + EMPHASIZE must, should I must emphasize that this is only a summary, and the full report will not be available until next week. | be important to It is important to emphasize this point. | seem to, serve to, tend to All the arguments and counter-arguments serve to emphasize the controversy surrounding this disease. | fail to | be at pains to, be keen to I have been at pains to emphasize the positive aspects of discipline.
\nacceptance noun
\nADJ. complete, full, total, unconditional, wholehearted | conditional, grudging, reluctant | gradual | greater, growing, increasing Alternative medicines are now winning greater acceptance among doctors. | general, popular, public, universal, wide, widespread | blind, easy, immediate, ready, uncritical, unquestioning, voluntary Their attitude was condemned as blind acceptance of authority. | implicit, passive, tacit | formal, official | social
\nVERB + ACCEPTANCE find, gain, win The idea was slow to gain general acceptance. | seek The group is now seeking formal acceptance.
\nACCEPTANCE + NOUN speech
\nsector noun
\n1 part of the business activity of a country
\nADJ. important, key | growing, growth | independent, private | public, state | voluntary | formal | informal | agricultural, banking, business, commercial, corporate, economic, financial, further/higher education, health, industrial, industry, manufacturing, market, primary, retail, service The survey covers a wide range of industry sectors. | rural, urban
\nPREP. in a/the ~ employment opportunities in the higher education sector
\nPHRASES a sector of the economy/market
\n2 part of an area or of a large group of people
\nVERB + SECTOR divide sth into Berlin was divided into four sectors after the war.
\nPHRASES a sector of the population/society
\ncommitment noun
\n1 willingness to give time/energy to sth
\nADJ. absolute, complete, full, total | clear, deep, firm, genuine, great, passionate, real, serious, strong | continued, continuing, increased, increasing, lifelong, long-term, ongoing | general, open-ended | government, personal, professional, public | emotional, ideological, moral, political, religious
\nQUANT. degree, level
\nVERB + COMMITMENT give, make The prime minister made a firm commitment to increasing spending on health. | demonstrate, display, show to demonstrate a commitment to human rights | lack | affirm, reaffirm | require Learning to play the violin requires strong commitment. | gain The government has managed to gain the commitment of employers to the scheme.
\nPREP. ~ on The government avoided giving any commitments on pensions. | ~ to his lifelong commitment to the socialist cause
\nPHRASES a lack of commitment
\n2 a responsibility
\nADJ. big, considerable, major | binding | prior | international, overseas | business, domestic, family, financial, military, social, teaching, work
\nVERB + COMMITMENT have, take on I don't want to take on any more commitments. | fulfil, honour, meet She can't meet her financial commitments. | get out of, wriggle out of He is trying to wriggle out of his various domestic commitments.
\nPREP. ~ on to honour commitments on reduction of air pollution
\n3 agreeing to use money/time/people for sth
\nADJ. heavy a heavy commitment of capital
\nexperiment noun
\nADJ. animal protesting against animal experiments | field, laboratory | educational, medical, psychological, scientific | practical | thought His efforts involved thought experiments and analogies, rather than detailed experimentation. | simple | brief | careful, control (science), controlled | interesting | ingenious | pioneering | bold the country's bold experiment with economic reform | successful, unsuccessful | pilot, preliminary | further Further experiments will be carried out to verify this result. | celebrated, classic/classical, famous, well-known Pavlov's famous experiment with the dog and the dinner bell | unique Brazil's unique experiment with alcohol-fuelled cars
\nVERB + EXPERIMENT carry out, conduct, do, perform | try The school decided to try an experiment in single-sex teaching. | design | set up | describe, report a classic experiment reported in 1964
\nEXPERIMENT + VERB confirm sth, demonstrate sth, find sth, illustrate sth, prove sth, show sth | indicate sth, suggest sth | be aimed at sth, be designed to do sth an experiment aimed at cutting road deaths resulting from excessive speeding | involve sth, use sth | be successful, work If the conditions are not right, the experiment will not work. | fail
\nPREP. by ~ The appropriate concentration of the drug is best determined by experiment. | during an/the ~ The animals seemed healthy during the experiment. | in an/the ~ In these experiments, chilling is necessary. | ~ in the country's brief experiment in multi-party democracy | ~ on The team carried out experiments on cancer tissue. | ~ with conducting an experiment with zinc chips and hydrochloric acid
\nexperiment verb
\nADV. successfully
\nVERB + EXPERIMENT begin to | continue to
\nPREP. on They experimented successfully on the plants to discover disease-resistant varieties. | with We have experimented with various different designs of kite.
\nimplication noun
\n1 possible effect/result
\nADJ. considerable, crucial, enormous, important, major, massive, strong | main | deeper, fundamental, profound | broad, far-reaching, wider discussing the broader implications of the medical plan | full Now they realized the full implications of the new system. | direct | clear, obvious | underlying | general | further | possible, potential | future, long-term | grave, serious | disturbing, frightening, ominous, sinister | adverse, damaging, negative | interesting | radical, revolutionary | practical These results have important practical implications. | commercial, constitutional, economic, educational, environmental, ethical, financial, ideological, legal, moral, philosophical, political, psychological, social the constitutional implications of a royal divorce | cost, health, policy, resource, safety, security, tax
\nVERB + IMPLICATION carry, have The emphasis on testing leads to greater stress among students and carries implications of failure. | grasp, realize, understand | assess, consider, examine, explore, ponder, study You need to consider the legal implications before you publish anything. | digest | discuss | explain | accept a society that fully accepts the implications of disability | reject | ignore
\nIMPLICATION + VERB arise Several interesting implications arise from these developments. | be involved Given the resource implications involved, the plan will have to be scaled down.
\nPREP. ~ about disturbing implications about the company's future | ~ for The research has far-reaching implications for medicine as a whole.
\n2 sth suggested but not said openly
\nADJ. clear, obvious The implication is clear: young females do better if they mate with a new male. | possible His remark seemed to have various possible implications. | unspoken
\nVERB + IMPLICATION carry, have | understand | digest Brian paused for a moment while he digested the implications of this statement. | resent I resent the implication that I don't care about my father.
\nPREP. by ~ In refusing to believe our story, he is saying by implication that we are lying.
\nevaluate verb
\nADV. fully, properly, thoroughly | carefully, systematically The evidence should be carefully evaluated. | critically | positively The role of stay-at-home mother is more positively evaluated in working-class communities.
\nVERB + EVALUATE aim to, attempt to, be designed to | help (to) to help evaluate the success of the campaign | be used to criteria used to evaluate employees' performance | be difficult to, be hard to
\nnotion noun
\nADJ. absurd, peculiar, ridiculous | hazy, vague | faintest, foggiest I haven't the faintest notion how to get there. | romantic | accepted, conventional, traditional | preconceived | general There seems to be a general notion that nothing can be done about the problem. | simple, simplistic
\nVERB + NOTION have He's got some vague notion that people will be queueing up to finance the project. | reject | accept | support | dispel We must dispel this notion that you can rely on the state for everything.
\nPREP. ~ of They have come to reject the traditional notion of womanhood.
\nrestriction noun
\nADJ. severe, tight, tough | major | petty The removal of petty restrictions has made life easier. | absolute | further | artificial free movement of goods between member countries without any artificial restrictions | proposed | contractual, government, legal, statutory | advertising, age, credit, financial, import, parking, price, reporting (= restrictions on information that newspapers may report), speed, time, trade, travel, visa
\nVERB + RESTRICTION impose, introduce, place The government has introduced tough new import restrictions. | lift, remove The press asked for restrictions on reporting the war to be lifted. | accept | be subject to The right of sale is subject to certain restrictions.
\nRESTRICTION + VERB affect sth, apply The 30 mph speed restriction applies in all built-up areas.
\nRESTRICTION + NOUN order
\nPREP. without ~ Citizens of the EU can travel without restriction within the EU. | ~ on/upon The regulations were seen as a restriction on personal freedom.
\nconsist verb PHRASAL VERBS consist of sth
\nADV. entirely, exclusively, merely, only, simply, solely Their conversation consisted almost entirely of gossip. | chiefly, essentially, largely, mainly, mostly, predominantly, primarily, principally
\nformal adj.
\n1 very correct/official
\nVERBS be, seem, sound | become
\nADV. extremely, very | strictly Learning was by rote and strictly formal. | almost The greeting was polite, almost formal. | fairly, quite, rather, relatively | oddly Her words sounded oddly formal. | stiffly His manner was stiffly formal.
\n2 concerned with the way sth is done
\nVERBS be
\nADV. merely, purely Getting approval for the plan is a purely formal matter: nobody will seriously oppose it. | largely The monarch retains largely formal duties.
\nindustrial action noun
\nADJ. continuing | unlawful
\nVERB + INDUSTRIAL ACTION take | threaten | call for | vote for | start | step up The union is considering stepping up its industrial action. | suspend | stop | take part in, be/become involved in His research indicates an increase in the number of women involved in industrial action. | support
\nPREP. ~ against The union is threatening industrial action against the company. | ~ by industrial action by railway workers | ~ in support of industrial action in support of demands for a ten per cent salary adjustment | ~ over to take industrial action over pay
\nrevolution noun
\n1 changing the political system
\nADJ. successful | bloody, violent Thousands of people were killed in the bloody revolution that toppled the government. | bloodless, peaceful | popular | political | anti-communist, anti-democratic, etc. | communist, socialist, etc. | palace | bourgeois, proletarian | world Some Marxists still believe that socialism will one day triumph through world revolution.
\nVERB + REVOLUTION carry out, conduct, fight, foment, stage The activists were charged with fomenting revolution. | crush, put down | call for
\nREVOLUTION + VERB break out | spread | overthrow sth, topple sth the revolution which overthrew the old regime | fail the failed 1911 revolution
\nPREP. ~ against a revolution against communist rule
\nPHRASES the outbreak of the revolution, revolution from above/below (= fought by people already in power/by people without political power), the threat of revolution
\n2 complete change in methods, opinions, etc.
\nADJ. quiet There has been a quiet revolution in the way writing is taught. | complete | virtual | minor | agrarian, agricultural, computer, cultural, economic, electronic, environmental, industrial, political, scientific, sexual, social, technological
\nVERB + REVOLUTION achieve, bring (about) The coming of television brought about a revolution in people's leisure activities. | undergo Marketing has undergone a revolution in recent years. | embrace, welcome Doctors have welcomed the fitness revolution.
\nREVOLUTION + VERB take place As the eighteenth century wore on, an agricultural revolution took place. | transform sth The computer revolution has transformed the workplace.
\nPREP. ~ in He achieved a virtual revolution in the way music is recorded.
\n3 movement around sth; one complete turn
\nADJ. complete, full One full revolution of the knob will open the hatch.
\nVERB + REVOLUTION make
\nPREP. through a ~ The earth turns through one complete revolution approximately every twenty-four hours. | ~ about/around/round How long does it take for the planet Jupiter to make a complete revolution around the sun?
\nPHRASES revolutions a/per minute > See REV
\nfundamental adj.
\nVERBS be, seem | remain | consider sth, regard sth as We consider these freedoms fundamental to democracy.
\nADV. truly, very | absolutely, quite This principle is clear and absolutely fundamental. | fairly, rather
\nPREP. to Improved funding is fundamental to the success of the project.
\nfundamentals noun
\nADJ. basic | very The new law strikes at the very fundamentals of a free press.
\nVERB + FUNDAMENTALS teach | grasp, learn, master We quickly mastered the basic fundamentals of navigation. | go back to, return to The government went back to fundamentals, concentrating on avoiding food shortages.
\nessential adj.
\nVERBS appear, be, seem | become It is becoming almost essential for students to have a second language. | remain | make sth Increased competition makes it essential for the business to innovate. | consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as, think sth Do you consider these textbooks essential for the course?
\nADV. really | absolutely | almost, virtually | fairly | by no means Although useful, the accessories are by no means essential.
\nPREP. for the skills essential for success | to He believed that some form of religion was essential to human life.
\nessentials noun
\nADJ. bare, basic the bare essentials for existence
\nVERB + ESSENTIALS grasp Just try and grasp the essentials of the argument. | provide The relief agencies are trying to provide food and other basic essentials. | concentrate on Don't let's worry about the details at this stage. Let's concentrate on the essentials.
\nadapt verb
\n1 change your behaviour
\nADV. successfully, well The children have adapted well to the heat. | quickly | easily, readily The company can easily adapt to changing demand. | accordingly We need to assess the new situation and adapt accordingly.
\nVERB + ADAPT be able/unable to, can/cannot | have to, must | need to
\nPREP. to
\nPHRASES the ability to adapt Some animals have a remarkable ability to adapt to changing environments. | find it difficult/hard to adapt A lot of companies have found it hard to adapt to the new system.
\n2 change a thing
\nPREP. for to adapt a book for television. | from The radio play had been adapted from a novel.
\nPHRASES specially adapted The classroom has been specially adapted to take wheelchairs.
\ncontact lens noun
\nADJ. gas-permeable, hard, soft | daily-wear | tinted
\nVERB + CONTACT LENS have in, wear | put in | remove, take out | clean, disinfect | rinse, soak
\ncontact noun
\n1 meeting/talking/writing to sb
\nADJ. close She is still in close contact with Sarah. | regular | direct Have you had any direct contact with the director of the company? | face-to-face
\nVERB + CONTACT be in, have | come into, establish, get in, make In his job, he comes into contact with many different people. We first established contact with the organization in 1999. When I arrive in New York, I'll get in contact with him. | put sb in I put my cousin in contact with a friend who works at the company. | keep, maintain, stay in Maintaining contact after many years can be difficult. | break off | lose
\nPREP. ~ between There has been no contact between them for several years. | ~ with I have very little contact with Simon now.
\n2 person you know who can help you
\nADJ. good, useful, valuable | business, personal
\nVERB + CONTACT have He has a lot of good contacts in the music industry. | build up, make It takes time to build up contacts. I made a lot of useful business contacts at the conference.
\n3 when people/things touch each other
\nADJ. physical, sexual The disease is transmitted through physical contact.
\nVERB + CONTACT come into Do not let the glue come into contact with water.
\nPREP. in ~ For a brief moment their lips were in contact. | on ~ The light will go out on contact with water. | ~ between There should be no contact between the separate samples. | ~ with
\ncontact verb
\nADV. immediately | directly | personally | by email, by phone/telephone He can be contacted by phone on the telephone number given below.
\nPHRASES do not hesitate to contact sb Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions.
\ncontract noun
\n1 written agreement
\nADJ. long-term, permanent | casual, fixed-term, short-term | three-year, two-year, etc. | formal, written | verbal | legal, valid | void The contract was declared void. | enforceable, unenforceable (law) | big, important, major | lucrative | business, commercial | employment, maintenance, research, service | catering, construction, haulage | marriage
\nVERB + CONTRACT have Many workers do not have written contracts. | bid for, tender for Eighteen companies are bidding for the contract. | award (sb), give sb | get, win | lose The firm lost the contract to a large London company. | negotiate She managed to negotiate a permanent contract with the firm. | draw up, write | conclude, enter into, make, sign He entered into a contract with his former employer. | carry out, execute the firm carrying out the construction contract | cancel, end, repudiate (law), rescind (law), terminate Either party can terminate the contract at any time. | be subject to The offer has been accepted, subject to contract (= the agreement is not legally binding before contracts are signed). | be in breach of, break, violate If you go on strike you will be in breach of contract. | enforce (law) | exchange (law) When a house is auctioned the successful bidder must exchange contracts immediately and pay a deposit.
\nCONTRACT + VERB expire The contract expires at the end of next year. | be worth sth a series of major contracts worth millions of pounds
\nCONTRACT + NOUN worker (= one on a fixed-term contract) | law
\nPREP. in a/the ~ They put a clause in the contract stipulating that the work should be finished by next month. | on a ~ He's on a three-year fixed-term contract. | under ~ (to) At that stage of her career she was still under contract to one of the big Hollywood studios. | under a/the ~ Under her contract of employment, Mrs Lee could not be required to work at a different site. | ~ between the contract between the employer and the employee | ~ for They won a contract for the delivery of five fighter planes. | ~ with Do you have a contract with your employer?
\nPHRASES (a) breach of contract The company is being sued for breach of contract. | a contract of employment/sale You should make sure that you have a formal contract of employment. | the terms of a contract By using cheaper materials, the company has broken the terms of its contract. | under the terms of a contract Under the terms of the contract the job should have been finished yesterday.
\n2 agreement to kill sb
\nVERB + CONTRACT take out | have out He has a contract out on you.
\nCONTRACT + NOUN killer, killing
\nPREP. ~ on She took out a contract on her ex-husband.
\ncolleague noun
\nADJ. close, trusted | junior, senior | female, male | professional, work | academic, business, medical | cabinet, parliamentary
\ndimension noun
\n1 (often dimensions) measurements
\nADJ. approximate | exact, precise It is important to measure the exact dimensions of the room. | overall | compact Despite the unit's compact dimensions, there's still plenty of room for expansion. | considerable a structure of considerable dimensions | fourth, second, third The fourth dimension, time, is also finite in extent. | physical, space/spatial, temporal/time | horizontal, vertical
\nVERB + DIMENSION check, measure Can we just check the dimensions of the bedroom again?
\nPHRASES in two/three dimensions a model in three dimensions
\n2 aspect
\nADJ. added, additional, different, extra, further, new | distinct In looking at population ageing we will consider two distinct dimensions. | wider There is a wider dimension to the question. | crucial, essential, important, main, major, significant | global, international, local, national, regional Communication via the Internet gives an important international dimension to the project. | aesthetic, class, cultural, economic, ethical, historical, human, ideological, moral, personal, political, religious, social, spiritual
\nVERB + DIMENSION add, give (sth) Her illness adds an extra dimension to the problem. | have The affair had a different dimension now. | acquire, take on The crisis acquired a new dimension.
\nPREP. ~ to the spiritual dimension to our lives
\naccount noun
\n1 description
\nADJ. brief, short | blow-by-blow, comprehensive, detailed, full, graphic, vivid He gave us a blow-by-blow account of the incident. | accurate, clear, eyewitness, factual, first-hand, true, verbatim | glowing, good She received a glowing account of her son's progress. | newspaper the newspaper account of the trial
\nVERB + ACCOUNT give (sb), provide (sb with), write (sb) Can you give us an account of what happened?
\nPREP. in an/the ~ Dr Richards describes this very well in his account of the events.
\nPHRASES by all accounts (= according to what people say) I've never been there, but it's a lovely place by all accounts. | by sb's own account By his own account he had an unhappy childhood.
\n2 arrangement with a bank
\nADJ. bank, building society | current | deposit, investment, savings | personal | business | joint, separate My husband and I have separate accounts. | numbered They have a numbered account in Switzerland.
\nVERB + ACCOUNT have, hold Go and see the manager of the bank where your account is held. | open She opened a savings account at the building society. | close | credit sth to, pay/put sth into The money will be credited to your account tomorrow. | debit (sth from), draw sth out (of), pay sth from, take sth out (of), withdraw sth (from) She had taken all her money out of her account. | overdraw Your account is overdrawn.
\nPREP. ~ at He opened an account at a bank in Germany. | ~ with an account with Barclays Bank
\n3 accounts: record of money a business earns/spends
\nVERB + ACCOUNT do, keep Try to keep accurate accounts. | audit, check, look at | submit Your accounts will need to be submitted to the tax office.
\nACCOUNT + VERB be in order The accounts are all in order. > Special page at BUSINESS
\n4 arrangement with a shop/business
\nADJ. expense (= an arrangement to charge expenses to your own employers) taking clients for expense account lunches
\nVERB + ACCOUNT have | open I'd like to open an account, please. | close | pay off, settle It is best to settle the account each month. | charge sth to, debit (sth from), put sth on Charge this to my account, please. | credit sth to
\nPREP. on ~ Ring for a cab on account. | ~ at/with an account with a large store
\naccount verb PHRASAL VERBS account for sth
\nADV. fully The increase can be fully accounted for. | partly The differences in achievement between the pupils are partly accounted for by differences in age.
\nstatistics noun
\nADJ. annual, monthly | latest | reliable | vital | bald, raw The bald statistics tell us nothing about the underlying trends. | government, national, official, police | accident, crime, criminal, economic, health, population, transport, unemployment, etc.
\nVERB + STATISTICS prepare, produce | keep We no longer keep statistics on former employees. | release
\nSTATISTICS + VERB indicate sth, prove sth, reveal sth, show sth, tell sb sth | suggest sth
\nSTATISTICS + NOUN office
\n PREP. according to ~ According to official statistics, the island had 37 inhabitants. | ~ on The government has released new statistics on the cost of living. \n
More information about SUBJECT\n \n
of study do, read, study ~ do ~ is more commonly used with school subjects (but may also be used with university subjects): She did maths, physics and chemistry at school.
\nstudy ~ is used with both school and university subjects: He studied German at school. She went on to study mathematics at university.
\nread ~is only used with university subjects and is quite formal: She was educated privately and at Pembroke College, where she read classics.
\nlecture in, teach ~ He taught music at a school in Edinburgh.
\nOther verbs used with subject can also be used with particular subjects of study: Half the students take geography at A level. We offer accounting as a subsidiary course.
\n~ degree, a degree/diploma in ~ a law degree a higher diploma in fine art
\n~ class, course, lecture, lesson The genetics lectures are on a different campus.
\n~ department, a/the department of ~ All enquiries should be made to the Department of Architecture.
\n~ graduate, student, undergraduate Some architecture graduates gain further qualifications in specialist fields.
\n~ lecturer, teacher, tutor He's an English teacher at Highland Road School.
\n~ professor, (a) professor of ~ She's professor of linguistics at the University of Wales.
\nthe study of ~ The study of philosophy helps you to think critically.
\nin ~ He got As in history and art.
\n \ntheme noun
\nADJ. basic, central, dominant, important, key, main, major, underlying | broad, general | common, popular, universal universal themes of love and loneliness | constant, familiar, favourite, recurrent, recurring | related | unifying | contemporary, topical | historical, religious, etc. | campaign, conference, research | musical The film's haunting musical theme stayed in my head for days.
\nVERB + THEME develop, discuss, examine, explore His later novels develop the theme of alienation. | warm to ‘Our work’, he continued, warming to his theme, ‘will be a milestone in scientific history.’
\nTHEME + VERB emerge Several familiar themes emerged from the discussion. | run through sth The same themes run through all her novels.
\nTHEME + NOUN music, song, tune | park, pub
\nPREP. on the ~ of He gave a talk on the theme of teenage unemployment.
\nPHRASES variations on a theme Most of the essays appear to be variations on a few central themes.
\nlocate verb
\n1 find the position of sb/sth
\nADV. accurately, precisely The machine can accurately locate radioactive material. | quickly | easily
\nVERB + LOCATE be able/unable to, can/could We haven't yet been able to locate a suitable site. | try to | fail to | be easy to Some stars are quite easy to locate with a telescope. | be difficult to 2 be located be in a place
\nADV. centrally The hotel is centrally located between Dam Square and Central Station. | conveniently, ideally, strategically | physically Two people can meet in virtual reality even if physically located in different continents. | abroad
\nPREP. at, between, close to, in, on, near, outside, within, etc. Your accommodation is conveniently located within walking distance of the town centre.
\nadequate adj.
\nVERBS be, prove, seem | remain | consider sth, think sth The trains were not considered adequate for use on the modern railways.
\nADV. really, very | perfectly, quite, totally | more than The system is more than adequate to deal with any problems. | barely, hardly, less than, not entirely, not wholly The grants given to students are less than adequate. | more or less The amount of money we have been given is more or less adequate. | still | no longer
\nPREP. for The old computer is still perfectly adequate for most tasks.
\nideal adj.
\nVERBS be, look, seem, sound | make sth The hotel's size makes it ideal for large conferences. | consider sth
\nADV. absolutely | almost | less than Language learning often takes place in a less than ideal environment.
\nPREP. for The houses are absolutely ideal for families with young children.
\nideal noun
\nADJ. high, lofty, noble Sam was a real leader who had high moral ideals. | unattainable This is not an unattainable ideal. | aesthetic, artistic, ethical, moral, political | democratic, liberal, revolutionary, socialist
\nVERB + IDEAL be committed to, be devoted to, believe in, cling to, espouse, have, support They still clung to the old ideals. | pursue, strive for | achieve, attain, be true to, conform to, live up to A journalist should always live up to the ideals of truth, decency, and justice. | fall short of This agreement falls far short of the ideal. | abandon, betray She was accused of betraying her political ideals. | embody, reflect the democratic ideals embodied in the charter
\nphilosophy noun
\n1 study of ideas about the meaning of life
\nADJ. ancient, classical | contemporary, modern | Eastern, Western | experimental, moral, natural (historical), political, religious, social
\n PHRASES the philosophy of history/religion/science \n
More information about SUBJECT\n \n
of study do, read, study ~ do ~ is more commonly used with school subjects (but may also be used with university subjects): She did maths, physics and chemistry at school.
\nstudy ~ is used with both school and university subjects: He studied German at school. She went on to study mathematics at university.
\nread ~is only used with university subjects and is quite formal: She was educated privately and at Pembroke College, where she read classics.
\nlecture in, teach ~ He taught music at a school in Edinburgh.
\nOther verbs used with subject can also be used with particular subjects of study: Half the students take geography at A level. We offer accounting as a subsidiary course.
\n~ degree, a degree/diploma in ~ a law degree a higher diploma in fine art
\n~ class, course, lecture, lesson The genetics lectures are on a different campus.
\n~ department, a/the department of ~ All enquiries should be made to the Department of Architecture.
\n~ graduate, student, undergraduate Some architecture graduates gain further qualifications in specialist fields.
\n~ lecturer, teacher, tutor He's an English teacher at Highland Road School.
\n~ professor, (a) professor of ~ She's professor of linguistics at the University of Wales.
\nthe study of ~ The study of philosophy helps you to think critically.
\nin ~ He got As in history and art.
\n \n2 particular system of beliefs
\nADJ. competing, differing | prevailing humanism?the prevailing philosophy today in the Western world | basic, general, underlying | personal | homespun, simple the homespun philosophy that kept her going during this difficult period | liberal | design, economic, educational, management, market, political, religious, social a furniture-maker's design philosophy
\nVERB + PHILOSOPHY develop, formulate developing a personal philosophy | articulate | adopt, embrace, espouse | reject
\nPHILOSOPHY + VERB inform sth, underlie sth, underpin sth the philosophy underlying the education system | prevail the management philosophy which prevailed at that time
\nPREP. ~ behind The new measures were introduced with no explanation of the philosophy behind them.
\nPHRASES a philosophy of life/mind
\nminority noun
\nADJ. large, significant, sizeable, substantial | small, tiny | vociferous the view of a small but vociferous minority | ethnic, national, racial, religious | oppressed, persecuted
\nVERB + MINORITY belong to | discriminate against
\nMINORITY + NOUN opinion, view | community, group | government
\nPREP. among a/the ~ You are definitely among the minority. | from a/the~ people from ethnic minorities | in a/the ~ We are in the minority on this issue. | ~ of a sizeable minority of the population
\nPHRASES only a minority Only a tiny minority of holidays are affected.
\nhypothesis noun
\nADJ. acceptable, plausible | bold Scientists have proposed a bold hypothesis. | unlikely | speculative | testable | working These observations appear to support our working hypothesis. | scientific
\nVERB + HYPOTHESIS construct, form, formulate, have, make, propose, put forward, suggest It is possible to make a hypothesis on the basis of this graph. A number of hypotheses have been put forward. | consider, discuss, examine, test (out) using this data to test her hypothesis | confirm, prove, support | accept | reject None of the hypotheses can be rejected at this stage.
\nVERB + HYPOTHESIS concern sth Her hypothesis concerns the role of electromagnetic radiation. | predict sth The hypothesis predicts that children will perform better on task A than on task B.
\nPREP. on a/the ~ Her study is based on the hypothesis that language simplification is possible. | ~ about an interesting hypothesis about the development of language | ~ on The results confirmed his hypothesis on the use of modal verbs.
\npsychological adj.
\nVERBS be
\nADV. purely The symptoms are purely psychological.
\ntrend noun
\nADJ. strong | consistent, constant, steady | accelerating, growing, increasing | underlying Despite this month's disappointing figures, the underlying trend is healthy. | dominant, main, major, prevailing | gradual | clear, marked | general | apparent, discernible | global, national, international, universal, worldwide | wider The increase in crime in London was just part of a wider trend. | positive, upward | downward, negative | contrary, opposite | healthy, welcome | adverse, dangerous, disturbing, unfortunate, worrying | fashion | demographic, population | cultural, social | evolutionary, historical | economic, market | growth, inflationary The latest figures show a clear growth trend in the service sector.
\nVERB + TREND begin, create, set, start In the 1960s, Britain set the fashion trends. | continue | follow We are following the American trend towards more flexible working conditions. | reinforce | buck, counteract, go against efforts to buck the current downward trend in sales | reverse | halt | detect, notice | indicate, reflect, show, suggest The data indicates a trend towards earlier retirement.
\nTREND + VERB develop, emerge | continue | indicate sth, reflect sth, suggest sth Current trends suggest that car traffic will continue to grow. | grow
\nPREP. ~ away from a trend away from narrow specialization | ~ for A trend for romance and nostalgia has emerged. | ~ in future trends in the volume of employment | ~ towards the trend towards privatization
\nexchange noun
\n1 giving/receiving sth in return for sth else
\nADJ. fair | mutual, two-way We get together once a month for a mutual exchange of ideas.
\nPREP. in ~ (for) Woollen cloth and timber were sent to Egypt in exchange for linen or papyrus. | ~ between There were exchanges of goods between the two regions. | ~ for She considered free language lessons a fair exchange for free accommodation.
\n2 angry conversation/argument
\nADJ. brief | acrimonious, angry, bitter, heated, sharp | verbal a bitter verbal exchange
\nPREP. ~ about angry exchanges about the problem of unemployment | ~ between There were many acrimonious exchanges between the two men. | ~ with Opposition MPs were involved in heated exchanges with the prime minister.
\nPHRASES an exchange of views She had a full and frank exchange of views with her boss before resigning.
\n3 of foreign currencies
\nEXCHANGE + NOUN rate
\n4 visit
\nADJ. academic, cultural | student, youth | official
\nVERB + EXCHANGE go on
\nPREP. on an/the ~ She is in France on a student exchange. | ~ to He's gone on an exchange to Rome. | ~ with an exchange with a German student
\n