Title: AVL

no: 201.1
word: unit
meaning: single thing
categories: ADJ.
VERB + UNIT
backside: ADJ. large, small | basic, fundamental The family is the basic unit of society.
| discrete, individual, single
VERB + UNIT break sth down into, divide sth into Large departments were broken down into smaller units.
pos: noun

no: 201.2
word: unit
meaning: fixed amount
categories: ADJ.
UNIT + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. basic, standard | monetary | lexical, linguistic
UNIT + NOUN cost, length, weight
PREP. ~ of a unit of currency a unit of length fifty units of electricity
PHRASES per unit Electricity is ten pence per unit.
pos: noun

no: 201.3
word: unit
meaning: group of people
categories: ADJ.
VERB + UNIT
backside: ADJ. cohesive The new manager changed a talented collection of individuals into a cohesive unit.
| baby, casualty, emergency, intensive care, maternity, psychiatric, surgical, etc. She works in the maternity unit at the local hospital.
| army, enemy, military | intelligence | policy | research | family, social the role of the family unit in the community
VERB + UNIT be attached to The cancer research unit is attached to the local university.
pos: noun

no: 201.4
word: unit
meaning: piece of furniture/equipment
categories: ADJ.
VERB + UNIT
backside: ADJ. cooking, kitchen, sink, storage | air-conditioning, control, power, processing, shower the central processing unit in a computer
VERB + UNIT install We're having new kitchen units installed.
pos: noun

no: 202
word: total
categories: ADJ.
VERB + TOTAL
TOTAL + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. annual, monthly | combined, cumulative, grand, overall, sum His two goals give him a grand total of 32 for the season. The sum total of my knowledge of biology is not impressive.
| final | high, huge, large, record a record total of victories
| low, small | global, national, world/worldwide | jobless, unemployment Britain's jobless total rose by 20,000 last month.
VERB + TOTAL add up to, give, make (up) Their earnings were £250, £300 and £420, giving a total of £970.
| bring, take A donation of £250 has been received, bringing the total to £3,750.
| achieve The Greens achieved a total of 18 seats.
TOTAL + VERB rise | fall
PREP. in ~ In total, they spent 420 hours on the project.
| out of a ~ of 180 vehicles out of a total of 900 examined were not roadworthy.
| ~ of
pos: noun

no: 203.2.1
word: complex
meaning: set of buildings
categories: ADJ.
VERB + COMPLEX
backside: ADJ. huge, large, vast | conference, entertainment, factory, holiday, hospital, housing, industrial, leisure, museum, office, shopping, sports
VERB + COMPLEX build
pos: noun

no: 203.2.2
word: complex
meaning: mental/emotional problem
categories: ADJ.
VERB + COMPLEX
PREP.
backside: ADJ. real, terrible | inferiority, superiority | castration, guilt, Oedipus, persecution
VERB + COMPLEX have, suffer from | develop, get Don't keep on at him about his handwriting or he'll get a complex.
| give sb
PREP. ~ about She has a complex about her big ears.
pos: noun

no: 204.1
word: employ
meaning: pay sb to work
categories: ADV.
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. directly, indirectly By 1960 the arms industry in America directly employed 3.5 million people.
PREP. in A large part of the workforce is employed in agriculture.
PHRASES be fully employed 10% of 10?15-year-old girls were fully employed as late as 1911.
| be gainfully employed Those not gainfully employed are dependent on their savings.
| be permanently/temporarily employed, be regularly/irregularly employed
pos: verb

no: 204.2
word: employ
meaning: use
categories: ADV.
VERB + EMPLOY
backside: ADV. commonly, extensively, frequently, often, widely The safety net is an image commonly employed in everyday life.
| generally, usually | actively, deliberately teaching that actively employs computers in innovative and fruitful ways
| successfully, usefully
VERB + EMPLOY can/could The army has far more junior officers than it can usefully employ.
pos: verb

no: 204.3
word: employ
meaning: be employed: be busy doing sth
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. better You'd be far better employed taking care of your own affairs.
| busily, usefully
PREP. in Will and Joe were busily employed in clearing out all the furniture.
pos: verb

no: 205.1
word: promote
meaning: encourage sth
categories: ADV.
VERB + PROMOTE
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. strongly The idea of equal opportunities was strongly promoted by many Labour MPs.
| actively, directly | indirectly | deliberately, intentionally They claimed that the authorities had deliberately promoted and condoned the violence.
VERB + PROMOTE aim to, seek to, try to | help (to) Basketball stars from the United States have helped promote the sport in Italy and Spain.
| be designed to measures designed to promote economic growth
| be likely to | serve to, tend to Bonus payments to staff serve to promote commitment to the company.
PREP. through Young people's awareness of agricultural issues is promoted through publicity material.
PHRASES be aimed at promoting sth, be widely promoted, a campaign/scheme to promote sth, efforts/measures to promote sth
pos: verb

no: 205.2
word: promote
meaning: advertise sth
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. aggressively, heavily The new products have been very heavily promoted.
| widely
PREP. as The town is now being promoted as a holiday destination.
| through The company's products have been promoted mainly through advertising in newspapers.
pos: verb

no: 206.1
word: literature
meaning: written works of art
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + LITERATURE
backside: ADJ. classical, contemporary, modern | great
QUANT. piece, work
VERB + LITERATURE read, study
pos: noun

no: 206.2
word: literature
meaning: writing on a particular subject
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. extensive, voluminous | promotional, sales
QUANT. body the growing body of literature on development issues
PREP. ~ about I picked up some literature about pensions.
| ~ on There's an extensive literature on the subject.
pos: noun

no: 207
word: procedure
categories: ADJ.
PROCEDURE + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. complex, complicated | simple, straightforward | correct, normal, proper, standard, usual There are standard procedures for dismissing staff.
| agreed, established | special | administrative, appeals, application, assessment, complaints, court, criminal, disciplinary, emergency, parliamentary, safety, scientific, selection, surgical a minor surgical procedure
PROCEDURE + NOUN adopt, follow, use Did you follow the emergency procedure when you heard the alarm?
| establish A straightforward complaints procedure must be established from the outset.
PREP. under a/the ~ under a procedure established by legislation
| ~ for the correct procedure for hiring staff
pos: noun

no: 208
word: appropriate
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS be, seem | consider sth, deem sth, think sth It was thought appropriate to award her the prize.
ADV. extremely, very | entirely, quite
PREP. for It might be appropriate for him to attend the course.
| to Tutors can construct tests appropriate to individual students' needs.
pos: adj.

no: 209.2
word: estimate
categories: ADV.
VERB + ESTIMATE
PREP.
backside: ADV. currently | accurately, reliably | provisionally | conservatively It is conservatively estimated that not less than half a million people died in the famine.
| officially, unofficially The strike was officially estimated to have cost $80 million.
VERB + ESTIMATE be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to | be used to The results of the survey were used to estimate the preferences of the population at large.
PREP. at We estimated the cost at £50,000.
pos: verb

no: 210.2.1
word: negative
meaning: denial
categories: VERB + NEGATIVE
backside: VERB + NEGATIVE answer (sth) in, reply in She answered the question in the negative.
pos: noun

no: 210.2.2
word: negative
meaning: developed photographic film
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + NEGATIVE
backside: ADJ. original | photographic | film, glass
QUANT. strip
VERB + NEGATIVE produce | develop His interest in photography started with him developing negatives that he found lying around the house.
| keep We must assume that the spy kept the negatives.
| destroy
pos: noun

no: 211.1
word: characteristic
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS be | become
ADV. deeply, extremely, highly, very his highly characteristic features
| entirely, utterly | fairly, quite
PREP. of a problem that was fairly characteristic of late eighteenth century society
pos: adj.

no: 211.2
word: characteristic
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CHARACTERISTIC
backside: ADJ. defining, distinctive, distinguishing, identifying, individual, marked, special, striking, unique | personal | common, family, inherited, national, shared | basic, general | chief, dominant, main, major, outstanding, principal | essential, fundamental, important, key, salient | desirable | behavioural, biological, cultural, demographic, economic, genetic, physical, psychological, racial, sexual, social | human
VERB + CHARACTERISTIC have The two species have several characteristics in common.
pos: noun

no: 212
word: typically

no: 213.1.1
word: challenge
meaning: sth new and difficult
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CHALLENGE
CHALLENGE + VERB
backside: ADJ. big, considerable, enormous, great, huge, radical, real, serious, significant, strong | difficult, tough | major, main | fresh, new | exciting, interesting | economic, environmental, intellectual, political, technical, technological Liszt's piano music presents an enormous technical challenge.
VERB + CHALLENGE be, pose, present | face, meet, respond to, rise to, take on/up The gallery has risen to the challenge of exhibiting the works of young artists. He has taken on some exciting new challenges with this job.
CHALLENGE + VERB face sb the challenges facing nurses in casualty
pos: noun

no: 213.1.2
word: challenge
meaning: that shows that sb refuses to accept sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CHALLENGE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. serious | direct | effective | legal
VERB + CHALLENGE be, present, represent The demonstration represents a direct challenge to the new law.
PREP. ~ to a legal challenge to the president's power
pos: noun

no: 213.2
word: challenger
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CHALLENGER
PREP.
backside: ADJ. closest, main, nearest, serious, strong Her nearest challenger is the vice-president.
VERB + CHALLENGER take on He took on various challengers, but refused to fight Jackson.
PREP. ~ for the main challengers for the European title
| ~ to a challenger to the prime minister
pos: noun

no: 213.2.3
word: challenge
meaning: invitation to compete
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CHALLENGE
PREP.
ADJ.
VERB + CHALLENGER
PREP.
backside: ADJ. leadership, title his title challenge to the heavyweight champion
VERB + CHALLENGE issue, mount plans to mount a leadership challenge within the party
| accept, take up I accepted his challenge to a game of chess.
| beat off, fight off Our team will have to fight off the challenge from better trained teams.
PREP. ~ from a challenge from the other political party
challenger noun
ADJ. closest, main, nearest, serious, strong Her nearest challenger is the vice-president.
VERB + CHALLENGER take on He took on various challengers, but refused to fight Jackson.
PREP. ~ for the main challengers for the European title
| ~ to a challenger to the prime minister
pos: noun

no: 213.3.1
word: challenge
meaning: question whether sth is right/true
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. directly The newspaper was directly challenging the government's legitimacy.
| seriously | effectively She was effectively challenging the whole basis on which society was run.
| successfully The story was completely untrue and was successfully challenged in court.
PREP. on She challenged him on his old-fashioned views.
pos: verb

no: 213.3.2
word: challenge
meaning: invite sb to compete, argue, etc.
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. seriously No one has seriously challenged the champion.
| successfully, unsuccessfully
PREP. for She was poised to challenge for the party leadership.
| to The count challenged him to a duel.
pos: verb

no: 214.2
word: principle
meaning: rule for good behaviour
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PRINCIPLE
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. high | guiding | Christian | moral He was a man of high moral principles.
VERB + PRINCIPLE betray, compromise I refuse to compromise my principles by eating meat.
| adhere to, stick to She sticks to the principle that everyone should be treated equally.
PREP. against your ~s Eating meat was against her principles.
| on ~ She's opposed to abortion on principle.
PHRASES a matter of principle They reject the proposal as a matter of principle.
| a person of principle (= a person with high moral standards)
pos: noun

no: 215.1
word: element
meaning: one part of sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ELEMENT
PREP.
backside: ADJ. basic, critical, crucial, decisive, essential, fundamental, important, key, main, major, necessary, principal, significant, vital | dominant The promise of tax cuts became the dominant element in the campaign.
| considerable, large There is a considerable element of danger in her job.
| competitive There is too much of a competitive element in the sales department.
| racial, sexual Police say there may have been a racial element to the attacks.
VERB + ELEMENT be, constitute, form | contain, have, include, involve These rumours do contain an element of truth.
| introduce
PREP. ~ in This constitutes one of the key elements in this reform programme.
| ~ of Practical work will form a major element of the syllabus. There may have been an element of jealousy in her response.
pos: noun

no: 215.2
word: element
meaning: the elements: bad weather
categories: VERB + ELEMENT
PHRASES
backside: VERB + ELEMENT brave I put on my thick coat ready to brave the elements.
| battle (against) He told us stories of how he had battled the elements on his mountaineering trips.
| be exposed to, be open to The place was completely exposed to the elements.
| be protected from, be sheltered from
PHRASES protection/shelter from the elements
pos: noun

no: 216
word: ethnic

no: 218
word: creation
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CREATION
backside: ADJ. employment, job | wealth
VERB + CREATION advocate, call for, propose, recommend, urge They recommended the creation of a new government agency to be responsible for the environment.
| encourage, foster, support | allow for The new Act allows for the creation of vocational schools.
| allow, enable | avoid, prevent | lead to
pos: noun

no: 220
word: aspect
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ASPECT
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. central, crucial, essential, fundamental, important, key, main, major, principal, significant | basic, broad, general Questions also cover much broader aspects of general health and fitness.
| appealing, attractive, beneficial, encouraging, exciting, fascinating, interesting, pleasing, positive | alarming, controversial, difficult, disappointing, disturbing, negative, sinister, terrible, worst the worst aspects of tourism
| bizarre, curious, intriguing, puzzling | remarkable, striking | subtle | mundane | neglected | formal, functional, practical, theoretical the formal aspects of the language system
| business, commercial, cultural, economic, environmental, ethical, financial, historical, human, legal, military, moral, physical, political, psychological, religious, scientific, social, technical
VERB + ASPECT have The project ha
s two main aspects.
| take on Events began to take on a mor
e sinister aspect.
| consider, cover, deal with, discuss, emphasize, examine, explore, focus on, look at, study We will be looking a
t many different aspects o
f pollution.
| demonstrate, illuminate, illustrate a uniqu
e collection illustrating aspects o
f Irish transport history
| ignore, neglect
PREP. from the … ~ This scheme i
s very good from the social aspect.
| ~ to the positive aspects t
o retiremen
t
PHRASES all aspects of sth, (in) every aspect (of sth) The servic
e was excellent in every aspect
.
pos: noun

no: 221
word: publish
categories: ADV.
VERB + PUBLISH
backside: ADV. recently | posthumously Her last book was published posthumously in 1948.
| anonymously
VERB + PUBLISH decide to | intend to, plan to | refuse to | be free to The press should be free to publish and comment on all aspects of political and social life.
| dare (to) Freud had not dared to publish the third chapter of his book in Vienna.
pos: verb

no: 222.1
word: perspective
meaning: in art
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. distorted | horizontal, vertical
PREP. in ~, out of ~ That tree is out of perspective.
PHRASES the laws of perspective
pos: noun

no: 222.2
word: perspective
meaning: attitude to sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PERSPECTIVE
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. different, new | broader, wider | proper, true We can now see things in their true perspective.
| cultural, historical, political, social, theoretical, etc.
VERB + PERSPECTIVE get sth in/into, place sth in/into, put sth in/into, see sth in Her death put everything else into perspective.
| gain, get, put When you reach middle age you get a different perspective on life. This website puts a completely different perspective on world news.
| keep | lose | adopt The book adopts a historical perspective.
| shift | provide
PREP. from the ~ of We should view this from the perspective of the people involved.
| in/into ~ Let's get this into perspective.
| ~ in a feminist perspective in philosophy
| ~ on/upon It's easy to lose perspective on things when you are under stress.
PHRASES a sense of perspective
pos: noun

no: 223
word: basic
categories: VERB + BASICS
PHRASES
backside: VERB + BASICS grasp, know, learn, master, pick up, understand | cover The book covers the basics of massage.
| concentrate on, stick to It's best to stick to basics when planning such a large party.
| get/go back to, get down to It's time our education system got back to basics
PHRASES get the basics right The important thing is to get the basics right.
pos: noun

no: 224
word: belief
categories: ADJ.
BELIEF + VERB
BELIEF + NOUN
PREP.
QUANT.
VERB + BELIEF
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. absolute, deep-seated, deeply held, fervent, firm, passionate, profound, strong, strongly held, unshakeable | genuine, honest, sincere She was strict with her children in the genuine belief that it was the right thing to do.
| entrenched, fanatical | common, commonly held, general, popular, widely held, widespread | growing | long-held, long-standing | belief how things could have got this bad.
BELIEF + VERB persist Belief in the magical properties of this herb persisted down the centuries.
BELIEF + NOUN system
PREP. beyond ~ (= too great, difficult, etc. to be believed) Dissatisfaction with the government has grown beyond belief. icy air that was cold beyond belief
| in the ~ that She did it in the belief that it would
basic, central, core, fundamental the basic beliefs of Christianityhelp her career.
| ~ about beliefs
| personal, private I think the rights and wrongs of eating meat are a matter of personal belief.
| rational, reasonable | irrational, superstitious | instinctive | naive | strange | conflicting, contradictory | erroneous, false, misguided, mistaken I took the job in the mistaken belief that I would be able to stay in London.
| ancient, traditional The people still follow their traditional beliefs.
| orthodox | cultural, moral, political, religious, spiritual They were persecuted for their religious beliefs.
| Catholic, Christian, pagan, etc.
QUANT. set, system Each religion has its set of beliefs.
VERB + BELIEF have, hold I have very firm beliefs about moral issues.
| share He shared his father's belief that people should work hard for their living.
| adhere to, cling to, follow, hold on to, stick to She clung to the belief that he would come back to her. The Labour Party must stick to its beliefs.
| abandon, give up, renounce | lose She has lost her belief in God.
| affirm, assert, declare, express, state Here the apostle Peter affirms his belief that the scriptures are ‘inspired’.
| emphasize, stress | encourage, foster, fuel The exam results encouraged the belief that he was a good teacher.
| confirm, reinforce, strengthen, support This latest evidence strengthens our belief that the government is doing the right thing.
| question, shake, shatter, undermine, weaken The child's death shook her belief in God.
| respect You must respect other people's beliefs.
| beggar, defy (= to be impossible to believe) It beggars about the origin of the universe
| ~ among There is a belief among young people that education is a waste of time.
| ~ in a belief in God
PHRASES contrary to popular belief (= in spite of what people think) Contrary to popular belief, rainforests are not jungles through which you have to slash a path.
pos: noun

no: 225
word: technique
categories: ADJ.
VERB + TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. effective, powerful, useful | basic, simple | conventional, established, standard, traditional | advanced, modern, sophisticated | ingenious | alternative, experimental | assessment, communication, dating, evaluation, exam/examination, farming, interview, management, manufacturing, marketing, problem-solving, recording, relaxation, research, sales, teaching, training She needs to work on her interview technique if she's going to get a job.
| analytical, mathematical, medical, photographic, scientific, statistical, surgical
VERB + TECHNIQUE have He has an ingenious technique for dealing with problems of that sort.
| adopt, apply, deploy, employ, implement, try, use On the walls I applied the same technique as I had used for the ceiling.
| develop, devise, pioneer The technique was pioneered in California.
| acquire, learn, master, practise struggling to master the new technique
| adapt, improve, perfect, work at/on | demonstrate, describe
TECHNIQUE + VERB allow sth, enable sth Modern freezing techniques enable the chickens to be stored for weeks.
| work The new technique works better than the one it has replaced.
| be based on sth, be derived from sth singing techniques derived from Tibetan music
PREP. ~ for techniques for the storage of data
| ~ in They learn basic techniques in self-defence.
pos: noun

no: 226
word: outcome
categories: ADJ.
VERB + OUTCOME
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. desirable, desired, favourable, good, happy, positive, satisfactory, successful | negative, unfortunate, unsatisfactory | fatal, tragic | possible | likely, probable | anticipated, expected, inevitable, intended, logical, predicted | unexpected | immediate | actual, eventual, final, long-term, ultimate | direct a direct outcome of the strike
| practical | educational, electoral, political, etc. (all technical)
VERB + OUTCOME affect, influence | decide, determine | achieve, have, produce Their strategy produced the desired outcome.
| evaluate, measure (technical) The aim is to evaluate possible outcomes.
PREP. ~ of the outcome of the election
PHRASES whatever the outcome Whatever the final outcome of the talks, the war should end soon.
pos: noun

no: 227.2
word: explore
meaning: think about sth in detail
categories: ADV.
VERB + EXPLORE
backside: ADV. extensively | briefly | fully, thoroughly These questions have not been fully explored yet.
| properly, systematically | carefully, in detail This idea is worth exploring in some detail.
| further | usefully The film usefully explores some of the issues surrounding adoption.
VERB + EXPLORE need to | be keen to, want to, wish to | aim to, seek to | begin to, continue to
pos: verb

no: 228.1
word: distribution
meaning: way sth is shared or exists over an area
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. egalitarian, equitable, fair to ensure a fair distribution of wealth
| inequitable, unfair | equal an equal distribution of wealth between people of different age groups
| unequal | even, uniform After applying the cream, comb through to ensure even distribution.
| uneven The country was noted for its uneven distribution of land resources.
| optimal, optimum | relative the relative distribution of continents and oceans
| general, overall the general distribution of earthquakes around the world
| broad, wide, widespread the broad distribution of Bronze Age artefacts across Europe the wider distribution of wealth throughout society
| local, localized Fish populations assume highly localized distributions within each river.
| global, regional, worldwide | spatial | income, wealth | weight | age, class, geographical, population, sex, social the social class distribution of the male population
| normal, random, skewed, smooth (all mathematics) a normal distribution with a bell-shaped frequency curve
| binomial, frequency, probability (all mathematics)
VERB + DISTRIBUTION achieve, ensure The engine is mounted in the middle to achieve a more even weight distribution.
| determine Radiology was used to determine the distribution of the disease.
| have, show (mathematics) These birds have a wide geographical distribution. IQs within the population show a normal distribution.
DISTRIBUTION + NOUN pattern Animal herds may form in response to the distribution patterns of food.
| map an atlas containing distribution maps of the most important tropical diseases
PREP. ~ across the distribution of resources across society
| ~ among data on wealth distribution among age groups
| ~ between a disparity in age distribution between groups
| ~ over the distribution of trees over the estate
| ~ throughout uniform distribution of the chemical throughout the timber
PHRASES a change in distribution changes in the distribution of wealth and income
pos: noun

no: 228.2
word: distribution
meaning: giving/delivering sth to people
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. free The document contains sensitive information and is not suitable for free
(= unrestricted) distribution. The previously free
(= not paid for) distribution of textbooks will now be confined to students who are needy.
| general Our catalogue lists all our books that are available for general distribution.
| selective | exclusive The publisher has signed an agreement for the exclusive distribution of the books in the US.
| proper | electronic the electronic distribution of software to customers
| global, international, local, national, worldwide Roads are used for local distribution of goods.
| electricity, food, fuel, gas, land, milk, water the creation of 1,500 smallholdings as part of a land distribution programme
| retail, wholesale the wholesale and retail distribution of a huge variety of goods
VERB + DISTRIBUTION control, handle, organize The company is to handle the distribution of the product in Europe.
| available for 2,000 copies of the booklet have been printed and are available for distribution.
| ensure to ensure the proper distribution of medical aid
| allow (for) to allow for the distribution of aid
DISTRIBUTION + NOUN agreement, arrangement, deal Her company has signed a non-exclusive distribution agreement.
| list I attach a copy of the distribution list so you can see who got the last edition.
| rights | costs | channel We have man
| network | method | system | facilities The company wants to invest in new distribution facilities.
| base, centre, depot, outlet, point The company has decided to use Belfast as its distribution base.
| operation The company has manufacturing or distribution operations in 33 countries worldwide.
| business, company | industry
PREP. for ~ free colour leaflets for distribution overseas
| ~ among food for distribution among the villagers
| ~ between the distribution of the health budget between various hospitals
| ~ by the distribution by the government of a leaflet explaining the new tax
| ~ through distribution through department stores
| ~ to The food was parcelled up for distribution to outlying communities.
PHRASES a/the chain of distribution There are savings to be made where retailers are bypassed in the chain of distribution.
| a channel of distribution
pos: noun

no: 228.3
word: distribution
meaning: payment
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DISTRIBUTION
PREP.
backside: ADJ. capital, dividend, share | cash
VERB + DISTRIBUTION make When are distributions likely to be made to creditors?
| be available for These are company reserves available for distribution as the directors may determine.
PREP. ~ to The promissory notes were purchased for distribution to investors.
pos: noun

no: 229.1
word: future
meaning: time that will come after the present
categories: ADJ.
VERB + FUTURE
FUTURE + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. foreseeable, immediate, near, not-too-distant Things will continue as they are for the foreseeable future. A new branch of the shop will be opening in the near future.
| distant, remote
VERB + FUTURE look to, plan for Don't think too much about past troubles?look to the future.
| foretell, look into, predict
FUTURE + VERB bring (sb), hold whatever the future may bring you Who can tell what the future holds?
PREP. for the ~ What are your plans for the future?
| in (the) ~ In future, employees will park their vehicles away from the works entrance. The possibility of travel to other solar systems still lies in the distant future.
| of the ~ The stars of the future are competing in the world junior athletics championships this month.
PHRASES a vision for/of the future In her speech, the director outlined her vision for the future.
pos: noun

no: 229.2
word: future
meaning: what will happen to sb/sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + FUTURE
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. bright, great, promising, rosy, secure He has a great future as a designer.
| bleak, dire, gloomy, grim, uncertain He forecasts a dire future for the industry.
| long-term | economic, financial, political
VERB + FUTURE face, have The firm faces a very uncertain future.
| determine, shape the right to determine their own future in a democratic fashion
| forecast, predict, see | consider, ponder (on) After being dropped from the team the young defender is considering his future.
| invest in She decided to invest in her future by taking a management course.
PREP. ~ as She has a very promising future as a musician.
| ~ in He could see no future in his job.
PHRASES a question mark over the future of sb/sth A question mark hangs over the future of the company after shares plunged to a record low.
pos: noun

no: 230
word: importance
categories: ADJ.
VERB + IMPORTANCE
IMPORTANCE + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. cardinal, central, considerable, critical, crucial, enormous, especial, extreme, fundamental, great, high, immense, key, major, outstanding, overriding, overwhelming, paramount, particular, primary, prime, profound, real, special, supreme, tremendous, vital | first, greatest, highest, utmost This information is of the first importance. It is of the utmost importance that you arrive on time.
| growing, increasing | declining the declining importance of manufacturing industry
| lesser, limited, marginal, minor, secondary | direct | general | added | immediate | continued/continuing, lasting | equal | relative | intrinsic | obvious | perceived differences in the perceived importance of the different subjects in the curriculum
| potential | public | international, national | practical | theoretical | symbolic the symbolic importance of iron in German culture
| archaeological, commercial, constitutional, cultural, ecological, economic, environmental, historical, legal, military, political, social, strategic
VERB + IMPORTANCE have These finds have considerable archaeological importance.
| assume, take on Childcare schemes take on an added importance at a time of national recession.
| grow in, increase in, rise in | decline in, diminish in, fall in The overseas markets have now declined in importance.
| attach, give sth, place To what objectives do you attach most importance? the importance placed on cleanliness
| accept, acknowledge, appreciate, be aware of, grasp, realize, recognize, see, understand People were aware of the importance of working with nature.
| demonstrate, illustrate, indicate, point to, reflect, show, suggest Figure 2.2 shows the relative importance of the different service industries.
| assert | deny | confirm | draw attention to, emphasize, highlight, point up, promote, stress, underline The manual stresses the importance of regular maintenance.
| diminish, downplay, minimize, play down, underplay She was inclined to play down the importance of her own role in the affair.
| exaggerate, overestimate | underestimate, undervalue Don't underestimate the importance of neat presentation.
| increase | reduce | consider, discuss | explain | cast/throw doubt on, doubt, question No one can seriously question the political importance of the environment.
| forget, ignore, overlook
IMPORTANCE + VERB arise from sth, lie in sth The town's importance lies in the richness and quality of its architecture.
| depend on sth
PREP. of … ~ The railways were of crucial importance in opening up the American West.
| ~ for an area of enormous importance for wildlife
| ~ to the importance to the country of a healthy economy
PHRASES in order of importance Deal with the issues in order of importance.
| a matter of importance
pos: noun

no: 231.1
word: independent
meaning: not needing other people
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS be, feel, seem | become | remain | make sb Travelling in Asia has made her a lot more independent.
ADV. fiercely, sturdily, very Many disabled people are fiercely independent.
| completely | fairly, pretty, quite | economically, financially
PREP. of By the age of eighteen he was completely independent of his parents.
pos: adj.

no: 231.2
word: independent
meaning: not influenced or controlled by anyone else
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS be | become | remain | make sth | declare sth In 1961 the country was declared independent.
ADV. completely, entirely, fully, genuinely, quite, totally, truly, wholly | almost, fairly, largely, virtually | increasingly | effectively, essentially The country has pursued an effectively independent line on military issues.
| nominally, supposedly | newly newly independent countries
| politically
PREP. from The country became fully independent from France in 1960.
| of an organization that is independent of the government
pos: adj.

no: 232
word: initial
categories: VERB + INITIAL
INITIAL + VERB
PREP.
backside: VERB + INITIAL have The two authors have the same initials.
| be/become known by She's always been known by her initials.
| use | bear, carry A stone over the door bears the initials ‘R.P.’, which stand for ‘Ralph Piggot’.
| carve, embroider, engrave (sth with), mark sth with, monogram sth with, put, sign, stamp (sth with), write He carved his girlfriend's initials in the rock. Now that she was managing director she could put the initials MD after her name.
INITIAL + VERB stand for sth
PREP. ~ for When writing, if you use initials for a long name, make sure you spell out the name at least once.
pos: noun

no: 233.2.1
word: feature
meaning: include sth as an important part
categories: ADV.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. regularly Women's magazines regularly feature diets and exercise regimes.
| rarely
PHRASES be featured in/on sth His work is featured in a special documentary tonight. The school has been featured on television.
pos: verb

no: 233.2.2
word: feature
meaning: have a part in sth
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. heavily, highly, largely, prominently, significantly, strongly Reading over his past speeches, you'll see that housing, public health and education feature strongly.
PREP. in Garlic features prominently in her recipes.
pos: verb

no: 234.1
word: desire
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DESIRE
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. burning, deep, great, strong, urgent | insatiable, overwhelming Most children have an insatiable desire for knowledge.
| genuine, real | natural | sexual
VERB + DESIRE feel, have I suddenly felt an overwhelming desire to laugh
| express The chairman expressed his desire to expand the company.
| satisfy | be motivated by They were motivated by a deep desire for money and fame.
PREP. ~ for Horses need to satisfy their desire for space and freedom.
PHRASES an object of desire He felt he was nothing more to her than an object of desire.
pos: noun

no: 234.2
word: desire
categories: ADV.
backside: ADV. greatly, really, sincerely, very much A home of her own was something she had always very much desired.
pos: verb

no: 235
word: following
categories: ADJ.
VERB + FOLLOWING
PREP.
backside: ADJ. big, considerable, great, large, mass, strong | limited, small | local | dedicated, devoted, faithful, fanatical, loyal | enthusiastic | personal | cult They enjoy a cult following in the UK.
VERB + FOLLOWING command, enjoy, have | acquire, attract, build up, create, gain, gather
PREP. ~ among Top of the range Scotches attract a fanatical following among whisky buffs.
pos: noun

no: 236
word: alternative
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ALTERNATIVE
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. attractive, constructive, effective, good, radical, useful | acceptable, available, credible, possible, practical, real, realistic, reasonable, satisfactory, serious, suitable, viable Is there a viable alternative to prison?
| clear, obvious | cheap, healthy, interesting, safe a healthier alternative to fizzy drinks
VERB + ALTERNATIVE have We have two alternatives.
| offer, provide His idea seemed to offer a possible alternative.
| seek seeking alternatives to nuclear power
| find We'll have to find an alternative.
PREP. ~ for There is no alternative for those with no car of their own.
| ~ to Is there an alternative to surgery for this complaint?
PHRASES have little/no alternative (but to) She had no alternative but to do as he said.
| leave sb with no alternative (but to) He was left with no alternative but to hobble to the nearest telephone box.
pos: noun

no: 237.1
word: consistent
meaning: always behaving in the same way
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be | remain
ADV. highly, remarkably, very | absolutely, completely, entirely, quite, wholly His attitude isn't absolutely consistent.
| largely | fairly, reasonably
pos: adj.

no: 237.2
word: consistent
meaning: in agreement with sth
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS be, seem | remain
ADV. completely, entirely, fully, perfectly | broadly, largely | fairly, quite, reasonably | internally His argument is not even internally consistent
(= different parts of the argument contradict each other).
| mutually It is desirable that domestic and EU law should be mutually consistent.
| logically
PREP. across These findings are consistent across all the studies.
| with The figures are fully consistent with last year's results.
pos: adj.

no: 238.1.1
word: basis
meaning: starting point
categories: ADJ.
VERB + BASIS
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. firm, solid, sound
VERB + BASIS form, provide
PREP. ~ for The proposal provides a sound basis for a book.
PHRASES have no basis in sth These allegations have no basis in fact.
pos: noun

no: 238.2.1
word: basis
meaning: starting point
categories: ADJ.
VERB + BASIS
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. firm, solid, sound
VERB + BASIS form, provide
PREP. ~ for The proposal provides a sound basis for a book.
PHRASES have no basis in sth These allegations have no basis in fact.
pos: noun

no: 239.1
word: contrast
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CONTRAST
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. clear, marked, sharp, stark, startling, striking, strong There is a stark contrast between the lives of the rich and those of the poor.
| complete, direct
VERB + CONTRAST make, offer, provide The fresh fruit provides a contrast to the rich chocolate pudding.
PREP. by ~ When you look at their new system, ours seems very old-fashioned by contrast.
| in ~ (to/with) The company lost $13 million this year, in contrast with a profit of $15 million last year.
| ~ between, ~ in The contrast in appearance between the sisters was striking.
| ~ to This busy social life was a complete contrast to his old quiet life.
PHRASES stand in … contrast to sb/sth Their attitudes towards love and marriage stand in stark contrast to those of their parents.
pos: noun

no: 239.2.1
word: contrast
meaning: compare things in order to show differences
categories: ADV.
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. favourably, unfavourably He contrasted her brashness unfavourably with his mother's gentleness.
PREP. with
PHRASES compare and contrast Compare and contrast the two main characters in the play.
pos: verb

no: 239.2.2
word: contrast
meaning: be clearly different
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. markedly, sharply, starkly, strikingly, strongly, vividly | nicely | oddly | favourably, unfavourably The open approach contrasts favourably with the exclusivity of some universities.
PREP. with This statement contrasts starkly with his previous statements.
pos: verb

no: 240
word: obtain
categories: ADV.
VERB + OBTAIN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. fraudulently, unlawfully (law)
VERB + OBTAIN be able/unable to | attempt to, endeavour to | fail to | assist sb to, enable sb to The local authority may assist you to obtain alternative accommodation.
| be easy to, be possible to | be difficult to, be impossible to goods which are difficult to obtain
| be necessary to, be required to, need to It is necessary to obtain the patients' consent.
PREP. from Anglers are required to obtain prior authorization from the park keeper.
PHRASES be easily obtained Such information is easily obtained from the Internet.
| sth can/may be obtained Details of this offer can be obtained from any of our stores.
| a means/method/way of obtaining sth
pos: verb

no: 241
word: regarding

no: 242
word: european

no: 243.1
word: distinction
meaning: clear difference
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DISTINCTION
DISTINCTION + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. critical, crucial, important, key, main, major, vital | basic, essential, fundamental, underlying | clear, clear-cut, definite, marked, obvious, real, rigid, sharp, strong | fine, subtle | broad, general | crude, simple | logical, valid | useful | arbitrary, artificial | invidious making invidious distinctions between the ‘deserving’ and the ‘undeserving’ poor
| absolute Is there always an absolute distinction between right and wrong?
| conventional, old, traditional the conventional distinction between pure and applied science
| formal | conceptual | theoretical | class, cultural, gender, moral
VERB + DISTINCTION draw, make She draws an important distinction between the different kinds of illness.
| recognize, see We can see a sharp distinction between ambition and greed.
| blur blurring the distinction between amateur and professional players
DISTINCTION + VERB lie Cultural distinctions lie at the heart of these issues.
PREP. without ~ All groups are entitled to this money without distinction
(= without a difference being made between them).
| ~ between
pos: noun

no: 243.2
word: distinction
meaning: excellence/fame
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DISTINCTION
PREP.
backside: ADJ. considerable, great | modest | dubious | rare | unique | added | academic, intellectual, professional, social Wearing the county tie was a mark of modest social distinction.
VERB + DISTINCTION have He has the dubious distinction of being the first railway baron to go bankrupt.
| achieve She achieved distinction in several fields of scholarship.
| add Fennel leaves add distinction to any dish.
PREP. of ~ She is a historian of great distinction.
| with ~ He served with distinction in the First World War.
pos: noun

no: 244
word: express
categories: ADV.
VERB + EXPRESS
PHRASES
backside: ADV. well Perhaps I have not expressed myself very well.
| fully She expresses herself most fully in her paintings.
| openly He expressed his anger openly.
| clearly | cogently Students must learn to express a point of view cogently and with clarity.
| exactly, precisely | concisely, succinctly | eloquently The poet eloquently expresses the sense of lost innocence.
VERB + EXPRESS be/feel able/unable to Many patients feel unable to express their fears.
| find it difficult to
PHRASES a chance/an opportunity to express sth
pos: verb

no: 245.1
word: variety
meaning: not being the same; different kinds of sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + VARIETY
PREP.
backside: ADJ. amazing, astonishing, bewildering, considerable, endless, enormous, exciting, extraordinary, fascinating, good, great, huge, impressive, incredible, infinite, large, remarkable, rich, surprising, tremendous, vast, wide, wonderful The market sold a bewildering variety of cheeses. the rich variety of the local bird life
VERB + VARIETY add, give, offer Dealing with customers adds variety to the job.
PREP. of … ~ a country of great variety
| ~ in There is wide variety in shape and colour.
| ~ of Menus offer a good variety of seafood.
pos: noun

no: 245.2
word: variety
meaning: particular type of sth
categories: ADJ.
backside: ADJ. distinctive | common-or-garden, standard | rare, unusual | different There are hundreds of different varieties of apple.
| new, old Old varieties of rose can be less resistant to diseases.
pos: noun

no: 246
word: broad
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be
ADV. extremely, very | fairly, pretty, quite, rather, reasonably, relatively | enough, sufficiently He questioned whether the school curriculum was broad enough in scope.
| unusually His job gave him an acquaintance with an unusually broad spectrum of society.
pos: adj.

no: 247
word: component
categories: ADJ.
COMPONENT + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. basic, central, core, critical, crucial, essential, fundamental, important, integral, key, main, major, necessary, principal, significant, vital | minor | common The researchers discovered a common component in all types of the organism.
| standard Our software is becoming a standard component of many computer systems.
| individual, separate, simple Individual components for the car can be very expensive.
| chemical, genetic | electrical, electronic | aircraft, engine, etc. | course
COMPONENT + NOUN failure Component failure was the cause of the accident.
| manufacturer, supplier
PREP. ~ in a crucial component in our success.
pos: noun

no: 248
word: frequently

no: 249
word: assume
categories: ADV.
VERB + ASSUME
PHRASES
backside: ADV. automatically, naturally I automatically assumed that you knew about this.
| reasonably, safely I think we can safely assume that this situation will continue.
VERB + ASSUME can, might | tend to | be fair to, be reasonable to, be safe to It is reasonable to assume that the economy will continue to improve.
| be a mistake to, be wrong to | be easy to It's all too easy to assume that people know what they are doing.
PHRASES let us assume Let us assume for a moment that the plan succeeds.
pos: verb

no: 250
word: additional

no: 251.1
word: tool
meaning: instrument for making/repairing things
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + TOOL
TOOL + NOUN
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. general-purpose, multi-purpose | basic, primitive, standard, traditional craftsmen using traditional tools
| sophisticated, special | sharp | rusting/rusty | cutting, drawing, measuring | cordless, hand, machine, power | agricultural, engineering, farm, garden/gardening, industrial, woodworking
QUANT. set
VERB + TOOL use | sharpen | blunt Cutting concrete would blunt a metal-cutting tool.
| down ~s Workers downed tools
(= stopped work) in protest at poor safety standards in the works.
TOOL + NOUN kit
PHRASES the tool/tools of the trade The guitarist opened the case and took out the tool of his trade.
pos: noun

no: 251.2
word: tool
meaning: sth that helps you do/achieve sth
categories: ADJ.
backside: ADJ. effective, essential, important, indispensable, invaluable, major, necessary, powerful, useful, valuable, vital | educational, learning, reference, research This dictionary is an invaluable reference tool for advanced learners.
| ideological, negotiating, political, propaganda We must ensure that education is not used as a political tool.
| communication, management, marketing | analysis/analytical, design, desktop, development, drawing, multimedia, presentation, programming, software
pos: noun

no: 252
word: predict
categories: ADV.
VERB + PREDICT
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. accurately, correctly, reliably, successfully, with accuracy/certainty It is not possible to predict with any certainty what effect this will have.
| exactly, precisely | confidently | wrongly
VERB + PREDICT be able/unable to, can/could | try to | dare (to) Few would have dared to predict such a landslide victory.
| fail to | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to | be easy to, be possible to | use sth to a computer model used to predict future weather patterns
| allow sb to, enable sb to Newton's theories allow us to predict the flight of a cricket ball.
PREP. from We can predict from this information what is likely to happen next.
PHRASES be widely predicted This result had been widely predicted by the opinion polls.
pos: verb

no: 253
word: internal

no: 254.1
word: labor
meaning: work
categories: ADJ.
VERB + LABOUR
LABOUR + NOUN
backside: ADJ. manual, physical | forced, hard He was sentenced to four years hard labour for his crime.
VERB + LABOUR withdraw The miners are threatening to withdraw their labour.
LABOUR + NOUN market an increasingly competitive labour market
pos: noun

no: 254.2
word: labor
meaning: workers
categories: ADJ.
LABOUR + NOUN
backside: ADJ. cheap | casual | skilled, unskilled | child, migrant, slave It is thought that Stonehenge was built using slave labour.
LABOUR + NOUN force the size of the labour force
| cost/costs | relations
pos: noun

no: 254.3
word: labor
meaning: giving birth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + LABOUR
LABOUR + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. difficult, easy | long, short The baby was born after a long labour.
VERB + LABOUR go into She went into labour two weeks early.
| induce Labour was induced when the baby was ten days overdue.
LABOUR + NOUN room, ward | pains
PREP. in ~ She was in labour for ten hours.
pos: noun

no: 255.2
word: engage
categories: ADV.
VERB + ENGAGE
PREP.
ADV.
VERB + ENGAGE
backside: ADV. directly, fully
VERB + ENGAGE fail to, refuse to
PREP. with acknowledging the need to engage directly with these problems
PHRASAL VERBS engage (sb) in sth
ADV. actively people who actively engage in shaping the world they live in
VERB + ENGAGE attempt to, seek to, try to He tried to engage me in conversation.
| be eager to, be willing to | be reluctant to, be unwilling to
pos: verb

no: 256.1
word: separate
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS be | become | remain | keep sb/sth The women are kept separate from the men.
| consider sth
ADV. very, widely I kept my two lives very separate. species from widely separate parts of the world
| absolutely, completely, entirely, quite, totally, wholly The waste water is kept entirely separate from the rainwater.
| largely | rather, relatively, somewhat | essentially The two groups are essentially separate and independent.
| apparently | hitherto, previously to merge the two previously separate businesses
| geographically, physically
PREP. from a lifestyle which is quite separate from that of her parents
pos: adj.

no: 256.2.1
word: separate
meaning: move/keep people/things apart
categories: ADV.
VERB + SEPARATE
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. completely, totally | carefully | clearly These two branches of the science have now become clearly separated.
| effectively | easily, readily One cannot easily separate moral, social and political issues.
| formally | legally | physically, spatially | out A magnet separates out scrap iron from the rubbish.
VERB + SEPARATE attempt to, try to | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to It was impossible to separate the rival fans.
PREP. from separating the boys from the girls
| into I separated the documents into two piles.
PHRASES sharply separated The disciplines of science and engineering are not always sharply separated.
| widely separated The two groups became widely separated.
pos: verb

no: 256.2.2
word: separate
meaning: stop living together
categories: ADV.
VERB + SEPARATE
PREP.
backside: ADV. legally
VERB + SEPARATE decide to
PREP. from She is separated from her husband.
pos: verb

no: 257
word: highly

no: 258.1
word: rely
meaning: need sb/sth
categories: ADV.
VERB + RELY
PREP.
backside: ADV. heavily, a lot, strongly countries that rely heavily on food aid
| entirely, exclusively, solely | increasingly | largely, mainly | traditionally
VERB + RELY be forced to, have to, must people who are forced to rely on public transport
| tend to
PREP. for They relied entirely on these few weapons for their defence.
pos: verb

no: 258.2
word: rely
meaning: trust sb/sth
categories: ADV.
VERB + RELY
PREP.
backside: ADV. safely You can safely rely on his judgement.
| simply Most historians simply rely on archives.
VERB + RELY can/could | can/could always | can/could no longer The party could no longer rely on its traditional supporters.
PREP. for I couldn't rely on John for information.
pos: verb

no: 259.1
word: assess
meaning: form an opinion
categories: ADV.
VERB + ASSESS
backside: ADV. fully | accurately, correctly, properly
VERB + ASSESS attempt to, try to | help to | be difficult to It is difficult to fully assess the damage.
pos: verb

no: 259.2
word: assess
meaning: amount/value
categories: ADV.
VERB + ASSESS
PREP.
backside: ADV. accurately, correctly, properly
VERB + ASSESS attempt to, try to | be difficult to It is difficult to assess the building's value properly without seeing it.
PREP. at The legal costs have been assessed at
£75,000.
pos: verb

no: 260.1
word: objective
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be, seem | remain
ADV. truly, very | completely, purely, totally, wholly It is impossible to be completely objective.
| fairly, quite, reasonably | apparently | supposedly
pos: adj.

no: 260.2
word: objective
categories: ADJ.
VERB + OBJECTIVE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. key, main, major, primary, prime, principal | broad, overall, overriding, ultimate | limited, narrow | long-term, short-term | clear, specific | stated The legislation has failed to achieve its stated objectives.
| common The two groups are pursuing a common objective.
| economic, educational, environmental, military, political, strategic | business, policy
VERB + OBJECTIVE accomplish, achieve, attain, fulfil, meet, reach, succeed in The department needs more money to fulfil its objectives.
| fail in | agree, define, establish, formulate, identify, set, specify We need to establish a clear objective.
| declare, state | clarify | promote, pursue
PREP. in an/the ~ The party is radical in its objectives.
| ~ of We succeeded in our prime objective of cutting costs.
pos: noun

no: 262.1
word: adopt
meaning: child
categories: ADV.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. legally The child has now been legally adopted.
PHRASES have sb adopted She was forced to have her baby adopted.
pos: verb

no: 262.2
word: adopt
meaning: take and use sth
categories: ADV.
VERB + ADOPT
PREP.
backside: ADV. formally, officially The policy has not yet been formally adopted.
VERB + ADOPT tend to | decide to | be forced to
PREP. towards the policies employers adopt towards the labour force
pos: verb

no: 263.1
word: view
meaning: opinion/idea about sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + VIEW
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. general, popular, prevailing, widely held The prevailing view is that he has done a good job in difficult circumstances.
| conflicting, differing, divergent, opposing, polarized The debate brings together experts with conflicting views.
| clear, forthright, strong He's a doctor with clear views on how to prevent illness.
| idealized, optimistic, positive, romantic, rosy Her rosy view of life abroad seems rather naive.
| jaundiced, negative, pessimistic After his experience in jail, he has a pretty jaundiced view of the penal system.
| conventional The conventional view is that work is pleasant and rewarding.
| unorthodox | minority | political | liberal, modern, progressive, radical | moderate | conservative, reactionary | extremist, hard-line | stereotyped, stereotypical | informed | ill-informed, uninformed | world His world view revolves around a battle between rich and poor.
VERB + VIEW have, hold | take I took the view that an exception should be made in this case.
| air, convey, expound, express, make known, present, put forward The meeting gave everyone the chance to air their views. She picked up the phone and made her views known to her boss.
| discuss, exchange, share At the meeting, we hope people will exchange views freely.
| canvass, solicit He called a meeting to solicit the views of his staff.
| reflect, represent His letter to the management did not reflect the views of his colleagues.
| adhere to, agree with, endorse | confirm, support | challenge His music challenges the view that modern jazz is inaccessible.
PREP. in your ~ In my view it was a waste of time.
| ~ about Teachers generally keep their views about politics hidden.
| ~ on Experts hold widely differing views on this subject.
PHRASES an exchange of views It's good to have a full and frank exchange of views.
| a point of view From a teacher's point of view, activities that can be done with minimal preparation are invaluable.
| take a dim view of sth (= have a poor opinion of sth) My mother takes a pretty dim view of my cooking skills.
pos: noun

no: 263.2
word: view
meaning: ability to see/be seen from a particular place
categories: ADJ.
VERB + VIEW
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. good, grandstand, wonderful | poor, terrible We had a poor view of the stage from where we were sitting.
| clear, unimpeded, uninterrupted, unobstructed | back, front, rear, side The picture shows a front view of the car.
| close, close-up | public Tensions within the band remained hidden from public view.
| overall (figurative) The staff handbook gives an overall view of the company.
VERB + VIEW get, have The pillar prevented me getting a clear view of the action.
| give sb The patio gave an unimpeded view across the headland to the sea.
| block A woman in a very large hat was blocking my view of the procession.
| come into A large truck suddenly came into view.
| disappear from They stood waving on the platform, until the train disappeared from view.
| be hidden from
PREP. in ~ There was nobody in view.
| on ~ The carriage was put on view for the public to see.
PHRASES in full view (of sth) He was shot in full view of a large crowd.
pos: noun

no: 263.3
word: view
meaning: scenery
categories: ADJ.
VERB + VIEW
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. breathtaking, fine, lovely, magnificent, spectacular, splendid, stunning, superb, wonderful a room with a breathtaking view across the bay
| commanding, panoramic | mountain, sea, etc.
VERB + VIEW afford, boast, enjoy, give, have Most rooms enjoy panoramic views of the sea. The large windows give fine views of the surrounding countryside.
| admire, enjoy a place to unwind and enjoy the view
PREP. ~ across/over a view over the valley
| ~ from the view from his apartment
| ~ of
PHRASES a room with a view
pos: noun

no: 264
word: stability
categories: ADJ.
VERB + STABILITY
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. greater | relative | long-term | internal | economic, financial, monetary, price | political, social | emotional
VERB + STABILITY achieve, bring, ensure, give sb, provide (sb with) The policy should bring greater monetary stability to the country.
| lack | threaten, undermine | maintain, preserve
PHRASES a period of stability The country was enjoying a period of political stability.
| a threat to stability The conflict is becoming a threat to stability in the region.
pos: noun

no: 265
word: client
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CLIENT
PREP.
backside: ADJ. big The company needs to focus on its biggest clients.
| new | potential, prospective | established, existing, regular | business, corporate | private
VERB + CLIENT serve A new branch has been opened to serve clients in East London.
| act for, represent | take on She's so busy that she's not taking on any new clients.
| attract a campaign to attract new clients
PREP. on behalf of ~ On behalf of my client, I would like to remind you of your obligations in this matter.
pos: noun

no: 266.2.1
word: instrument
meaning: tool for a particular task
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + INSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT + VERB
INSTRUMENT + NOUN
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. precision | sophisticated | reliable | crude | blunt The autopsy revealed that the deceased had been hit with a blunt instrument. (figurative) Even though it was a somewhat blunt instrument
(= not very precise), our questionnaire provided us with some interesting ideas.
| sharp | small | delicate | appropriate | research | drawing, measuring, writing | astronomical, flight, flying, mathematical, medical, navigation, navigational, optical, scientific, surgical | cockpit
QUANT. set a set of mathematical instruments
VERB + INSTRUMENT use All pupils should learn to use drawing instruments.
| check, read to read the instruments and make a note of the wind speed and direction
| design, develop, devise, invent | build, make All the instruments are made from glass capillary tubing.
INSTRUMENT + VERB measure sth an instrument that measures light intensity
INSTRUMENT + NOUN check The pilot did his instrument checks and taxied towards the runway.
| maker | panel There was a warning light flashing on the instrument panel.
PHRASES an instrument of torture medieval instruments of torture such as the rack and the wheel
pos: noun

no: 266.2.2
word: instrument
meaning: for playing music
categories: ADJ.
VERB + INSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT + VERB
INSTRUMENT + NOUN
backside: ADJ. musical | beautiful, fine | classical | modern | period baroque music played on period instruments
| solo | orchestral | brass, keyboard, percussion, string/stringed, wind, woodwind | acoustic, electric, electronic
VERB + INSTRUMENT play (on) She plays three musical instruments. The score was written to be played on a keyboard instrument.
| learn, learn (how) to play | tune Ensure the instrument is tuned to concert pitch.
| make an instrument made by a woman guitar maker in Canada
INSTRUMENT + VERB sound The instrument sounds like a cello.
INSTRUMENT + NOUN maker > Special page at MUSIC
pos: noun

no: 266.2.3
word: instrument
meaning: sb/sth used to make sth happen
categories: ADJ.
VERB + INSTRUMENT
PREP.
backside: ADJ. chief, key, main, major, prime, principal | good, great They agreed that the UN was the best instrument for reaching agreement.
| ideal | important, valuable | powerful | useful | effective | flexible | mere Some cynics say that sport is a mere instrument of capitalist domination.
| chosen The despot claimed to be the chosen instrument of divine providence.
| divine | political
VERB + INSTRUMENT perceive sb/sth as, regard sb/sth as, see sb/sth as, view sb/sth as They saw criminal law as an instrument for improving public morals.
| use sb/sth as | make sb/sth
PREP. ~ for Criminal law is not the best instrument for dealing with family matters.
| ~ of She was accused of making a public service an instrument of private advantage.
pos: noun

no: 267
word: extend
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. greatly, significantly Next year we will greatly extend the range of goods that we sell.
PREP. from, to The repayment period will be extended from 20 years to 25 years.
pos: verb

no: 268
word: construct

no: 269.1.1
word: demand
meaning: firm request
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DEMAND
PREP.
backside: ADJ. legitimate, realistic, reasonable I think your demand for higher wages is perfectly reasonable.
| unrealistic, unreasonable | radical | urgent | central, key, main, major | fresh, new, renewed There have been renewed demands for the government to take action to reduce crime.
| growing, increasing | final A final demand for payment had been issued.
| written | financial, political | government, opposition, popular, public, royal, union The management had no intention of meeting union demands.
| pay, ransom, tax, wage A ransom demand has been made for the kidnapped racehorse.
VERB + DEMAND issue, make, present, press, put forward Demands have been made for the immediate distribution of food to the refugees.
| renew, repeat, step up Campaigners have stepped up their demands for immediate government action.
| face | respond to | agree to, give in to, meet, satisfy, yield to My government cannot give in to the demands of an illegal organization.
| reject, resist
PREP. on ~ Campaigners insist that abortion should be available on demand.
| ~ for, ~ from demands from the opposition for a recount of the votes
pos: noun

no: 269.1.2
word: demand
meaning: need/desire for goods/services
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + DEMAND
DEMAND + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. big, buoyant, considerable, enormous, great, heavy, high, huge, insatiable, peak, strong, unprecedented Demand for the product is buoyant. There's always a great demand for our soups in winter.
| burgeoning, growing, increased/increasing, rising | excess, extra | constant, steady She is in constant demand to make public appearances and give interviews.
| changing, fluctuating, seasonal | current, future | latent, likely, pent-up, potential, projected, prospective | overall, total We can estimate that total market demand for electrical goods will rise by 8%.
| declining, falling, limited, low, reduced, sluggish | consumer, customer, market, popular, public By popular demand, the play will run for another week.
| domestic, export, foreign, local, world, worldwide The slowdown in domestic demand was offset by an increase in exports.
| electricity, energy, housing, labour, etc.
QUANT. level a high level of demand
VERB + DEMAND cope with, meet, satisfy The factories are staying open all weekend to try to meet the consumer demand for this product.
| create, generate It is the job of the marketing manager to create demand for the new product.
| boost, increase, stimulate | reduce | exceed, outstrip Supply normally exceeds demand for the bulk of consumer goods.
| forecast It can be difficult to forecast demand in the construction industry.
| manage policies aimed at managing demand
DEMAND + VERB grow, increase, rise Demand for personal computers has risen sharply.
| decline, fall, slow (down) As demand slows, the need to export will return.
PREP. in ~ These old machines are still in demand.
| ~ among the potential demand among children
| ~ for increased demand for health products
| ~ from the demand from consumers
| ~ on This section of the population makes a high demand on health care resources.
PHRASES supply and demand the law of supply and demand
> Special page at BUSINESS
pos: noun

no: 269.1.3
word: demand
meaning: demands: difficult/tiring things you have to do
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DEMAND
PREP.
backside: ADJ. considerable, enormous, excessive, extra, great, heavy, high, impossible I think the demands of this job are excessive.
| exacting, pressing | growing, increasing | competing, conflicting, contradictory | day-to-day, everyday the day-to-day demands of the job
| immediate the need for scientific research freed from the immediate demands of industry
| external The person who cannot say ‘no’ to others' requests is likely to be overwhelmed by external demands.
| economic, emotional, financial, physical, practical, sexual, social, technical Life is hard for nurses on children's wards, where the emotional demands can be overwhelming.
VERB + DEMAND impose, make, place My elderly parents make a lot of demands on me.
| respond to | cope with coping with the conflicting demands of work and family life
PREP. ~ on/upon My work seems to make more and more demands on my time.
pos: noun

no: 269.2
word: demand
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. aggressively, angrily, coldly, fiercely, furiously, harshly, indignantly, irritably, roughly, sharply ‘Where are the keys?’ she demanded angrily.
PREP. from He had demanded money from her.
| of They failed to provide the information demanded of them.
pos: verb

no: 270.1
word: vision
meaning: ability to see
categories: ADJ.
VERB + VISION
VISION + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. 20/20, excellent, perfect The eye test shows she has perfect vision.
| normal | clear The rain prevented her having clear vision of the road ahead.
| blurred, defective, distorted, impaired, poor | double, tunnel (often figurative)
| all-round The high driving position gives excellent all-round vision.
| binocular, stereoscopic | X-ray | distance I can read without glasses, but my distance vision is poor.
| night | peripheral Use your peripheral vision widely when moving from place to place.
VERB + VISION have | give (sb) | obscure, restrict | blur The tears blurred her vision.
| improve
VISION + VERB clear Her vision cleared and she realized Niall was standing beside her.
PREP. across your ~ A bird shot across her vision.
PHRASES your field of vision She was aware of shapes moving across her field of vision.
| your line of vision Someone was standing in my line of vision so I couldn't see the screen.
pos: noun

no: 270.2
word: vision
meaning: picture in your imagination
categories: ADJ.
VERB + VISION
VISION + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. disturbing, dreadful, ghastly, horrible | bleak | inner, intuitive, mental, spiritual | mystic/mystical, prophetic, religious A young girl in the village experienced a prophetic vision.
| poetic | apocalyptic an apocalyptic vision of the end of civilization
| momentary, sudden
VERB + VISION experience, have, receive I had visions of us getting hopelessly lost.
| conjure up The word ‘island’ conjures up a vision of a relaxing summer holiday.
VISION + VERB fade As he approached, the vision faded and there was no one there.
PREP. in a/the ~ The idea came to her in a vision.
| ~ of
pos: noun

no: 270.3
word: vision
meaning: ability to see/plan for the future
categories: ADJ.
VERB + VISION
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. great | imaginative | alternative | broad, comprehensive, global, wide The company needs to develop a global vision.
| narrow | overall | personal | clear The engineers had a clear vision of what they wanted to achieve.
| common They share a common vision for the development of health services.
| strategic | political | revolutionary | romantic, Utopian
VERB + VISION have | develop | convey, expand on/upon, outline, promote He outlined his vision for the new economic order.
| impose The new leader set about imposing his vision on the party.
| share | cloud He was determined not to let emotions cloud his vision.
PREP. of ~ a statesman of great vision
| ~ for a vision for the future
| ~ of an alternative vision of society
PHRASES breadth of vision His plans for the country's future show a remarkable breadth of vision.
pos: noun

no: 271
word: propose
categories: ADV.
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. seriously Are you seriously proposing that we should allow this situation to continue?
PREP. as The measures have been proposed as a way of improving standards.
| for He was proposed for the job of treasurer.
PHRASES originally proposed The plan originally proposed was ruled completely unrealistic.
pos: verb

no: 272
word: efficiency
categories: ADJ.
VERB + EFFICIENCY
EFFICIENCY + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. ruthless | great, high attempts to achieve greater efficiency in the production process
| maximum, optimum | low | cost | energy, fuel | mental, physical | administrative, business, economic, industrial, management, operational, organizational, production, productive, technical
VERB + EFFICIENCY achieve | boost, enhance, improve, increase, maximize, promote | decrease, impair, reduce
EFFICIENCY + NOUN drive, measures New timekeeping procedures had been introduced as part of an efficiency drive.
| gains, improvements, savings the efficiency gains resulting from improved technology
PREP. with ~ The uprising was put down with ruthless efficiency.
| ~ in greater efficiency in energy use
pos: noun

no: 273.1
word: solution
meaning: to a problem, difficult situation, etc.
categories: ADJ.
VERB + SOLUTION
PREP.
backside: ADJ. complete, comprehensive | partial | effective, good, happy, ideal, neat, optimal, perfect, real His plan does not offer a real solution to the problem.
| acceptable | satisfactory, workable | correct, right | easy, obvious, simple | possible | feasible, practical, realistic, viable | cost-effective | creative, imaginative, ingenious | drastic, radical | early, immediate, instant, quick, speedy The UN representative stressed the urgency of an early solution.
| final, lasting, long-term, permanent, ultimate | interim, short-term, temporary | proposed | pragmatic | compromise, negotiated | diplomatic, peaceful, political | military | technical
VERB + SOLUTION look for, seek, work towards | achieve, agree (on), arrive at, come up with, find, produce, reach, work out attempts to find a comprehensive political solution to the crisis
| propose, put forward, suggest | adopt | offer, provide
PREP. ~ for a quick solution for dealing with the paper shortage
| ~ to They were seeking an ultimate solution to the city's traffic problem.
pos: noun

no: 273.2
word: solution
meaning: liquid in which a solid has been dissolved
categories: ADJ.
SOLUTION + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. concentrated, neat, strong | dilute, weak | saturated | acid | alkaline | aqueous | saline, salt | bicarbonate, sodium chloride, etc.
SOLUTION + VERB contain
PREP. in ~ aluminium ions in solution
pos: noun

no: 274
word: multiple

no: 275.1
word: conclusion
meaning: opinion reached after considering the facts
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CONCLUSION
backside: ADJ. correct | logical, reasonable, valid | inescapable, inevitable, obvious | erroneous, false, wrong | main | hasty
VERB + CONCLUSION arrive at, come to, draw, reach I can't draw any conclusions from what she said.
| jump to, leap to We don't want to jump to the wrong conclusion. Don't go jumping to conclusions before you know the facts.
| lead to, point to It all points to the conclusion that nobody knew what was going on.
pos: noun

no: 275.2
word: conclusion
meaning: ending of sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CONCLUSION
PREP.
backside: ADJ. satisfactory, successful | foregone The result of the match was a foregone conclusion.
| hasty
VERB + CONCLUSION bring about, bring sth to The meeting was brought to a hasty conclusion.
| come to
PREP. in ~ In conclusion, I would like to thank you all for your hard work.
> Special page at MEETING
pos: noun

no: 276
word: overall

no: 277.1
word: presence
meaning: being present
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PRESENCE
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. mere The mere presence of children in the room is enough to upset him.
| constant, continued, continuing, permanent | strong The company now has a strong presence in Germany.
VERB + PRESENCE indicate, reveal, show These chemicals could indicate the presence of water on the planet.
| acknowledge He acknowledged our presence with a nod of his head.
| detect | grace sb with (ironic or humorous) How nice of you to grace us with your presence!
PREP. in sb's ~ He should never have made those remarks in your presence.
PHRASES make your presence felt/known She certainly made her presence felt in the boardroom.
pos: noun

no: 277.2
word: presence
meaning: number of people
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PRESENCE
backside: ADJ. constant | military, police There was a strong police presence throughout the demonstration.
VERB + PRESENCE maintain The army maintains a constant presence in the area.
pos: noun

no: 277.3
word: presence
meaning: force of personality
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PRESENCE
backside: ADJ. charismatic, commanding, formidable, great, imposing, powerful, strong | stage He had a formidable stage presence.
VERB + PRESENCE have
pos: noun

no: 278.2.1
word: claim
meaning: say that sth is true
categories: ADV.
VERB + CLAIM
backside: ADV. justifiably, rightfully, rightly | falsely, wrongly The company had falsely claimed that its products were biodegradable.
VERB + CLAIM attempt to, try to He tried to claim that he had acted in self-defence.
pos: verb

no: 278.2.2
word: claim
meaning: ask for sth you think you have a right to have
categories: ADV.
VERB + CLAIM
PREP.
backside: ADV. back You can claim back some of the cost of your treatment.
VERB + CLAIM be able to, be entitled to, can/could You might be entitled to claim compensation if you are injured at work.
| attempt to, try to
PREP. on Can't you claim on your insurance?
pos: verb

no: 279
word: transform
categories: ADV.
VERB + TRANSFORM
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. considerably, fundamentally, profoundly, radically The riots radically transformed the situation.
| completely, entirely, totally, utterly | quickly, rapidly | gradually, slowly | suddenly | apparently | miraculously He seems to have been miraculously transformed into a first-class player.
| overnight Things cannot be transformed overnight.
VERB + TRANSFORM help (to) | manage to
PREP. from, into The place was transformed from a quiet farming village into a busy port.
PHRASES the power to transform sb/sth the power of religion to transform our hearts and minds
pos: verb

no: 280
word: generate
categories: ADV.
VERB + GENERATE
PREP.
backside: ADV. quickly | automatically, spontaneously People used to believe that dirt spontaneously generated disease.
| randomly a sequence of randomly generated fractions
| externally, internally internally generated revenue
| locally
VERB + GENERATE help (to) the opportunity to help generate ideas
| be used to The wind turbines are used to generate electricity.
| be expected to, be likely to The lottery is expected to generate substantial funds for charities.
PREP. from Living cells generate energy from food. profits generated from the company's activities
pos: verb

no: 281.1
word: failure
meaning: lack of success
categories: ADJ.
VERB + FAILURE
FAILURE + NOUN
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. complete, total | abject, humiliating, ignominious The attempt ended in abject failure.
| inevitable | costly | alleged, apparent, perceived | evident | comparative, relative | initial Initial failure was followed by unexpected, if modest, success.
| ultimate War is the ultimate failure of public communication.
| personal | moral | academic | economic, financial | military
VERB + FAILURE be doomed to, end in, result in All her efforts were doomed to failure.
| admit, confess He was too proud to admit failure.
| expect Children who are doing badly tend to expect failure and criticism.
| fear | avoid
FAILURE + NOUN rate There is a high failure rate with this treatment.
PHRASES fear of failure Fear of failure should not deter you from trying.
| a history of failure John had a long history of academic failure.
| a possibility/risk of failure, a sense of failure
pos: noun

no: 281.2
word: failure
meaning: unsuccessful person/thing
categories: ADJ.
VERB + FAILURE
FAILURE + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. great, serious | complete, total, utter | catastrophic, disastrous | abject, conspicuous, dismal, humiliating, ignominious, lamentable, miserable | costly | heroic Her ideas were large: if she could not succeed, she would at least be a heroic failure.
| alleged, apparent, perceived | evident | comparative, relative | past to learn from past failures
| rare The film was one of the rare failures in his career.
| unexpected | personal | collective | moral | academic | economic, financial economic failure and increasing unemployment
| military
VERB + FAILURE be, represent | prove The venture proved a costly failure.
| feel I felt a complete failure.
| consider sb/sth, regard sb/sth as | brand sb/sth, pronounce sb/sth Her parents had long since branded her a failure.
FAILURE + VERB arise from sth failures arising from circumstances beyond your control
PREP. ~ of The decision to withdraw funding represents a failure of imagination.
pos: noun

no: 281.3
word: failure
meaning: not doing sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + FAILURE
backside: ADJ. fundamental | general | manifest | consistent, constant, continued/continuing, persistent, repeated | government, management government failure to listen to the voice of the electorate
VERB + FAILURE excuse, justify seeking to excuse his failure to ask her permission
pos: noun

no: 281.4
word: failure
meaning: of a machine/system/part of the body, etc.
categories: ADJ.
VERB + FAILURE
FAILURE + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. battery, brake, component, computer, engine, equipment, mechanical, power, system, technical | bank, business, commercial, company, corporate, market Business failures rose by 30% in 2001.
| brain, heart, kidney, liver | crop, harvest | communication
VERB + FAILURE cause, lead to, result in a rare viral infection that can lead to heart failure
FAILURE + VERB occur A power failure occurred between 4 and 5 p.m.
PREP. ~ in a failure in the computer system
pos: noun

no: 282.2.1
word: advance
meaning: forward movement
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ADVANCE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. rapid | Allied, British, German, etc.
VERB + ADVANCE make The regiment made an advance on the enemy lines.
| order The general ordered an advance to the front line.
| halt, resist, stop
PREP. on ~ the advance on Leningrad
| to ~, towards ~ the Russian advance towards Berlin
pos: noun

no: 282.2.4
word: advance
meaning: advances: sexual
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ADVANCE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. amorous, sexual
VERB + ADVANCE make He made amorous advances to one of his students.
PREP. ~ to
pos: noun

no: 282.3.1
word: advance
meaning: move forward
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. quickly, rapidly | cautiously, slowly
PREP. from advancing from the south
| into The troops advanced into central Europe.
| on/upon The army advanced on the capital.
| towards He advanced towards me in aggressive style.
pos: verb

no: 283.1
word: connection
meaning: relationship between two things
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CONNECTION
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. clear, close, direct, intimate, strong There is a close connection between family background and academic achievement.
| tenuous | obvious | causal
VERB + CONNECTION have His death had no connection with drugs.
| discover, establish, find, make, see Researchers have now established a connection between air pollution and asthma. She did not make the connection between her diet and her poor health.
| break, sever She wanted to sever all her connections with the firm.
PREP. in ~ with I am writing in connection with your recent job application.
| ~ between the connection between crime and alcohol
| ~ to/with What is your connection with the school?
PHRASES in that/this connection (= for reasons connected with sth recently mentioned)
pos: noun

no: 283.2
word: connection
meaning: place where wires/pipes join together
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CONNECTION
CONNECTION + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. loose | electrical, pipe
VERB + CONNECTION break If you break the connection, the light won't come on.
CONNECTION + NOUN charge
PREP. ~ to waiting for connection to the water mains
pos: noun

no: 283.3
word: connection
meaning: bus/train/plane
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CONNECTION
PREP.
backside: ADJ. good | bus, rail/railway, train
VERB + CONNECTION make | miss
PREP. ~ between There are good connections between the resort and major cities.
| ~ to We'll be lucky if we make our connection to Paris.
| ~ with good connections with New York
pos: noun

no: 283.4
word: connection
meaning: person you know
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CONNECTION
backside: ADJ. good | aristocratic | business, family, personal, political, professional, social
VERB + CONNECTION have I have some good business connections in New York. He has connections
(= he knows important people who would be able to help him).
| use She used her connections to get the job.
pos: noun

no: 284.1
word: journal
meaning: serious magazine
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + JOURNAL
JOURNAL + VERB
JOURNAL + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. academic, learned, scholarly | professional, technical, trade | house/in-house the house journal of the South Western Gas Board
| non-specialist, specialist | research, reviewing | business, literary, medical, science/scientific | august, highly-ranked/high-ranking, leading, major, prestigious ‘Nature’ was the highest-ranked journal in thte survey.
| official It's the official journal of the Medical Foundation.
| international, national | monthly, quarterly, weekly
QUANT. copy Please send me two copies of your new journal.
| edition, issue, volume
VERB + JOURNAL read | edit, write for an academic who writes for specialist journals
| produce, publish | buy, get, subscribe to She subscribes to quite a few academic journals.
JOURNAL + VERB come out The journal comes out five times a year.
JOURNAL + NOUN article | editor
PREP. in a/the ~ an article in a medical journal
| ~ of the British Journal of Geology
pos: noun

no: 284.2
word: journal
meaning: diary
categories: ADJ.
VERB + JOURNAL
JOURNAL + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. private | daily
VERB + JOURNAL keep, write Lady Franklin kept a daily journal of the voyage.
| read
JOURNAL + NOUN entry Her journal entry for that day describes a thunder storm.
PREP. in a/the ~ The events are all recorded in her journal.
| ~ of He wrote a journal of his travels.
pos: noun

no: 285.1
word: initiative
meaning: new plan
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + INITIATIVE
INITIATIVE + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. fresh, new fresh initiatives to find a peaceful end to the conflict
| pioneering pioneering initiatives in bioengineering
| current, latest, recent | important, major | welcome | successful | practical | exciting | private | co-operative, joint | international, local, national, regional | government | business, diplomatic, economic, education/educational, environmental, marketing, peace, policy, political, research, training
QUANT. range, series
VERB + INITIATIVE undertake The research initiative is being undertaken by a group of environmentalists.
| plan | develop | announce | introduce, launch, set up, start The government has launched a new policy initiative.
| be/become involved in Ten schools have been involved in the initiative.
| lead | approve | reject The peace initiative was rejected out of hand.
| sponsor a peace initiative sponsored by the Organization of African Unity
| endorse, support The committee endorsed an initiative by the chairman to enter discussion about a possible merger.
| welcome We welcome the government's initiative to help the homeless.
| praise | encourage
INITIATIVE + VERB be aimed at sth, be designed to a local initiative aimed at economic regeneration an initiative designed to promote collaborative research
| involve sth, relate to sth | founder The initiative foundered because there was no market interest in redevelopment.
PREP. ~ against a new initiative against car theft
| ~ by the latest initiative by the UN Secretary General
| ~ for an initiative for peace and human rights
| ~ on the government's major new initiative on crime
> Special page at BUSINESS
pos: noun

no: 285.2
word: initiative
meaning: ability to decide/act independently
categories: ADJ.
VERB + INITIATIVE
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. considerable, great, real | individual, personal, private It is a very hierarchical company and there's little place for individual initiative.
| entrepreneurial
VERB + INITIATIVE have He had the initiative to ask what time the last train left.
| display, show | act/work on your own, use He acted on his own initiative and wasn't following orders. Don't ask me what you should do all the time. Use your initiative!
| lack | encourage, promote | stifle Raising taxes on small businesses will stifle initiative.
PREP. on sb's ~ The project was set up on the initiative of a local landowner.
| ~ in Some scientists show little initiative in applying their knowledge.
PHRASES a lack of initiative, on your own initiative In an unprecedented action, the army, on its own initiative, arrested seven civilians.
pos: noun

no: 285.3
word: initiative
meaning: the initiative: opportunity to gain an advantage
categories: VERB + INITIATIVE
INITIATIVE + VERB
PREP.
backside: VERB + INITIATIVE have, hold After their latest setback, the rebel forces no longer hold the initiative.
| gain, seize, take | regain In the second half, Manchester United regained the initiative.
| lose
INITIATIVE + VERB comes from sb/sth, lie with sb The initiative to re-open negotiations came from Moscow.
PREP. ~ in She took the initiative in asking the board to conduct an enquiry.
pos: noun

no: 286
word: enhance
categories: ADV.
VERB + ENHANCE
backside: ADV. considerably, dramatically, enormously, greatly, much, significantly, substantially The attractiveness of the book is much enhanced by Mark Stevens's drawings.
| directly | further | undoubtedly
VERB + ENHANCE can/could, may/might things that can significantly enhance the quality of your life
| help (to), serve to | be designed to, seek to reforms designed to enhance market efficiency
pos: verb

no: 287
word: accurate
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PHRASES
backside: VERBS be, prove His predictions proved accurate.
ADV. deadly, extremely, highly, very | amazingly, remarkably, surprisingly, uncannily | completely, perfectly, totally | not completely, not entirely, not quite, not strictly, not wholly The figures he gave were not strictly accurate.
| partially | broadly, fairly, generally, largely, pretty, quite, reasonably, sufficiently | historically, statistically
PHRASES full and accurate He gave a full and accurate account of his movements.
pos: adj.

no: 288.1
word: facility
meaning: facilities buildings/services/equipment
categories: ADJ.
VERB + FACILITY
FACILITY + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. excellent, first-class, good | adequate, appropriate, proper, suitable | inadequate, poor | basic, limited a hotel with only basic facilities
| modern, up-to-date | extensive | extra | available, existing We are looking to upgrade the existing facilities.
| essential, necessary to improve access to essential facilities
| local, community hospitals, schools and other major community facilities
| communal, shared The toilets and other communal facilities were in a shocking state.
| public | disabled The railway station was criticized for its lack of disabled facilities.
| conference | airport, hotel | bar, holiday, leisure, play, recreational, social, sporting/sports | transport, travel | parking | shopping | storage | canteen, dining, restaurant | catering, cooking, kitchen | baby changing, bathroom, laundry, sanitary, shower, toilet, washing | en suite, private All bedrooms offer private facilities
(= a private bathroom).
| health, health care, hospital, medical | childcare, creche, day care, nursery | educational, training | library, research | laboratory | computing
VERB + FACILITY have, offer, provide | improve, upgrade | make use of, use I made full use of the computing facilities.
FACILITY + VERB be available, exist | include sth Facilities include a large indoor pool, jacuzzi and sauna.
PREP. ~ for The school has no facilities for the teaching of music. The hotel provides excellent facilities for children.
PHRASES a range of facilities
pos: noun

no: 288.2
word: facility
meaning: special feature of a machine/service
categories: ADJ.
VERB + FACILITY
FACILITY + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. central The archive offers a central facility for cataloguing and indexing data.
| back-up The report warns that there are no back-up facilities if the reprocessing plant breaks down.
| support training and other support facilities
| special | useful | flexible A First National Bank loan is an extremely flexible facility.
| technical | cheque book, credit, loan, overdraft a bank account with an overdraft facility
| editing, graphics, help, mail, search, word processing (all computing)
VERB + FACILITY have, offer, provide | use
FACILITY + VERB allow (for) sth The cheque book facility allows for a minimum withdrawal of
£200.
PREP. ~ for The device has a facility for storing any sound you like.
pos: noun

no: 288.3
word: facility
meaning: natural ability
categories: ADJ.
VERB + FACILITY
PREP.
backside: ADJ. amazing, great
VERB + FACILITY have | show
PREP. with ~ He played with great facility.
| ~ for She showed an amazing facility for mind-reading.
pos: noun

no: 289
word: urban

no: 290
word: protection
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + PROTECTION
PROTECTION + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. adequate, effective | legal | police Witnesses at the trial were given police protection.
| animal, child, consumer, data, environmental, personal, wildlife Animal protection supporters gathered to protest against hunting. She carries a gun in her bag for personal protection.
| fire, flood Fire protection equipment must be available on all floors.
| sun sun protection products
QUANT. degree A helmet afford
s the cyclist some degree o
f protection against injury
.
VERB + PROTECTION afford (sb), give (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with)
PROTECTION + NOUN law, legislation, order The couple wer
e found guilty of violation of chil
d protection laws.
| measures, mechanism, scheme, system
PREP. under the ~ of Many Britis
h wild animals are now under th
e protection of the Wildlife an
d Countryside Act.
| ~ against Fil
l the cooling system with antifreez
e as a protection against frost.
| ~ from The high walls give th
e garden protection from the wind
.
PHRASES a means of protection The skunk releases a pungent smell as a means of protection.
pos: noun

no: 291
word: extent
categories: ADJ.
VERB + EXTENT
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. full, greatest, maximum, overall The overall extent of civilian casualties remained unclear.
| actual, exact, precise, true | geographical, territorial
VERB + EXTENT reach The railway network had reached its greatest extent in route mileage.
| see | consider, examine, explore, investigate | assess, calculate, estimate, evaluate, gauge, judge, measure | define, determine, establish, identify a statement defining the extent of Latvia's territory
| discover | acknowledge, appreciate, realize, recognize | know, understand We do not yet know the extent of her injuries.
| demonstrate, illustrate, indicate, make clear, reflect, reveal, show The operation revealed the extent of the cancer.
| outline a lengthy agenda outlining the extent of global environmental problems
| discuss | clarify, explain | emphasize, highlight, underline The victory underlined the extent to which Prussia had become a major power.
| exaggerate, overstate She was exaggerating the true extent of the problem.
| overestimate | underestimate | play down, underplay, understate The government sought to play down the extent of the problem.
| ignore | conceal, obscure | limit, reduce, restrict to reduce the extent of deforestation
PREP. in ~ The park is about 20 acres in extent.
| to an ~ To an extent
(= to some degree) East-West distrust continued throughout the war.
| to a … ~ He had withdrawn from the company of his friends to an alarming extent.
PHRASES at sth's fullest/greatest extent At its fullest extent the Angevin Empire comprised most of western France.
| to a considerable/great/large/significant extent, to a certain/to some extent To some extent, we are all responsible for this tragic situation.
| to a lesser/limited/small extent The pollution of the forest has seriously affected plant life and, to a lesser extent, wildlife.
| to the same extent People no longer live in small communities to the same extent as they used to.
pos: noun

no: 292
word: mental

no: 293
word: consequence
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CONSEQUENCE
CONSEQUENCE + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. full | far-reaching, important, profound | adverse, bad, catastrophic, damaging, dangerous, devastating, dire, disastrous, fatal, harmful, negative, serious, severe, terrible, tragic, unfortunate, unpleasant | beneficial, good, positive | major, main | direct, immediate | indirect | inevitable, necessary | likely, possible, potential | logical, natural | long-term, short-term | unintended | ecological, economic, electoral, environmental, financial, legal, physical, political, social to face up to the physical consequences of ageing
VERB + CONSEQUENCE have, lead to The practice had far-reaching environmental consequences.
| accept, bear, face (up to), suffer, take You must accept the full consequences of your behaviour.
CONSEQUENCE + VERB arise, ensue, follow the important electoral consequences that will follow from this decision
PREP. as a ~ Hundreds of people lost their jobs as a direct consequence of the merger.
| in ~ (of) (formal) The child was born deformed in consequence of an injury to its mother.
| ~ for This could have serious consequences for the economy.
pos: noun

no: 294
word: institute
categories: ADJ.
VERB + INSTITUTE
INSTITUTE + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. professional | independent | government | international, national | economic, education, educational, research, scientific, technical
VERB + INSTITUTE establish, found, set up | open | belong to She belongs to the Chartered Institute of Management.
| join
INSTITUTE + VERB find sth The environmental research institute found that the global average temperature had risen by 1.2°C.
| claim sth, say sth The Institute says that an unidentified virus is to blame for the syndrome.
| publish sth | provide sth an institute providing opportunities to veterinary graduates
PREP. at an/the ~ She used to give lectures at the Mechanics' Institute.
| in/within an/the ~ He is a key figure in the Institute of Mathematics.
| ~ for the International Institute for Economic Development
| ~ of
PHRASES a founder of an institute, a member of an institute
pos: noun

no: 295.1.1
word: content
meaning: contents things inside sth
categories: VERB + CONTENT
backside: VERB + CONTENT empty She emptied the contents of her bag on the floor
pos: noun

no: 295.1.2
word: content
meaning: amount of a substance that sth contains
categories: ADJ.
backside: ADJ. high foods with a high fibre content
| low | alcohol, calorie, carbon, fat, fibre, moisture, protein, sugar, sulphur, vitamin, etc.
pos: noun

no: 296
word: device
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DEVICE
DEVICE + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. clever, ingenious | labour-saving, useful | complex, sophisticated | simple | hi-tech | hand-held | automatic, electrical, electronic, mechanical | bugging, contraceptive, measuring, safety, timing, warning Police found several bugging devices in the room.
| explosive, incendiary An incendiary device exploded in the store, setting fire to furniture.
VERB + DEVICE be fitted with, have All new cars are now fitted with these safety devices.
| design, develop, make | use He measured the room using an ingenious new electronic device.
DEVICE + VERB consist of sth The device consists of a large wheel mounted on a metal post.
| be designed to a tiny device designed to trace telephone calls
| work The device worked exactly as I'd hoped.
PREP. ~ for a useful device for checking electrical circuits
pos: noun

no: 297
word: scholar
categories: ADJ.
backside: ADJ. brilliant, distinguished, eminent, famous, great, leading, outstanding | visiting | biblical, classical, French, history, literary, etc.
pos: noun

no: 298
word: visual

no: 299
word: above

no: 300
word: unique
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS be | make sb/sth Its magnificent proportions make this palace unique among the buildings of the world.
ADV. quite, totally, truly The city has an atmosphere which is quite unique.
| by no means, far from, hardly Although such a case is rare, it is by no means unique.
| almost, virtually | apparently
PREP. to This monkey is unique to the island.
pos: adj.

no: 302.1
word: discipline
meaning: controlling behaviour
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DISCIPLINE
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. effective, firm, good, strong We need better discipline in our schools.
| harsh, iron, rigid, strict strict military discipline
| lax, poor Discipline was too lax.
| staff, team | military, naval, party, prison, school, work
VERB + DISCIPLINE enforce, exercise, exert, impose the discipline that the party exercises over its members
| keep, maintain The teacher was unable to maintain discipline.
| accept, submit to They submitted to the discipline imposed by their leaders.
| have The school was criticized for having very poor discipline.
| lack Modern schools lack discipline.
| tighten The new headmaster tightened discipline in the school.
| relax | restore
PHRASES a breach of discipline It's unfair to dismiss somebody for a single breach of discipline.
| a breakdown of discipline a breakdown of discipline in the classroom
| a lack of discipline
pos: noun

no: 302.2
word: discipline
meaning: controlling yourself
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DISCIPLINE
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. good, great, useful, valuable It is good discipline to learn to delegate.
| strict | personal | mental, spiritual | business, commercial, financial, fiscal, industrial, market, monetary The chancellor has stabilized the economy through strict fiscal discipline.
VERB + DISCIPLINE have He'll never get anywhere working for himself?he's got no discipline.
| show | lack | demand, require, take It takes great discipline to learn a musical instrument.
PHRASES a lack of discipline
pos: noun

no: 302.3
word: discipline
meaning: subject of study
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. core, main, major Students are to be tested on the three core disciplines: maths, English and science.
| distinct, independent When did sociology emerge as a distinct discipline?
| established, traditional | subject | academic, intellectual They established psychology as an academic discipline.
| professional | humanities, science/scientific
PREP. across ~s There is a lack of communication across disciplines
(= between teachers and students of different subjects).
| within a/the ~ Within a discipline there may be more than one school of thought.
PHRASES a range of disciplines The university offers a wide range of disciplines.
pos: noun

no: 303
word: sustain
categories: ADV.
VERB + SUSTAIN
backside: ADV. long The soil was so badly eroded it could no longer sustain crop production.
| indefinitely | still
VERB + SUSTAIN be able/unable to, can/could | help (to) | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to This relationship would be very difficult to sustain.
pos: verb

no: 304.1
word: capacity
meaning: amount held/produced
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CAPACITY
CAPACITY + NOUN
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. high, large a high capacity electric pump large capacity disk drives
| limited, small | maximum, total a total capacity of 50 litres
| excess, spare spare capacity in the health service
| economic, productive | earning The qualification should increase my earning capacity.
| carrying, nuclear, seating, storage | engine, lung
VERB + CAPACITY have | be filled/packed to The theatre was filled to capacity
(= was full) for every performance.
| expand, increase | reduce
CAPACITY + NOUN audience, crowd
PHRASES operate/work at full capacity (= to produce the maximum amount possible)
pos: noun

no: 304.2
word: capacity
meaning: ability
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CAPACITY
PREP.
backside: ADJ. amazing, enormous, great, remarkable | limited | innate, natural Children have an innate capacity to understand language.
| intellectual, mental | human the human capacity for compassion
VERB + CAPACITY have | lose She seems to have lost the capacity to enjoy herself.
| increase | reduce, restrict
PREP. beyond your ~ This maths is beyond the capacity of most school children.
| within your ~ The mountain walk is well within the capacity of most fit people.
| ~ for her amazing capacity for organization
pos: noun

no: 304.3
word: capacity
meaning: official position
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CAPACITY
PREP.
backside: ADJ. official | personal, private, unofficial, voluntary | professional | acting, caretaker | advisory | judicial
VERB + CAPACITY act in, work in I have worked in an advisory capacity with many hospitals.
PREP. in your ~ In my capacity as president, I would like to thank Jack for his hard work.
pos: noun

no: 305
word: perceive
categories: ADV.
VERB + PERCEIVE
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. clearly | dimly Babies are weak and vulnerable in the presence of huge shapes that they can only dimly perceive.
| directly the world of directly perceived objects
| differently Risks are perceived differently by different people.
| easily, readily The industrial bias of canal building can be readily perceived by looking at Figure 7.3.
| correctly | immediately
VERB + PERCEIVE be able/unable to, can/could | fail to | be difficult to
PREP. as The General's words were perceived as a threat by neighbouring countries.
PHRASES commonly/generally/widely perceived It is widely perceived as a women's health problem, but it does also affect men.
| a failure/an inability to perceive sth
pos: verb

no: 306
word: i.e.

no: 307
word: ensure
categories: VERB + ENSURE
PHRASES
backside: VERB + ENSURE must | aim to, try to | take action/care/steps to We must take steps now to ensure the survival of these animals.
| be designed to provisions designed to ensure safe conditions of work
| help (to) | be important to, be necessary to, be sufficient to It is important to ensure that delegates have been properly briefed.
PHRASES an attempt to ensure sth, efforts/measures to ensure sth
pos: verb

no: 308
word: conclude

no: 309
word: combination
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. perfect, right, unbeatable, winning The orchestra played with a winning combination of gusto and precision.
| attractive, delicious, good, happy, powerful | curious, rare, strange, unique, unusual | colour an unusual colour combination
PREP. in ~ (with) The materials can be used singly or in combination. Hepatitis D exists only in combination with the hepatitis B virus.
| ~ of a delicious combination of flavours
pos: noun

no: 310
word: agricultural

no: 311
word: moreover

no: 312
word: emphasize
categories: ADV.
VERB + EMPHASIZE
backside: ADV. strongly | rightly The new law rightly emphasizes parental responsibility.
VERB + EMPHASIZE must, should I must emphasize that this is only a summary, and the full report will not be available until next week.
| be important to It is important to emphasize this point.
| seem to, serve to, tend to All the arguments and counter-arguments serve to emphasize the controversy surrounding this disease.
| fail to | be at pains to, be keen to I have been at pains to emphasize the positive aspects of discipline.
pos: verb

no: 313
word: rapidly

no: 314
word: approximately

no: 315
word: acceptance
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ACCEPTANCE
ACCEPTANCE + NOUN
backside: ADJ. complete, full, total, unconditional, wholehearted | conditional, grudging, reluctant | gradual | greater, growing, increasing Alternative medicines are now winning greater acceptance among doctors.
| general, popular, public, universal, wide, widespread | blind, easy, immediate, ready, uncritical, unquestioning, voluntary Their attitude was condemned as blind acceptance of authority.
| implicit, passive, tacit | formal, official | social
VERB + ACCEPTANCE find, gain, win The idea was slow to gain general acceptance.
| seek The group is now seeking formal acceptance.
ACCEPTANCE + NOUN speech
pos: noun

no: 316.1
word: sector
meaning: part of the business activity of a country
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. important, key | growing, growth | independent, private | public, state | voluntary | formal | informal | agricultural, banking, business, commercial, corporate, economic, financial, further/higher education, health, industrial, industry, manufacturing, market, primary, retail, service The survey covers a wide range of industry sectors.
| rural, urban
PREP. in a/the ~ employment opportunities in the higher education sector
PHRASES a sector of the economy/market
pos: noun

no: 316.2
word: sector
meaning: part of an area or of a large group of people
categories: VERB + SECTOR
PHRASES
backside: VERB + SECTOR divide sth into Berlin was divided into four sectors after the war.
PHRASES a sector of the population/society
pos: noun

no: 317.1
word: commitment
meaning: willingness to give time/energy to sth
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + COMMITMENT
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. absolute, complete, full, total | clear, deep, firm, genuine, great, passionate, real, serious, strong | continued, continuing, increased, increasing, lifelong, long-term, ongoing | general, open-ended | government, personal, professional, public | emotional, ideological, moral, political, religious
QUANT. degree, level
VERB + COMMITMENT give, make The prime minister made a firm commitment to increasing spending on health.
| demonstrate, display, show to demonstrate a commitment to human rights
| lack | affirm, reaffirm | require Learning to play the violin requires strong commitment.
| gain The government has managed to gain the commitment of employers to the scheme.
PREP. ~ on The government avoided giving any commitments on pensions.
| ~ to his lifelong commitment to the socialist cause
PHRASES a lack of commitment
pos: noun

no: 317.2
word: commitment
meaning: a responsibility
categories: ADJ.
VERB + COMMITMENT
PREP.
backside: ADJ. big, considerable, major | binding | prior | international, overseas | business, domestic, family, financial, military, social, teaching, work
VERB + COMMITMENT have, take on I don't want to take on any more commitments.
| fulfil, honour, meet She can't meet her financial commitments.
| get out of, wriggle out of He is trying to wriggle out of his various domestic commitments.
PREP. ~ on to honour commitments on reduction of air pollution
pos: noun

no: 317.3
word: commitment
meaning: agreeing to use money/time/people for sth
categories: ADJ.
backside: ADJ. heavy a heavy commitment of capital
pos: noun

no: 318.1
word: experiment
categories: ADJ.
VERB + EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENT + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. animal protesting against animal experiments
| field, laboratory | educational, medical, psychological, scientific | practical | thought His efforts involved thought experiments and analogies, rather than detailed experimentation.
| simple | brief | careful, control (science)
, controlled | interesting | ingenious | pioneering | bold the country's bold experiment with economic reform
| successful, unsuccessful | pilot, preliminary | further Further experiments will be carried out to verify this result.
| celebrated, classic/classical, famous, well-known Pavlov's famous experiment with the dog and the dinner bell
| unique Brazil's unique experiment with alcohol-fuelled cars
VERB + EXPERIMENT carry out, conduct, do, perform | try The school decided to try an experiment in single-sex teaching.
| design | set up | describe, report a classic experiment reported in 1964
EXPERIMENT + VERB confirm sth, demonstrate sth, find sth, illustrate sth, prove sth, show sth | indicate sth, suggest sth | be aimed at sth, be designed to do sth an experiment aimed at cutting road deaths resulting from excessive speeding
| involve sth, use sth | be successful, work If the conditions are not right, the experiment will not work.
| fail
PREP. by ~ The appropriate concentration of the drug is best determined by experiment.
| during an/the ~ The animals seemed healthy during the experiment.
| in an/the ~ In these experiments, chilling is necessary.
| ~ in the country's brief experiment in multi-party democracy
| ~ on The team carried out experiments on cancer tissue.
| ~ with conducting an experiment with zinc chips and hydrochloric acid
pos: noun

no: 318.2
word: experiment
categories: ADV.
VERB + EXPERIMENT
PREP.
backside: ADV. successfully
VERB + EXPERIMENT begin to
| continue to
PREP. on They experimented successfully on the plants to discover disease-resistant varieties.
| with We have experimented with various different designs of kite.
pos: verb

no: 319.1
word: implication
meaning: possible effect/result
categories: ADJ.
VERB + IMPLICATION
IMPLICATION + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. considerable, crucial, enormous, important, major, massive, strong | main | deeper, fundamental, profound | broad, far-reaching, wider discussing the broader implications of the medical plan
| full Now they realized the full implications of the new system.
| direct | clear, obvious | underlying | general | further | possible, potential | future, long-term | grave, serious | disturbing, frightening, ominous, sinister | adverse, damaging, negative | interesting | radical, revolutionary | practical These results have important practical implications.
| commercial, constitutional, economic, educational, environmental, ethical, financial, ideological, legal, moral, philosophical, political, psychological, social the constitutional implications of a royal divorce
| cost, health, policy, resource, safety, security, tax
VERB + IMPLICATION carry, have The emphasis on testing leads to greater stress among students and carries implications of failure.
| grasp, realize, understand | assess, consider, examine, explore, ponder, study You need to consider the legal implications before you publish anything.
| digest | discuss | explain | accept a society that fully accepts the implications of disability
| reject | ignore
IMPLICATION + VERB arise Several interesting implications arise from these developments.
| be involved Given the resource implications involved, the plan will have to be scaled down.
PREP. ~ about disturbing implications about the company's future
| ~ for The research has far-reaching implications for medicine as a whole.
pos: noun

no: 319.2
word: implication
meaning: sth suggested but not said openly
categories: ADJ.
VERB + IMPLICATION
PREP.
backside: ADJ. clear, obvious The implication is clear: young females do better if they mate with a new male.
| possible His remark seemed to have various possible implications.
| unspoken
VERB + IMPLICATION carry, have | understand | digest Brian paused for a moment while he digested the implications of this statement.
| resent I resent the implication that I don't care about my father.
PREP. by ~ In refusing to believe our story, he is saying by implication that we are lying.
pos: noun

no: 320
word: evaluate
categories: ADV.
VERB + EVALUATE
backside: ADV. fully, properly, thoroughly | carefully, systematically The evidence should be carefully evaluated.
| critically | positively The role of stay-at-home mother is more positively evaluated in working-class communities.
VERB + EVALUATE aim to, attempt to, be designed to | help (to) to help evaluate the success of the campaign
| be used to criteria used to evaluate employees' performance
| be difficult to, be hard to
pos: verb

no: 321
word: precisely

no: 322
word: notion
categories: ADJ.
VERB + NOTION
PREP.
backside: ADJ. absurd, peculiar, ridiculous | hazy, vague | faintest, foggiest I haven't the faintest notion how to get there.
| romantic | accepted, conventional, traditional | preconceived | general There seems to be a general notion that nothing can be done about the problem.
| simple, simplistic
VERB + NOTION have He's got some vague notion that people will be queueing up to finance the project.
| reject | accept | support | dispel We must dispel this notion that you can rely on the state for everything.
PREP. ~ of They have come to reject the traditional notion of womanhood.
pos: noun

no: 323
word: domestic

no: 324
word: restriction
categories: ADJ.
VERB + RESTRICTION
RESTRICTION + VERB
RESTRICTION + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. severe, tight, tough | major | petty The removal of petty restrictions has made life easier.
| absolute | further | artificial free movement of goods between member countries without any artificial restrictions
| proposed | contractual, government, legal, statutory | advertising, age, credit, financial, import, parking, price, reporting (= restrictions on information that newspapers may report), speed, time, trade, travel, visa
VERB + RESTRICTION impose, introduce, place The government has introduced tough new import restrictions.
| lift, remove The press asked for restrictions on reporting the war to be lifted.
| accept | be subject to The right of sale is subject to certain restrictions.
RESTRICTION + VERB affect sth, apply The 30 mph speed restriction applies in all built-up areas.
RESTRICTION + NOUN order
PREP. without ~ Citizens of the EU can travel without restriction within the EU.
| ~ on/upon The regulations were seen as a restriction on personal freedom.
pos: noun

no: 325
word: consist
categories: ADV.
backside: ADV. entirely, exclusively, merely, only, simply, solely Their conversation consisted almost entirely of gossip.
| chiefly, essentially, largely, mainly, mostly, predominantly, primarily, principally
pos: verb

no: 326
word: actual

no: 327.1
word: formal
meaning: very correct/official
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be, seem, sound | become
ADV. extremely, very | strictly Learning was by rote and strictly formal.
| almost The greeting was polite, almost formal.
| fairly, quite, rather, relatively | oddly Her words sounded oddly formal.
| stiffly His manner was stiffly formal.
pos: adj.

no: 327.2
word: formal
meaning: concerned with the way sth is done
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be
ADV. merely, purely Getting approval for the plan is a purely formal matter: nobody will seriously oppose it.
| largely The monarch retains largely formal duties.
pos: adj.

no: 329.1
word: revolution
meaning: changing the political system
categories: ADJ.
VERB + REVOLUTION
REVOLUTION + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. successful | bloody, violent Thousands of people were killed in the bloody revolution that toppled the government.
| bloodless, peaceful | popular | political | anti-communist, anti-democratic, etc. | communist, socialist, etc. | palace | bourgeois, proletarian | world Some Marxists still believe that socialism will one day triumph through world revolution.
VERB + REVOLUTION carry out, conduct, fight, foment, stage The activists were charged with fomenting revolution.
| crush, put down | call for
REVOLUTION + VERB break out | spread | overthrow sth, topple sth the revolution which overthrew the old regime
| fail the failed 1911 revolution
PREP. ~ against a revolution against communist rule
PHRASES the outbreak of the revolution, revolution from above/below (= fought by people already in power/by people without political power), the threat of revolution
pos: noun

no: 329.2
word: revolution
meaning: complete change in methods, opinions, etc.
categories: ADJ.
VERB + REVOLUTION
REVOLUTION + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. quiet There has been a quiet revolution in the way writing is taught.
| complete | virtual | minor | agrarian, agricultural, computer, cultural, economic, electronic, environmental, industrial, political, scientific, sexual, social, technological
VERB + REVOLUTION achieve, bring (about) The coming of television brought about a revolution in people's leisure activities.
| undergo Marketing has undergone a revolution in recent years.
| embrace, welcome Doctors have welcomed the fitness revolution.
REVOLUTION + VERB take place As the eighteenth century wore on, an agricultural revolution took place.
| transform sth The computer revolution has transformed the workplace.
PREP. ~ in He achieved a virtual revolution in the way music is recorded.
pos: noun

no: 332.1
word: adapt
meaning: change your behaviour
categories: ADV.
VERB + ADAPT
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. successfully, well The children have adapted well to the heat.
| quickly | easily, readily The company can easily adapt to changing demand.
| accordingly We need to assess the new situation and adapt accordingly.
VERB + ADAPT be able/unable to, can/cannot | have to, must | need to
PREP. to
PHRASES the ability to adapt Some animals have a remarkable ability to adapt to changing environments.
| find it difficult/hard to adapt A lot of companies have found it hard to adapt to the new system.
pos: verb

no: 332.2
word: adapt
meaning: change a thing
categories: PREP.
PHRASES
backside: PREP. for to adapt a book for television.
| from The radio play had been adapted from a novel.
PHRASES specially adapted The classroom has been specially adapted to take wheelchairs.
pos: verb

no: 333.1
word: contact lens
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CONTACT LENS
backside: ADJ. gas-permeable, hard, soft | daily-wear | tinted
VERB + CONTACT LENS have in, wear | put in | remove, take out | clean, disinfect | rinse, soak
pos: noun

no: 333.2.1
word: contact
meaning: meeting/talking/writing to sb
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CONTACT
PREP.
backside: ADJ. close She is still in close contact with Sarah.
| regular | direct Have you had any direct contact with the director of the company?
| face-to-face
VERB + CONTACT be in, have | come into, establish, get in, make In his job, he comes into contact with many different people. We first established contact with the organization in 1999. When I arrive in New York, I'll get in contact with him.
| put sb in I put my cousin in contact with a friend who works at the company.
| keep, maintain, stay in Maintaining contact after many years can be difficult.
| break off | lose
PREP. ~ between There has been no contact between them for several years.
| ~ with I have very little contact with Simon now.
pos: noun

no: 333.2.2
word: contact
meaning: person you know who can help you
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CONTACT
backside: ADJ. good, useful, valuable | business, personal
VERB + CONTACT have He has a lot of good contacts in the music industry.
| build up, make It takes time to build up contacts. I made a lot of useful business contacts at the conference.
pos: noun

no: 333.2.3
word: contact
meaning: when people/things touch each other
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CONTACT
PREP.
backside: ADJ. physical, sexual The disease is transmitted through physical contact.
VERB + CONTACT come into Do not let the glue come into contact with water.
PREP. in ~ For a brief moment their lips were in contact.
| on ~ The light will go out on contact with water.
| ~ between There should be no contact between the separate samples.
| ~ with
pos: noun

no: 333.4.1
word: contract
meaning: written agreement
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CONTRACT
CONTRACT + VERB
CONTRACT + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. long-term, permanent | casual, fixed-term, short-term | three-year, two-year, etc. | formal, written | verbal | legal, valid | void The contract was declared void.
| enforceable, unenforceable (law)
| big, important, major | lucrative | business, commercial | employment, maintenance, research, service | catering, construction, haulage | marriage
VERB + CONTRACT have Many workers do not have written contracts.
| bid for, tender for Eighteen companies are bidding for the contract.
| award (sb), give sb | get, win | lose The firm lost the contract to a large London company.
| negotiate She managed to negotiate a permanent contract with the firm.
| draw up, write | conclude, enter into, make, sign He entered into a contract with his former employer.
| carry out, execute the firm carrying out the construction contract
| cancel, end, repudiate (law)
, rescind (law)
, terminate Either party can terminate the contract at any time.
| be subject to The offer has been accepted, subject to contract
(= the agreement is not legally binding before contracts are signed).
| be in breach of, break, violate If you go on strike you will be in breach of contract.
| enforce (law)
| exchange (law) When a house is auctioned the successful bidder must exchange contracts immediately and pay a deposit.
CONTRACT + VERB expire The contract expires at the end of next year.
| be worth sth a series of major contracts worth millions of pounds
CONTRACT + NOUN worker (= one on a fixed-term contract) | law
PREP. in a/the ~ They put a clause in the contract stipulating that the work should be finished by next month.
| on a ~ He's on a three-year fixed-term contract.
| under ~ (to) At that stage of her career she was still under contract to one of the big Hollywood studios.
| under a/the ~ Under her contract of employment, Mrs Lee could not be required to work at a different site.
| ~ between the contract between the employer and the employee
| ~ for They won a contract for the delivery of five fighter planes.
| ~ with Do you have a contract with your employer?
PHRASES (a) breach of contract The company is being sued for breach of contract.
| a contract of employment/sale You should make sure that you have a formal contract of employment.
| the terms of a contract By using cheaper materials, the company has broken the terms of its contract.
| under the terms of a contract Under the terms of the contract the job should have been finished yesterday.
pos: noun

no: 333.4.2
word: contract
meaning: agreement to kill sb
categories: VERB + CONTRACT
CONTRACT + NOUN
PREP.
backside: VERB + CONTRACT take out | have out He has a contract out on you.
CONTRACT + NOUN killer, killing
PREP. ~ on She took out a contract on her ex-husband.
pos: noun

no: 334
word: colleague
categories: ADJ.
backside: ADJ. close, trusted | junior, senior | female, male | professional, work | academic, business, medical | cabinet, parliamentary
pos: noun

no: 335.1
word: dimension
meaning: (often dimensions) measurements
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DIMENSION
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. approximate | exact, precise It is important to measure the exact dimensions of the room.
| overall | compact Despite the unit's compact dimensions, there's still plenty of room for expansion.
| considerable a structure of considerable dimensions
| fourth, second, third The fourth dimension, time, is also finite in extent.
| physical, space/spatial, temporal/time | horizontal, vertical
VERB + DIMENSION check, measure Can we just check the dimensions of the bedroom again?
PHRASES in two/three dimensions a model in three dimensions
pos: noun

no: 335.2
word: dimension
meaning: aspect
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DIMENSION
PREP.
backside: ADJ. added, additional, different, extra, further, new | distinct In looking at population ageing we will consider two distinct dimensions.
| wider There is a wider dimension to the question.
| crucial, essential, important, main, major, significant | global, international, local, national, regional Communication via the Internet gives an important international dimension to the project.
| aesthetic, class, cultural, economic, ethical, historical, human, ideological, moral, personal, political, religious, social, spiritual
VERB + DIMENSION add, give (sth) Her illness adds an extra dimension to the problem.
| have The affair had a different dimension now.
| acquire, take on The crisis acquired a new dimension.
PREP. ~ to the spiritual dimension to our lives
pos: noun

no: 336.1.1
word: account
meaning: description
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ACCOUNT
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. brief, short | blow-by-blow, comprehensive, detailed, full, graphic, vivid He gave us a blow-by-blow account of the incident.
| accurate, clear, eyewitness, factual, first-hand, true, verbatim | glowing, good She received a glowing account of her son's progress.
| newspaper the newspaper account of the trial
VERB + ACCOUNT give (sb), provide (sb with), write (sb) Can you give us an account of what happened?
PREP. in an/the ~ Dr Richards describes this very well in his account of the events.
PHRASES by all accounts (= according to what people say) I've never been there, but it's a lovely place by all accounts.
| by sb's own account By his own account he had an unhappy childhood.
pos: noun

no: 336.1.2
word: account
meaning: arrangement with a bank
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ACCOUNT
PREP.
backside: ADJ. bank, building society | current | deposit, investment, savings | personal | business | joint, separate My husband and I have separate accounts.
| numbered They have a numbered account in Switzerland.
VERB + ACCOUNT have, hold Go and see the manager of the bank where your account is held.
| open She opened a savings account at the building society.
| close | credit sth to, pay/put sth into The money will be credited to your account tomorrow.
| debit (sth from), draw sth out (of), pay sth from, take sth out (of), withdraw sth (from) She had taken all her money out of her account.
| overdraw Your account is overdrawn.
PREP. ~ at He opened an account at a bank in Germany.
| ~ with an account with Barclays Bank
pos: noun

no: 336.1.3
word: account
meaning: accounts: record of money a business earns/spends
categories: VERB + ACCOUNT
ACCOUNT + VERB
backside: VERB + ACCOUNT do, keep Try to keep accurate accounts.
| audit, check, look at | submit Your accounts will need to be submitted to the tax office.
ACCOUNT + VERB be in order The accounts are all in order.
pos: noun

no: 336.1.4
word: account
meaning: arrangement with a shop/business
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ACCOUNT
PREP.
backside: ADJ. expense (= an arrangement to charge expenses to your own employers) taking clients for expense account lunches
VERB + ACCOUNT have | open I'd like to open an account, please.
| close | pay off, settle It is best to settle the account each month.
| charge sth to, debit (sth from), put sth on Charge this to my account, please.
| credit sth to
PREP. on ~ Ring for a cab on account.
| ~ at/with an account with a large store
account verb
PHRASAL VERBS account for sth
ADV. fully The increase can be fully accounted for.
| partly The differences in achievement between the pupils are partly accounted for by differences in age.
pos: noun

no: 337
word: statistics
categories: ADJ.
VERB + STATISTICS
STATISTICS + VERB
STATISTICS + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. annual, monthly | latest | reliable | vital | bald, raw The bald statistics tell us nothing about the underlying trends.
| government, national, official, police | accident, crime, criminal, economic, health, population, transport, unemployment, etc.
VERB + STATISTICS prepare, produce | keep We no longer keep statistics on former employees.
| release
STATISTICS + VERB indicate sth, prove sth, reveal sth, show sth, tell sb sth | suggest sth
STATISTICS + NOUN office
PREP. according to ~ According to official statistics, the island had 37 inhabitants.
| ~ on The government has released new statistics on the cost of living.
pos: noun

no: 338
word: theme
categories: ADJ.
VERB + THEME
THEME + VERB
THEME + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. basic, central, dominant, important, key, main, major, underlying | broad, general | common, popular, universal universal themes of love and loneliness
| constant, familiar, favourite, recurrent, recurring | related | unifying | contemporary, topical | historical, religious, etc. | campaign, conference, research | musical The film's haunting musical theme stayed in my head for days.
VERB + THEME develop, discuss, examine, explore His later novels develop the theme of alienation.
| warm to ‘Our work’, he continued, warming to his theme, ‘will be a milestone in scientific history.’
THEME + VERB emerge Several familiar themes emerged from the discussion.
| run through sth The same themes run through all her novels.
THEME + NOUN music, song, tune | park, pub
PREP. on the ~ of He gave a talk on the theme of teenage unemployment.
PHRASES variations on a theme Most of the essays appear to be variations on a few central themes.
pos: noun

no: 339
word: locate
meaning: find the position of sb/sth
categories: ADV.
VERB + LOCATE
ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. accurately, precisely The machine can accurately locate radioactive material.
| quickly | easily
VERB + LOCATE be able/unable to, can/could We haven't yet been able to locate a suitable site.
| try to | fail to | be easy to Some stars are quite easy to locate with a telescope.
| be difficult to 2 be located be in a place
ADV. centrally The hotel is centrally located between Dam Square and Central Station.
| conveniently, ideally, strategically | physically Two people can meet in virtual reality even if physically located in different continents.
| abroad
PREP. at, between, close to, in, on, near, outside, within, etc. Your accommodation is conveniently located within walking distance of the town centre.
pos: verb

no: 340
word: adequate
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS be, prove, seem | remain | consider sth, think sth The trains were not considered adequate for use on the modern railways.
ADV. really, very | perfectly, quite, totally | more than The system is more than adequate to deal with any problems.
| barely, hardly, less than, not entirely, not wholly The grants given to students are less than adequate.
| more or less The amount of money we have been given is more or less adequate.
| still | no longer
PREP. for The old computer is still perfectly adequate for most tasks.
pos: adj.

no: 341
word: largely

no: 342.1
word: ideal
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS be, look, seem, sound | make sth The hotel's size makes it ideal for large conferences.
| consider sth
ADV. absolutely | almost | less than Language learning often takes place in a less than ideal environment.
PREP. for The houses are absolutely ideal for families with young children.
pos: adj.

no: 342.2
word: ideal
categories: ADJ.
VERB + IDEAL
backside: ADJ. high, lofty, noble Sam was a real leader who had high moral ideals.
| unattainable This is not an unattainable ideal.
| aesthetic, artistic, ethical, moral, political | democratic, liberal, revolutionary, socialist
VERB + IDEAL be committed to, be devoted to, believe in, cling to, espouse, have, support They still clung to the old ideals.
| pursue, strive for | achieve, attain, be true to, conform to, live up to A journalist should always live up to the ideals of truth, decency, and justice.
| fall short of This agreement falls far short of the ideal.
| abandon, betray She was accused of betraying her political ideals.
| embody, reflect the democratic ideals embodied in the charter
pos: noun

no: 343.2
word: philosophy
meaning: particular system of beliefs
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PHILOSOPHY
PHILOSOPHY + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. competing, differing | prevailing humanism?the prevailing philosophy today in the Western world
| basic, general, underlying | personal | homespun, simple the homespun philosophy that kept her going during this difficult period
| liberal | design, economic, educational, management, market, political, religious, social a furniture-maker's design philosophy
VERB + PHILOSOPHY develop, formulate developing a personal philosophy
| articulate | adopt, embrace, espouse | reject
PHILOSOPHY + VERB inform sth, underlie sth, underpin sth the philosophy underlying the education system
| prevail the management philosophy which prevailed at that time
PREP. ~ behind The new measures were introduced with no explanation of the philosophy behind them.
PHRASES a philosophy of life/mind
pos: noun

no: 344
word: minority
categories: ADJ.
VERB + MINORITY
MINORITY + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. large, significant, sizeable, substantial | small, tiny | vociferous the view of a small but vociferous minority
| ethnic, national, racial, religious | oppressed, persecuted
VERB + MINORITY belong to | discriminate against
MINORITY + NOUN opinion, view | community, group | government
PREP. among a/the ~ You are definitely among the minority.
| from a/the~ people from ethnic minorities
| in a/the ~ We are in the minority on this issue.
| ~ of a sizeable minority of the population
PHRASES only a minority Only a tiny minority of holidays are affected.
pos: noun

no: 345
word: hypothesis
categories: ADJ.
VERB + HYPOTHESIS
VERB + HYPOTHESIS
PREP.
backside: ADJ. acceptable, plausible | bold Scientists have proposed a bold hypothesis.
| unlikely | speculative | testable | working These observations appear to support our working hypothesis.
| scientific
VERB + HYPOTHESIS construct, form, formulate, have, make, propose, put forward, suggest It is possible to make a hypothesis on the basis of this graph. A number of hypotheses have been put forward.
| consider, discuss, examine, test (out) using this data to test her hypothesis
| confirm, prove, support | accept | reject None of the hypotheses can be rejected at this stage.
VERB + HYPOTHESIS concern sth Her hypothesis concerns the role of electromagnetic radiation.
| predict sth The hypothesis predicts that children will perform better on task A than on task B.
PREP. on a/the ~ Her study is based on the hypothesis that language simplification is possible.
| ~ about an interesting hypothesis about the development of language
| ~ on The results confirmed his hypothesis on the use of modal verbs.
pos: noun

no: 346
word: psychological
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be
ADV. purely The symptoms are purely psychological.
pos: adj.

no: 347
word: enable

no: 348
word: trend
categories: ADJ.
VERB + TREND
TREND + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. strong | consistent, constant, steady | accelerating, growing, increasing | underlying Despite this month's disappointing figures, the underlying trend is healthy.
| dominant, main, major, prevailing | gradual | clear, marked | general | apparent, discernible | global, national, international, universal, worldwide | wider The increase in crime in London was just part of a wider trend.
| positive, upward | downward, negative | contrary, opposite | healthy, welcome | adverse, dangerous, disturbing, unfortunate, worrying | fashion | demographic, population | cultural, social | evolutionary, historical | economic, market | growth, inflationary The latest figures show a clear growth trend in the service sector.
VERB + TREND begin, create, set, start In the 1960s, Britain set the fashion trends.
| continue | follow We are following the American trend towards more flexible working conditions.
| reinforce | buck, counteract, go against efforts to buck the current downward trend in sales
| reverse | halt | detect, notice | indicate, reflect, show, suggest The data indicates a trend towards earlier retirement.
TREND + VERB develop, emerge | continue | indicate sth, reflect sth, suggest sth Current trends suggest that car traffic will continue to grow.
| grow
PREP. ~ away from a trend away from narrow specialization
| ~ for A trend for romance and nostalgia has emerged.
| ~ in future trends in the volume of employment
| ~ towards the trend towards privatization
pos: noun

no: 349.1
word: exchange
meaning: giving/receiving sth in return for sth else
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. fair | mutual, two-way We get together once a month for a mutual exchange of ideas.
PREP. in ~ (for) Woollen cloth and timber were sent to Egypt in exchange for linen or papyrus.
| ~ between There were exchanges of goods between the two regions.
| ~ for She considered free language lessons a fair exchange for free accommodation.
pos: noun

no: 349.2
word: exchange
meaning: angry conversation/argument
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. brief | acrimonious, angry, bitter, heated, sharp | verbal a bitter verbal exchange
PREP. ~ about angry exchanges about the problem of unemployment
| ~ between There were many acrimonious exchanges between the two men.
| ~ with Opposition MPs were involved in heated exchanges with the prime minister.
PHRASES an exchange of views She had a full and frank exchange of views with her boss before resigning.
pos: noun

no: 349.3
word: exchange
meaning: of foreign currencies
categories: EXCHANGE + NOUN
backside: EXCHANGE + NOUN rate
pos: noun

no: 349.4
word: exchange
meaning: visit
categories: ADJ.
VERB + EXCHANGE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. academic, cultural | student, youth | official
VERB + EXCHANGE go on
PREP. on an/the ~ She is in France on a student exchange.
| ~ to He's gone on an exchange to Rome.
| ~ with an exchange with a German student
pos: noun

no: 350
word: percentage
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. high, large The area has a high percentage of unemployed men.
| low, small
VERB + PERCENTAGE calculate | express sth as This figure can be expressed as a percentage of the total.
PERCENTAGE + NOUN point Unemployment has fallen by two percentage points this month.
| rate Insurance contributions are paid at a fixed percentage rate on all earnings.
| figure | increase, rise the percentage rise in the average salary
| decline, fall, reduction | share
PREP. ~ of What percentage of women own a car?
PHRASES in percentage terms The numbers are relatively low in percentage terms.
| on a percentage basis The artist's agent receives commission on a percentage basis.
pos: noun

no: 351
word: sufficient
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS be, prove, seem, sound | consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as Do you really regard that explanation as sufficient?
ADV. quite | far from | barely, hardly, scarcely Our budget is scarcely sufficient to pay people, let alone buy any new equipment.
| just | almost
PREP. for The salary proved sufficient for his needs.
pos: adj.

no: 352
word: substantial

no: 353
word: explanation
categories: ADJ.
VERB + EXPLANATION
EXPLANATION + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. convincing, credible, good, likely, logical, natural, obvious, plausible, probable, rational The most likely explanation is that his plane was delayed.
| implausible, inadequate, unlikely | acceptable, adequate, reasonable, satisfactory, sufficient | no apparent There was no apparent explanation for the attack.
| clear, coherent | complete, comprehensive, detailed, full | partial | complex, complicated | easy, simple | innocent, prosaic There's sure to be a perfectly innocent explanation for all this?though I admit it looks bizarre.
| convenient | accepted, traditional There is no generally accepted explanation of this practice.
| official | possible | correct, real, true | brief | lengthy, long | verbal | general | common the common explanations for hooliganism
| only, sole It's the only explanation that makes any kind of sense.
| causal The causal explanation must be that old age causes poverty, not that poverty causes people to be old.
| ad hoc, post hoc post hoc
(= after the event) explanations of historical changes that would have made no sense to anyone living at the time
| cultural, historical, political, psychological, scientific, sociological, technical, theoretical
VERB + EXPLANATION have I had no explanation for her strange behaviour.
| give (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with) He only offered a partial explanation for his lateness.
| enter into, go into, launch into She launched into a detailed explanation of every aspect of her work.
| advance, propose, put forward one explanation advanced by Marxist historians
| call for, need, require An explanation is clearly called for.
| look for, seek | find, think of I can think of one possible explanation for her behaviour.
| ask for, demand She wrote to the company demanding an explanation.
| wait for | deserve, merit I suppose you deserve an explanation.
| owe sb I think you owe me an explanation.
| accept | defy Her success has been so remarkable as to defy explanation.
EXPLANATION + VERB lie The simplest explanation for his achievements lies in his greater ability and superiority over his contemporaries at university.
| emerge, occur to sb, present itself, suggest itself No single clear explanation emerged from the experiments. A more credible explanation now occurred to her. Another quite plausible explanation presented itself.
PREP. in ~ ‘I've worked with them before, you see,’ he added, in explanation.
| without ~ She left suddenly and without explanation.
| ~ about He entered into a technical explanation about software and programming.
| ~ as to He provided no explanation as to why he was late.
| ~ for There is probably some perfectly logical explanation for their behaviour.
| ~ from We are still waiting for a full explanation from the teacher concerned.
PHRASES an attempt at explanation The men left quickly with no attempt at explanation.
| by way of explanation ‘I had to see you, ’ he said, by way of explanation.
pos: noun

no: 354
word: emotional
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: VERBS be, feel, look, sound | become, get, grow He got quite emotional during the speech.
| make sb Having all her friends around her made her very emotional.
ADV. deeply, extremely, highly, very | quite, rather
PREP. about Don't be so emotional about everything!
PHRASES in an emotional state He was in a very emotional state.
pos: adj.

no: 355
word: preference
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PREFERENCE
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. clear, definite, marked, strong | slight | individual, personal It's a matter of personal preference.
| consumer | first, second, etc. Local voters gave Harry West first preference.
VERB + PREFERENCE have Do you have any particular preference?
| demonstrate | express, indicate, show, state | give sb Preference is given to students who have passed maths and chemistry.
| receive
PREP. for ~ I choose motorways when driving, for preference.
| in ~ to They bought French planes in preference to British ones.
| ~ as to/with regard to He has not expressed a preference as to which school he wants to go to.
| ~ between people's preferences between brown, white and wholemeal bread
| ~ for sth (over sth) the government's preference for tax cuts over greater public spending
| ~ in changing preferences in furniture styles
PHRASES in order of preference List the candidates in order of preference.
pos: noun

no: 356.1
word: calculate
meaning: work out a number, etc.
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. accurately, exactly
PREP. according to The amount is calculated according to the number of years you have paid into the scheme.
| at The sum involved was calculated at $82 million.
pos: verb

no: 356.2
word: calculate
meaning: guess
categories: ADV.
backside: ADV. carefully, shrewdly | correctly He correctly calculated that the others would not dare fight back.
pos: verb

no: 357
word: external

no: 358.1
word: code
meaning: system of letters, numbers, etc. for secret information
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CODE
CODE + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. secret | Morse
VERB + CODE break, crack, decipher The code was difficult to crack.
| use, write in | invent, make up
CODE + NOUN word
PREP. in ~ All the messages were in code.
pos: noun

no: 358.2
word: code
meaning: numbers/letters for identifying sth
categories: ADJ.
CODE + NOUN
backside: ADJ. area, dialling What's the area code for Bath?
| post/postal | bar, charge | DNA, genetic | binary (= a system of computer programming instructions) | error (= on a computer)
CODE + NOUN number
pos: noun

no: 358.3
word: code
meaning: set of rules for behaviour
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CODE
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. strict | ethical, moral | civil, criminal, disciplinary, penal | Highway the Highway Code
(= the official rules for users of public roads in Britain) | dress
VERB + CODE have | devise, draw up, establish, formulate, lay down The company has drawn up a new disciplinary code.
| comply with, follow | break, infringe, violate He was thrown out for infringing the club's strict dress code.
PHRASES a code of behaviour/conduct/ethics/honour/practice The profession has a strict code of practice.
pos: noun

no: 359
word: flow
categories: ADJ.
VERB + FLOW
FLOW + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. heavy, large, massive | good | adequate | poor Our shower doesn't work very well because of the poor water flow.
| main | increased, increasing | ceaseless, constant, continuous, endless | free, uninterrupted the uninterrupted flow of traffic
| even, smooth, steady to maintain an even flow of work through the department
| easy, natural I liked the concerto for its natural flow.
| outward the outward flow of investment from the country
| annual, daily, seasonal | data, information | air, blood, gas, lava, menstrual, river, water | capital, cash, financial, investment, production, trade
VERB + FLOW have Big pension funds have a constant flow of cash.
| get, obtain Squeeze the tube of sealant slowly to obtain an even flow.
| allow We like to allow a free flow of ideas in our company.
| produce, provide The system provides a continuous flow of information to the market.
| keep, maintain He kept up a flow of chatter.
| ensure You must use a wide pipe to ensure an adequate flow of water.
| control, regulate | assist, encourage, facilitate, stimulate to encourage the flow of revenue into the country
| enhance, improve, increase The company is trying to enhance its cash flow.
| disrupt, impede, reduce, restrict, slow (down) The continual bombing disrupted the flow of supplies to the ground troops.
| block, break (up), cut (off), halt, interrupt, staunch, stem, stop They tried to staunch the flow of blood.
| divert The main flow of water has been diverted to a new course.
| join | measure
FLOW + NOUN rate The flow rate was measured at 9.5 litres per second.
| chart, diagram
PREP. against the ~ They have to swim against the flow of the river.
| ~ around/round air flows around the wings of an aircraft
| ~ from First cut off the water flow from the boiler.
| ~ into She joined the flow of immigrants to the country.
| ~ through the flow of data through the system
PHRASES changes in the flow Changes in the flow of patients have reduced the number of beds available.
| the ebb and flow the ebb and flow of the tide
pos: noun

no: 360
word: transition
categories: ADJ.
VERB + TRANSITION
TRANSITION + VERB
TRANSITION + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. abrupt, immediate, rapid, sudden | direct | gradual, phased, slow | awkward, difficult, painful | easy, smooth | non-violent, orderly, peaceful
VERB + TRANSITION bring about, cause, effect The negotiators hoped to effect a smooth transition to an interim administration.
| complete, make The company was slow to make the transition from paper to computer.
| undergo | mark The ceremony marks the transition of the student to graduate status.
| ease, smooth
TRANSITION + VERB occur, take place | be complete Her transition from girl to woman was complete.
TRANSITION + NOUN period, process | phase
PREP. during (the) ~ He will remain head of state during the transition to democracy.
| in ~ The country is in transition from an agricultural to an industrial society.
| ~ between This training course aims to smooth the transition between education and employment.
| ~ from, ~ to
PHRASES a period of transition, a process of transition, a state of transition
pos: noun

no: 361
word: subsequent

no: 362
word: phase
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PHASE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. early, first, initial, primary | second, secondary, etc. | current, latest, new, present | final, last | intermediate, transition | temporary | critical, crucial, important the critical phase of the operation
| distinct The period can be divided into three distinct phases.
VERB + PHASE begin, enter, open, start Society has entered a technological phase of evolution.
| go through It's just a phase he's going through.
| complete, pass
PREP. during a/the ~ During the first phase of expansion staff will move to the new offices.
| in a/the ~ In the earliest phase of mental disorder, relatives feel confused.
| ~ in a new phase in the European economy
pos: noun

no: 363
word: rural
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be
ADV. extremely, overwhelmingly, truly, very At the end of the 17th century England was still overwhelmingly rural.
| completely | largely, mainly, predominantly | semi-the ideal of suburban or semi-rural living
| quite | essentially | pleasantly
pos: adj.

no: 364
word: intensity
categories: ADJ.
VERB + INTENSITY
PREP.
backside: ADJ. high, low a band of light with high intensity
| fierce, great The sun beat down with fierce intensity. He studied the report with great intensity.
| emotional | passionate
VERB + INTENSITY decrease (in), reduce (in) | grow in, increase (in) Her headaches started to increase in intensity.
| vary in
PREP. in ~ The pain was growing in intensity.
pos: noun

no: 365.1.1
word: monitor
meaning: television/computer screen
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. colour | CCTV, computer, television/TV, video
PREP. on a/the ~ The security staff can see all the outside of the building on their CCTV monitors.
pos: noun

no: 365.1.2
word: monitor
meaning: machine that records/checks sth
categories: ADJ.
MONITOR + VERB
backside: ADJ. foetal, heart, oxygen, pulse, radiation
MONITOR + VERB detect sth | show sth The heart monitor shows the strength of your pulse.
pos: noun

no: 365.1.3
word: monitor
meaning: sb who checks sth is done fairly/properly
categories: ADJ.
backside: ADJ. EU, UN UN monitors declared the referendum fair.
| school | health, peace
pos: noun

no: 365.2
word: monitor
categories: ADV.
VERB + MONITOR
PREP.
backside: ADV. carefully, closely, rigorously, strictly Television advertising is strictly monitored.
| regularly, routinely, systematically | constantly, continuously | effectively, properly | automatically
VERB + MONITOR be able to We will now be able to monitor its progress more closely.
| continue to The authorities will continue to monitor the situation.
PREP. for The workers are constantly monitored for exposure to radiation.
pos: verb

no: 366
word: competitive
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS be | become | remain, stay | make sth skills training to make our industries more competitive in world markets
| keep sth
ADV. extremely, fiercely, highly, intensely, very a fiercely competitive sport highly competitive prices a very competitive person
| fairly, quite, rather
PREP. with Investment in research is needed to keep Britain competitive with countries like Japan.
pos: adj.

no: 367
word: core
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CORE
CORE + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. hollow Each fibre has a hollow core trapping still air and aiding warmth. (figurative) There was a hollow core of sadness inside me.
| solid | copper, iron, etc. | reactor nuclear reactor cores
| central, essential, inner, innermost, very This is seen as the central core of the government's policy. A new spirit welled up from the very core of the nation.
| common a common core of shared understanding about law and government
| hard A hard core of supporters, mostly teenage girls, gathered at the airport to see the star arrive.
| emotional the emotional core of her music
VERB + CORE form, make up These ideas formed the core of his philosophy.
| get to We want to get to the core of the problem.
CORE + NOUN activity, area, course, curriculum, discipline, module, programme, skill, subject the core area of management studies Students study five core subjects.
| component, element, group | business, service We need to stop this expansion and concentrate on the core business.
| belief, value | vocabulary
PREP. at sth's ~ At the core of our convictions is belief in individual liberty.
| to the ~ She was shaken to the core by the news. He's a politician to the core
(= in all his attitudes, beliefs and actions).
pos: noun

no: 368.1
word: volume
meaning: amount of space
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. total the total volume of the containers
PREP. by ~ They sell screws and nails by volume.
| in ~ 2 litres in volume
pos: noun

no: 368.2
word: volume
meaning: quantity of sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + VOLUME
VOLUME + VERB
backside: ADJ. sheer The sheer volume of fiction produced is staggering.
| considerable, enormous, great, heavy, high, huge, large, substantial, vast | small
VERB + VOLUME increase | decrease, reduce | double/grow//increase/rise in Sales have doubled in volume.
| decrease/fall in
VOLUME + VERB double, increase, rise Sales volume has doubled since 1999.
| decrease, fall
pos: noun

no: 368.3
word: volume
meaning: strength of sound that sth makes
categories: ADJ.
VERB + VOLUME
VOLUME + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. high | full, maximum | low
VERB + VOLUME increase, turn up | decrease, turn down | grow/increase/rise in | decrease/fall in
VOLUME + NOUN control the volume control on the television
PREP. at … ~ The car stereo was on at full volume.
pos: noun

no: 368.4
word: volume
meaning: book
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + VOLUME
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. bound, leather-bound a library full of bound volumes
| companion a companion volume to the one on African wildlife
| rare Only a specialist shop would have this rare volume.
| bulky, massive, substantial, thick, weighty | compact, slim | glossy a forty-page, glossy volume about the company's products
| dusty | old | single | separate
QUANT. series
VERB + VOLUME publish
PREP. in a/the ~ Her poems are now available in a single volume.
| ~ of a volume of short stories
| ~ on a volume on ancient history
PHRASES run to five, several, etc. volumes The encyclopedia is a huge work, running to 20 volumes.
pos: noun

no: 369
word: framework
categories: ADJ.
VERB + FRAMEWORK
PREP.
backside: ADJ. basic, broad, general | wider The needs of individual schools need to be considered in a wider framework.
| existing | flexible | comprehensive | coherent | analytical, conceptual, theoretical | legal, political | administrative, management, policy | economic, financial | chronological, historical Carbon dating provides the archaeologist with a basic chronological framework.
VERB + FRAMEWORK establish, have, set They established a basic framework of ground rules for discussions.
| offer (sb), provide (sb with)
PREP. outside a/the ~ Negotiations were also conducted outside the framework of the treaty talks proper.
| within a/the ~ The committee will work within the framework of certain broad objectives.
| ~ for a legal framework for the regulation of public access to databases
pos: noun

no: 370
word: incorporate
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. fully | largely | clearly | expressly These conditions must be expressly incorporated into the contract of employment.
| properly | gradually | quickly | eventually, finally | easily, readily These new features can easily be incorporated.
| neatly | effectively | satisfactorily, successfully | necessarily | forcibly the countries which Stalin forcibly incorporated into the Soviet empire
PREP. as In 1940 the area was incorporated as part of the city of London.
| in The data is now incorporated in the total figures.
| into We can incorporate this information into our report.
| within Results are incorporated within personalized medical records.
pos: verb

no: 371.1
word: encounter
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ENCOUNTER
ENCOUNTER + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. brief I did not see him again, except for a brief encounter on a train.
| casual, chance, unexpected It was a chance encounter that led to the setting up of the new political party.
| close I decided not to risk a second close encounter with the snakes.
| face-to-face | direct The press conference was her first direct encounter with the media.
| unpleasant, violent | social the language we use in everyday social encounters
| sexual
VERB + ENCOUNTER have I had my first encounter with the president two years ago.
ENCOUNTER + VERB take place
PREP. ~ between violent encounters between police and protesters
| ~ with my first encounter with my new boss
pos: noun

no: 371.2
word: encounter
categories: ADV.
VERB + ENCOUNTER
backside: ADV. commonly, frequently, often, regularly Walruses were commonly encountered in the Shetland Islands until quite recently.
| rarely | inevitably
VERB + ENCOUNTER be likely to What are the difficulties you are most likely to encounter?
pos: verb

no: 372
word: cite
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. above, already, earlier, previously This is similar to the example cited above.
| commonly, frequently, often The most commonly cited reasons for stopping the treatment were lack of efficacy and side effects.
| widely
PREP. as He cited the fall in unemployment as one of the government's successes.
pos: verb

no: 373.1
word: attribute
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ATTRIBUTE
backside: ADJ. chief, great, key, main | desirable, essential, important, necessary, positive, useful Patience is an essential attribute for a teacher.
| common | divine, human | cultural, personal, physical, social Her physical attributes were much admired.
VERB + ATTRIBUTE have, possess
pos: noun

no: 373.2
word: attribute
categories: ADV.
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. directly | solely | in large measure, largely, mainly | in part, partly
PREP. to They claim that one i
n twenty deaths can be directl
y attributed to air pollution
.
PHRASES be commonly/generally/usually/widely attributed to The goals commonly attributed to management are status, power, salary and security.
pos: verb

no: 374.1
word: emphasis
meaning: special importance/attention
categories: ADJ.
VERB + EMPHASIS
EMPHASIS + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. considerable, great, heavy, increased schools that put a heavy emphasis on sporting achievement
| strong | main discussing where the main emphasis should be placed
| particular, special Examine the events leading to the war, with particular emphasis on France's role in them.
VERB + EMPHASIS give, lay, place, put The company lays great emphasis on customer care.
| shift The Democrats shifted the emphasis away from direct taxation.
EMPHASIS + VERB move, shift In recent years, the emphasis has moved away from punishing drug addicts towards helping them.
PREP. ~ on/upon The emphasis is on keeping fit rather than developing lots of muscles.
PHRASES a change/shift of emphasis
pos: noun

no: 374.2
word: emphasis
meaning: stress on a word/phrase
categories: ADJ.
VERB + EMPHASIS
PREP.
backside: ADJ. great ‘I’, he said with great emphasis, ‘was the one.’
| slight His slight emphasis on the word ‘Lady’ was definitely mocking.
VERB + EMPHASIS put
PREP. with ~ She repeated the question with emphasis.
| ~ on Put the emphasis on the second syllable.
pos: noun

no: 375.1.1
word: waste
meaning: missing an opportunity to do/use sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + WASTE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. absolute, complete, total, utter The whole thing has been a complete waste of time.
| colossal, great, tremendous | awful, criminal, senseless, shocking, terrible a criminal waste of public money
| needless, unnecessary, useless | tragic a tragic waste of human life
| expensive | conspicuous
VERB + WASTE go to If nobody comes all this food will go to waste.
| cause | avoid Try to avoid unnecessary waste.
| cut down on, reduce | minimize
PREP. ~ of a waste of energy/resources
pos: noun

no: 375.1.2
word: waste
meaning: unwanted substances/things
categories: ADJ.
VERB + WASTE
WASTE + VERB
WASTE + NOUN
backside: ADJ. dangerous, harmful, hazardous, poisonous, toxic a dump containing hazardous waste
| non-toxic | high-level, intermediate-level, low-level | recyclable | agricultural, commercial, industrial | domestic, household, kitchen All household waste should be disposed of in strong garbage bags.
| clinical, hospital, medical | nuclear, radioactive | chemical | plastic | organic | animal, human | garden, plant | municipal | liquid, solid | food, energy
VERB + WASTE produce Tonnes of waste are produced every year.
| dispose of, dump, get rid of More people are dumping waste illegally.
| clean up the highly expensive task of cleaning up toxic waste
| burn, incinerate an incinerator for burning hospital waste
| bury, store | process, treat facilities for processing radioactive waste
| recycle, reprocess | deal with, handle, manage the best solutions for managing waste
| cut down on, reduce | eliminate | export, import Industrialized countries continue to export their waste.
WASTE + VERB contaminate sth, pollute sth areas contaminated by industrial waste
WASTE + NOUN collection | burial, disposal, incineration | storage | processing, recycling, reprocessing, treatment a waste reprocessing plant
| management | minimization, reduction | bin | dump, site, tip The river was used for years as an industrial waste dump.
| outlet, pipe | imports a ban on waste imports
pos: noun

no: 375.1.3
word: waste
meaning: wastes: areas of ground not lived in or cultivated
categories: ADJ.
backside: ADJ. frozen, icy the frozen wastes of Antarctica
pos: noun

no: 375.2
word: waste
categories: ADV.
VERB + WASTE
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. (not) entirely, (not) totally In the end her efforts were not entirely wasted.
| just, simply You're just wasting your breath. She never listens.
| largely
VERB + WASTE can't afford to, not want to He didn't want to waste valuable time in idle gossip.
| be/seem a shame to It seems a shame to waste this good food.
| not be going to I'm not going to waste any more time on the problem.
PREP. on Don't waste your money on a hotel room.
PHRASES no time to waste Hurry up?there's no time to waste!
pos: verb

no: 376.1
word: climate
meaning: weather conditions of a particular region
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CLIMATE
CLIMATE + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. hot, warm | cold, cool | mild | extreme, harsh, inhospitable, severe the severe northern climate
| damp, humid, wet | arid, dry | equatorial, Mediterranean, subtropical, temperate, tropical | northern, southern, etc. | global global climate change
VERB + CLIMATE have The city has a warm climate.
CLIMATE + NOUN change
PREP. in a/the ~ Little grows in such a dry climate.
pos: noun

no: 376.2
word: climate
meaning: opinions, etc. people have at a particular time
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CLIMATE
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. favourable | hostile, unfavourable | current, present, prevailing | changed, changing | business, economic, emotional, financial, ideological, intellectual, moral, political, social
VERB + CLIMATE create
PREP. in a/the ~ His ideas on equality are viewed as utopian in the current political climate.
| ~ for a climate for economic recovery
| ~ of The new policies have created a climate of fear.
PHRASES a climate of opinion
pos: noun

no: 377.1
word: differ
meaning: be different
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. considerably, enormously, fundamentally, greatly, markedly, radically, sharply, significantly, substantially, widely The two approaches differ markedly Opinions differ widely on this issue.
| little | slightly, somewhat | clearly
PREP. according to Conditions of employment differ according to the type of company you are working for.
| between Social organization differs significantly between the different groups.
| from His ideas differ little from those of his father.
| in The models differ in size and shape.
pos: verb

no: 377.2
word: differ
meaning: have a different opinion
categories: VERB + DIFFER
PREP.
backside: VERB + DIFFER agree to In the end we agreed to differ.
| beg to I beg to differ
(= I disagree with you).
PREP. about/over The two sides still differ over details of the plan.
| on The two parties differ on all the major issues.
| with It didn't seem right that I should differ with him.
pos: verb

no: 378
word: technical
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be, sound | become, get The conversation was getting a bit technical for me, so I left them to it.
ADV. extremely, highly, very A lot of the discussions were highly technical.
| purely This is a purely technical problem.
| a bit, quite, rather, somewhat
pos: adj.

no: 379.1
word: mechanism
meaning: part of a machine
categories: ADJ.
MECHANISM + VERB
backside: ADJ. firing, locking, steering, trigger, winding
MECHANISM + VERB operate, work The door locking mechanism doesn't work.
| jam
pos: noun

no: 379.2
word: mechanism
meaning: how sth works
categories: ADJ.
VERB + MECHANISM
MECHANISM + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. effective, precise an effective mechanism for enforcing the rules
| underlying | complex | social
VERB + MECHANISM provide The system provides a mechanism whereby information is channelled into the market.
MECHANISM + VERB operate, work | allow sth, ensure sth
PREP. by/through the ~ of The government is held accountable through the mechanism of regular general elections.
| ~ for a mechanism for dealing with complaints
pos: noun

no: 379.3
word: mechanism
meaning: system of parts/behaviour that performs a function
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. avoidance, control, defence, escape, survival The body has defence mechanisms against many diseases.
| cellular, genetic, immunological, molecular, neural, physiological, psychological, etc.
PREP. ~ for
pos: noun

no: 380
word: description
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION + VERB
backside: ADJ. complete, comprehensive, detailed, full The catalogue gives a full description of each product.
| accurate, apt, exact, excellent, fair, fitting, good, perfect ‘Like a fish out of water’ was an apt description of how I felt in my new job.
| vivid a vivid description of life in Ancient Rome
| graphic, lurid She gave us a lurid description of the birth.
| lengthy, long | brief, short | basic, simple | vague | objective A report is generally an objective description rather than a statement of opinion.
| physical | job There was no mention of any cleaning in my job description.
VERB + DESCRIPTION give (sb), issue, provide (sb with) Police have issued a description of the gunman. She was able to provide a description of the intruder.
| fit A man fitting your description was seen entering the building.
| beggar, defy His face was so odd that it defies description.
DESCRIPTION + VERB apply to sb, fit sb I realized to my horror that the description of the killer fitted me.
pos: noun

no: 381.1.1
word: assert
meaning: say sth clearly and firmly
useful person/thing
categories: ADV.
backside: ADV. boldly, confidently, emphatically, forcefully, strongly The report asserts confidently that the industry will grow.
| directly, explicitly | simply He had no real evidence?he simply asserted that what he said was true.
| repeatedly | rightly
pos: verb

no: 382
word: assistance
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ASSISTANCE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. considerable, great, real, substantial | limited | invaluable, valuable | practical | special | direct, emergency, immediate People in the flooded areas are in need of direct assistance.
| mutual The treaty pledged mutual assistance in the event of an attack on either country.
| expert, professional | external, outside | foreign, international | government, national They argued the case for extra government assistance for the poorest regions.
| public, social, welfare the stigma attached to receiving social assistance
| personal disabled people who need personal assistance to enable them to live in their own homes
| humanitarian | economic, financial, legal, material, medical, military, technical
VERB + ASSISTANCE give sb, offer (sb), provide, render We provide assistance if your car breaks down.
| get, receive Did you receive any assistance from the authorities?
| pledge, promise (sb) The World Bank promised assistance to the value of $5 million.
| be in need of, need, require | expect | ask for, call for, seek I advise you to seek assistance from the police.
| turn to sb for She had no one to turn to for assistance.
| be of, come to sb's Do let us know if we can be of any assistance to you. A sympathetic neighbour came to his assistance.
| welcome
PREP. with/without ~ The work was completed with the assistance of local carpenters.
| ~ for humanitarian assistance for refugees
| ~ from assistance from friends and family
| ~ in assistance in finding suitable accommodation
| ~ with assistance with rent for people on a low income
pos: noun

no: 383
word: considerable

no: 384
word: modify
categories: ADV.
VERB + MODIFY
PHRASES
backside: ADV. considerably, drastically, greatly, heavily, profoundly, radically, significantly, substantially The original text has been modified so radically that it is barely recognizable.
| a little, partially, partly, slightly, somewhat | gradually | constantly | specially | appropriately, suitably | accordingly | chemically, genetically genetically modified organisms
VERB + MODIFY have to, need to You may need to modify your plans a little.
PHRASES highly modified, in a modified form These ideas are still used today, though in a slightly modified form.
| a modified version using a highly modified version of the program
pos: verb

no: 385
word: isolation
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ISOLATION
ISOLATION + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. complete, total | enforced the enforced isolation of life in an Arctic weather station
| diplomatic, geographical, political | international The country could face international isolation if it does not withdraw its troops.
| emotional, social the social isolation of single mothers at home with their babies
VERB + ISOLATION experience, suffer (from) Many immigrants experience isolation.
ISOLATION + NOUN hospital, ward
PREP. in ~ The figures should not be looked at in isolation but as part of a pattern.
PHRASES in splendid isolation The tower stands in splendid isolation on the cliff edge.
pos: noun

no: 386.1
word: territory
meaning: area of land that belongs to one country, etc.
categories: ADJ.
VERB + TERRITORY
backside: ADJ. vast | new The explorers set off to conquer new territories.
| former former French territories
| neighbouring, surrounding | home, national | alien, foreign, overseas | enemy, hostile | neutral | colonial, dependent | sovereign Troops were stationed on sovereign German territory.
| conquered, lost, occupied a town in British-occupied territory
| unoccupied | disputed | familiar | uncharted, unexplored, unknown, virgin | dangerous
VERB + TERRITORY hold | annex, capture, conquer, invade, occupy, recapture, take | control, govern, rule The territory had been controlled by Azerbaijan for many years.
| cede, surrender | explore (often figurative) Tired of writing detective novels, she began to explore new territory.
| settle The territory was never densely settled.
| enter | leave | overfly The plane was shot down while overflying enemy territory.
| stray into The soldiers strayed into hostile territory.
pos: noun

no: 386.2
word: territory
meaning: of an animal
categories: ADJ.
VERB + TERRITORY
backside: ADJ. breeding
VERB + TERRITORY defend, patrol | mark (out), scent-mark
pos: noun

no: 387.1
word: origin
meaning: time/place/reason that sth starts
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ORIGIN
ORIGIN + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. common | doubtful, obscure, unknown a letter of doubtful origin
| true | ancient, early, primitive | recent The term ‘black hole’ is of very recent origin.
| immediate The development had its immediate origins in discussions with management.
| African, English, etc. | foreign | local | mixed | natural | supernatural | environmental, geographical, historical, intellectual | animal, human, mineral, plant, vegetable foods of animal origin We shouldn't forget our animal origins.
VERB + ORIGIN have, share The vases share common origins.
| investigate, trace | owe Population genetics owes its origin to Francis Galton.
| explain | reflect
ORIGIN + VERB go back to sth, lie in sth The origins of Gdansk go back to the tenth century.
PREP. in ~ The rock is volcanic in origin.
| of … ~ a painting of unknown origin
PHRASES sth's country of origin Bottles are labelled by country of origin.
| have its origin in sth The dispute had its origin in the Battle of Wakefield.
pos: noun

no: 387.2
word: origin
meaning: family, race, class, etc, that a person comes from
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ORIGIN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. African, English, etc. | foreign | mixed | class, ethnic, national, racial, social | middle-class, noble, peasant, slave, working-class | humble, lowly He had risen from humble origins through hard work.
VERB + ORIGIN trace Their family can trace its origins back to the Norman Conquest.
| betray Her accent betrayed her working-class origins.
PREP. by ~ He is a Londoner by origin.
| in ~ Her family is Portuguese in origin.
| of … ~ He was of lowly origins.
PHRASES sb's country of origin
pos: noun

no: 388
word: respectively

no: 389.1
word: judgement
meaning: decision/opinion
categories: ADJ.
VERB + JUDGEMENT
PREP.
backside: ADJ. accurate | balanced | impartial, independent, objective | personal, subjective | intuitive | qualitative | harsh | snap I hate having to make snap judgements.
| definitive
VERB + JUDGEMENT form, make It's difficult to form a judgement when you don't have all the facts.
| express Remember to be tactful when expressing a personal judgement.
| confirm This latest case confirms my earlier judgement.
| come to, reach It is too soon to reach any definitive judgement.
| deliver, give, pass, pronounce The school inspector's function is not merely to pronounce judgement, but also to suggest improvements.
| reserve, suspend The court reserved judgement on the two appeals.
| obtain, win They obtained a judgement in their favour.
| reverse They are trying to get the judgement reversed.
| abide by
PREP. in sb's ~ What, in your judgement, would be the best way to deal with the problem?
| ~ about She must make her own judgement about when to go.
| ~ against The sacked workers won a judgement against the company.
| ~ as to Experience helps us to form judgements as to the best course of action in given circumstances.
| ~ on I'm not equipped to pass judgement on such matters.
pos: noun

no: 389.2
word: judgement
meaning: decision making
categories: ADJ.
VERB + JUDGEMENT
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. fine, good, remarkable, shrewd, sound Landing a plane requires fine judgement.
| impartial, independent | impaired, weak | aesthetic, artistic, critical, ethical, moral, political, professional She has a reputation for sound professional judgement.
VERB + JUDGEMENT display, show | rely on | respect, trust He trusted his wife's judgement.
| doubt | back The company backed her judgement and implemented all her recommendations.
| exercise, use | colour, influence He never allows any prejudices to colour his judgement.
| sit in He felt he had no right to sit in judgement on someone he had only just met.
PREP. ~ about You will need to exercise your own judgement about what clothes to wear.
| ~ in The speaker showed good judgement in his choice of topic.
PHRASES an error of judgement Accepting the gift was an error of judgement on the part of the party chairman.
| a lack of judgement, a matter of judgement How much money you should invest is a matter of judgement.
pos: noun

no: 390.1
word: cycle
meaning: series of events that happen repeatedly
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CYCLE
CYCLE + VERB
CYCLE + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. annual, daily, monthly, regular, seasonal, weekly the annual cycle of church festivals
| complete, entire, whole | endless the endless cycle of birth, death and rebirth
| natural Life is a natural cycle, just like the changing seasons.
| vicious caught up in a vicious cycle of bingeing and dieting
| lunar, solar the 76-year solar cycle
| breeding, menstrual, reproductive | business, economic | water a diagram of the water cycle
| life the life cycle of the butterfly
VERB + CYCLE go through The European market is simply going through an economic cycle.
| complete To complete the cycle, oxygen is necessary.
| repeat
CYCLE + VERB begin again Male and female adults mate, the female lays eggs, and the cycle begins all over again.
| repeat (itself) This cycle of events continually repeats itself.
CYCLE + NOUN length, time
PREP. in a/the ~ at this point in the cycle
| per ~ The number of young produced per breeding cycle varies from species to species.
PHRASES part of the cycle (of sth) part of the cycle of birth and death
pos: noun

no: 390.2
word: cycle
meaning: bicycle
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CYCLE
CYCLE + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. motor (also motorcycle), pedal
VERB + CYCLE ride
CYCLE + NOUN ride, tour We're going for a cycle ride this afternoon.
| helmet | lane, path, route, track Cars are not allowed in the cycle lanes.
| race
PREP. by ~ They completed their journey by cycle.
| on a/the ~ lots of people in cars or on cycles
pos: noun

no: 391
word: assumption
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + ASSUMPTION
ASSUMPTION + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. basic, fundamental, hidden, implicit, tacit, underlying, unspoken | common, conventional, general, shared, widespread shared assumptions between teachers and parents
| correct, reasonable, valid | erroneous, false, flawed, incorrect, mistaken, questionable, wrong
QUANT. number, series, set Your argument is based on a set of questionable assumptions.
VERB + ASSUMPTION make She's always making assumptions about how much money people have.
| base sth on, start from, work on We are working on the assumption that the techniques are safe.
| accept | challenge, disprove, question, test
ASSUMPTION + VERB underly sth, underpin sth the assumptions underlying their beliefs
PREP. on the ~ that I set the table for eight people, on the assumption that Jo would come.
| ~ about assumptions about how women should behave
pos: noun

no: 392
word: german

no: 393.1
word: illustrate
meaning: put pictures in sth
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. heavily, lavishly, richly | fully | attractively, beautifully, delightfully, handsomely, superbly
PREP. with The new edition is heavily illustrated with photographs of aircraft.
pos: verb

no: 393.2
word: illustrate
meaning: make sth clear using examples/pictures
categories: ADV.
VERB + ILLUSTRATE
PREP.
backside: ADV. amply | admirably, aptly, neatly, nicely, well The dire consequences of chronic underfunding are nowhere better illustrated than in the nation's schools.
| perfectly | merely, simply His question merely illustrates his ignorance of the subject.
| clearly, dramatically, graphically, strikingly, vividly | brutally, starkly, tragically The case tragically illustrates the dangers of fireworks.
VERB + ILLUSTRATE serve to Two examples serve to illustrate this point.
| be chosen to, be designed to, be intended to
PREP. to a way of illustrating to the chairman the folly of his decision
pos: verb

no: 394
word: justify
categories: ADV.
VERB + JUSTIFY
PREP.
backside: ADV. really, truly Can you really justify the destruction of such a fine old building?
| hardly The meagre result hardly justified the risks they took to get it.
VERB + JUSTIFY can/could | attempt to, seek to, try to | need to | be difficult to, be hard to He found it very difficult to justify his decision.
PREP. on the grounds of/that The decision is justified on the grounds that there is no realistic alternative.
| to How will you justify this pay cut to your employees?
pos: verb

no: 395.1
word: manner
meaning: way of doing sth/behaving
categories: ADJ.
VERB + MANNER
MANNER + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. conventional, customary, normal, standard, time-honoured, traditional, usual | correct You are not approaching the problem in the correct manner.
| appropriate, satisfactory I did my best to behave in the appropriate manner.
| prudent, reasonable, responsible, safe, sensible Chemical waste must be disposed of in an environmentally-responsible manner.
| efficient, productive, profitable | logical, methodical, orderly, rational, systematic | consistent, uniform | objective | arbitrary, haphazard Files have been stored in such a haphazard manner that they are impossible to find.
| professional | constructive, positive The dispute could have been handled in a more constructive manner.
| non-violent, peaceful | straightforward | suspicious He was behaving in a highly suspicious manner.
| light-hearted | casual, easy, informal, leisurely, relaxed | formal | calm | off-hand He answered in such an off-hand manner that I wondered if he'd misheard me.
| confident, decisive | dignified | diffident, mild, quiet, shy | charming, cheerful, friendly, jovial, kindly, pleasant, sympathetic | abrasive, aggressive, arrogant, unfriendly, unpleasant | forthright | brusque, cold | businesslike, no-nonsense His no-nonsense manner gave him the reputation of being a good doctor.
| authoritarian, autocratic, high-handed | condescending, dismissive | authoritative The authoritative manner in which he talked concealed his ignorance.
| bedside, telephone He's a good doctor with a sympathetic bedside manner. She has a very pleasant telephone manner.
VERB + MANNER have | adopt He tends to adopt a condescending manner when talking to young women.
| act in She accused the teacher of not acting in a professional manner.
MANNER + VERB change His manner changed abruptly when he heard how much I wanted.
| conceal sth Her brusque m
| suggest sth He was not as loutish as his manner suggested.
PREP. in a/the ~ The inspection was conducted in a thoroughly professional manner.
| in the ~ of He lectured us in the manner of a headmaster.
| in your ~ There was something in his manner that I found very irritating.
PHRASES in a timely manner All claims must be settled in a professional and timely manner.
| in no uncertain manner He told her in no uncertain manner that her behaviour was unacceptable.
pos: noun

no: 395.2
word: manner
meaning: manners: polite behaviour
categories: ADJ.
VERB + MANNER
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. beautiful, charming, excellent, good, impeccable, nice, perfect It's not good manners to stare at people.
| bad | table His children have no table manners.
VERB + MANNER have | teach sb Didn't your parents teach you any manners?
| learn | forget I'm sorry, I was forgetting my manners. Can I offer you a drink?
PHRASES have the (good) manners to do sth He could at least have had the manners to answer my letter.
| a lack of manners Her lack of manners is quite appalling.
pos: noun

no: 396
word: constitute

no: 397
word: phenomenon
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PHENOMENON
PHENOMENON + VERB
backside: ADJ. common, universal, widespread | isolated, rare, unique | new, recent | natural | curious, inexplicable, remarkable, strange | complex | observable | cultural, historical, linguistic, mental, physical, political, psychological, social, supernatural, urban
VERB + PHENOMENON investigate His job is to investigate supernatural phenomena.
PHENOMENON + VERB emerge, occur The phenomenon occurs during early foetal development.
pos: noun

no: 398
word: relevant
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS be, seem | become | consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as
ADV. especially, extremely, highly, particularly, specially, very | barely, hardly, not really, scarcely Past imperial glories are hardly relevant to the present day.
| (only) marginally, partially | not necessarily, not strictly Resist the temptation to discuss topics that are not strictly relevant to the essay question.
| directly | only indirectly | immediately | no longer | potentially | apparently | clearly, obviously | universally | morally, politically, socially Is there a morally relevant difference between human life and animal life?
| vocationally vocationally relevant qualifications
PREP. to information relevant to this case
pos: adj.

no: 399
word: acquire

no: 400.1
word: correspond
meaning: be the same/match
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. closely | directly, exactly, precisely | approximately, broadly, roughly
PREP. to Their nursery schools correspond roughly to our infant schools.
| with The movement of the dot on the screen corresponds exactly with the movement of the control lever.
pos: verb

no: 400.2
word: correspond
meaning: write letters
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. regularly
PREP. with She corresponded regularly with her former music teacher.
pos: verb

no: 405.1.1
word: professional
meaning: connected with a job
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be
ADV. purely, strictly He insisted that his relationship with the duchess was purely professional.
pos: adj.

no: 405.1.2
word: professional
meaning: extremely skilled
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be, look Their designs look very professional.
ADV. extremely, highly, really, truly, very He dealt with the problem in a highly professional way.
| thoroughly | increasingly | almost | quite, rather
pos: adj.

no: 405.1.3
word: professional
meaning: done as a paid job, not a hobby
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be | become, turn
ADV. fully He wants to turn fully professional.
pos: adj.

no: 447.1
word: conventional
categories: VERBS
ADV.
ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + CONVENTION
CONVENTION + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + CONVENTION
CONVENTION + VERB
CONVENTION + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + CONVENTION
CONVENTION + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
pos: conventional adj

no: 447.2
word: conventional
categories: VERBS
ADV.
ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + CONVENTION
CONVENTION + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + CONVENTION
CONVENTION + VERB
CONVENTION + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + CONVENTION
CONVENTION + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
pos: noun

no: 471.2.1
word: shape
meaning: physical outline
categories: ADJ.
VERB + SHAPE
SHAPE + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. basic, simple The children cut the paper into various simple shapes.
| characteristic, distinctive I recognized the distinctive shape of a Boeing-747.
| curious, interesting, unusual, weird | awkward The desk was an awkward shape and wouldn't fit through the door.
| original | geometric/geometrical, regular, symmetrical | complex | asymmetrical, irregular | odd, random tiles of random shape
| solid, three-dimensional | aerodynamic | angular, arch, circular, cone/conical, cylindrical, diamond, dome, egg, elliptical, elongated, hemispherical, hexagonal, oblong, pentagonal, pointed, pyramid/pyramidal, rectangular, round, spherical, triangular, wedge | rounded, smooth | arrow, banana, cross, pear, star, T, etc. The road forms an L shape. The bruise was a sort of mushroom shape.
| blurred, ghostly, shadowy, vague | huge, massive | black, dark, grey | human | body You can't change your natural body shape.
VERB + SHAPE cut out, draw, make, trace First draw the rough shape of your chosen animal. Fold the paper to make the shape of a cone.
| cut sth into, make sth in, produce sth in a cheese similar to Brie but produced in a different shape
| come in, have Tables come in various shapes.
| assume, make, take on Ordinary things assumed different shapes in the mist.
| keep, retain These garments will retain their shape even with repeated washing.
| regain | change | lose | distort The wide-angle lens distorts shapes.
| distinguish, make out, see I could just make out the shapes of animals in the field.
SHAPE + VERB appear, emerge, loom Ghostly shapes loomed out of the fog.
PREP. in the ~ of a doormat in the shape of a cat
PHRASES out of shape The bicycle had been battered out of shape.
| oblong/rectangular/hexagonal, etc. in shape The island is roughly circular in shape.
pos: noun

no: 471.2.3
word: shape
meaning: good or bad condition
categories: ADJ.
VERB + SHAPE
backside: ADJ. fine, good, great | bad, poor | physical He's 64, but he's in better physical shape than I am.
VERB + SHAPE get sb/sth into, knock/lick/whip sb/sth into Get your body into shape for the summer! Leave the boy with me?I'll soon knock him into shape!
| be in, keep in, stay in You are in pretty good shape for your age. She likes to stay in shape.
| be out of
pos: noun

no: 503.1.3
word: guide
meaning: person
categories: ADJ.
VERB + GUIDE
backside: ADJ. tour, tourist Our tour guide showed us around the old town.
VERB + GUIDE act as, be He agreed to go with them and act as their guide.
pos: noun

no: 503.2.3
word: guide
meaning: help sb move
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. gently He took her arm, gently guiding her.
PREP. across, along, etc. She guided him across the busy road.
| to/towards He guided her hand to his face.
pos: verb

no: 515
word: expansion
categories: ADJ.
VERB + EXPANSION
EXPANSION + VERB
EXPANSION + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. big, considerable, enormous, great, huge, major, massive, significant, substantial, vast The company was now set for major expansion.
| maximum | dramatic, marked, remarkable, unprecedented an unprecedented expansion in linguistic studies at British universities
| rapid | gradual | steady | continued, further, sustained | eastward, westward, etc. | global, international, overseas, worldwide | successful | aggressive The board decided to embark on aggressive overseas expansion.
| healthy | planned, proposed | uncontrolled | business, commercial, company | economic, industrial | colonial, imperial, territorial | population | urban
VERB + EXPANSION show The economy is still showing healthy expansion.
| allow (for), provide for The design of the front pockets allows for expansion.
| be ripe for a ready-made hotel chain ripe for further expansion
| be set for The company is set for further expansion into niche areas.
| call for | go for, look for We are going for maximum expansion.
| encourage, facilitate, promote | impede, limit, restrict | halt, stop | prevent | embark on | finance, fund In order to finance expansion on this scale, the government has relied heavily on borrowing.
EXPANSION + VERB occur, take place
EXPANSION + NOUN plan, programme
PREP. ~ into expansion into the luxury car market
| ~ in a great age of expansion in trade and science
PHRASES a period of expansion a period of rapid economic expansion
| the rate of expansion The rate of expansion of our overseas trade has been spectacular.
| potential/room/scope/space for expansion The company believes there is scope for expansion in this sector.
pos: noun

no: 516
word: strengthen
categories: ADV.
VERB + STRENGTHEN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. considerably, enormously, greatly, immeasurably, significantly, substantially The success in the election strengthened the party's position considerably.
| further This merger will further strengthen the company and ensure its continued success.
| merely This temporary setback merely strengthened her resolve.
| gradually
VERB + STRENGTHEN help (to), serve to | be designed to These exercises are designed to strengthen your stomach muscles.
PREP. against The euro has strengthened against the dollar.
PHRASES an attempt/effort to strengthen sth, be aimed at strengthening sth The new law is aimed at strengthening protective measures for workers.
| measures to strengthen sth
pos: verb

no: 517
word: simultaneously

no: 520
word: incentive
categories: ADJ.
VERB + INCENTIVE
INCENTIVE + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. big, considerable, great, massive | powerful, strong | adequate, sufficient | main, major | added, additional, extra, more | less | real | direct The most direct financial incentive to prevent rubbish is to charge people by the amount of rubbish they put out.
| important | positive | special | commercial, economic, financial, fiscal, monetary | cash | price, tax | sales | work | government
VERB + INCENTIVE act as, be He argues that the free supply of skilled labour will act as an incentive for employees to be more diligent.
| have She had the added incentive of being within reach of the world record.
| need | give (sb/sth), offer (sb/sth), provide (sb/sth with) | create The government has created tax incentives to encourage investment.
| increase | reduce | undermine High taxation rates have undermined work incentives.
| remove
INCENTIVE + NOUN programme, scheme, system The company operates a share incentive scheme for its workers.
| payment
PREP. ~ to an incentive to investment
PHRASES have every incentive The absence of penalties for anti-competitive behaviour means that firms have every incentive to engage in price-fixing.
| a lack of incentive Low levels of profitability mean there is a lack of incentive to undertake new investment.
pos: noun

no: 266.1.2
word: instrumental
meaning: being only a means to an end
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be
ADV. very | purely | merely | essentially
pos: adj.

no: *
word: 釆
meaning: Fährten

no: *
word: 宅
meaning: Locke

no: *
word: 為
meaning: Schwanzfedern

no: *
word: 畏
meaning: Haarspange

no: 203.1
word: complex
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be, look, seem, sound | become
ADV. enormously, especially, exceedingly, exceptionally, extraordinarily, extremely, highly, hugely, immensely, incredibly, infinitely, particularly, very This is a highly complex matter.
| increasingly | fairly, quite, rather, relatively, somewhat | surprisingly | unnecessarily | technically technically complex surgery
pos: adj.

no: 209.1
word: estimate
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ESTIMATE
ESTIMATE + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. official, unofficial | current, recent Current estimates suggest that supplies will run out within six months.
| early, initial, preliminary | accurate, fair, good, realistic, reasonable, reliable | best Flight times in the brochure are based on our best estimate, and will be confirmed as soon as possible.
| approximate, rough | conservative, low I think 15,000 will turn out to be a very low estimate.
| high According to the highest estimate, over 100,000 men died in the battle.
| optimistic, pessimistic | cost
VERB + ESTIMATE make Can you make an estimate of the numbers involved?
| give (sb), provide (sb with), submit Three firms submitted estimates for the work.
| revise
ESTIMATE + VERB be based on sth | indicate sth, predict sth, show sth, suggest sth One estimate suggests that 30,000 jobs may be lost.
| put sth at Some estimates put the figure as high as 50%.
| range, vary Cost estimates vary from $50,000 to $200,000.
PREP. according to an/the ~ According to the revised estimate, four million people will be without homes.
| at an ~ Even at a conservative estimate, there is a lot of work to be done.
| in an/the ~ In his first estimate, he suggested a figure of £5,000.
| ~ by, ~ from According to an estimate by a leading newspaper, she earns £40 million a year.
| ~ for We will send you an estimate for the repairs.
| ~ of an estimate of profits an estimate of £300
pos: noun

no: 210.1.1
word: negative
meaning: only thinking about/showing sb/sth's bad qualities
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS be, feel, seem, sound | become | remain
ADV. distinctly, extremely, strongly, terribly, very the strongly negative implications of these survey results. Their attitude was terribly negative.
| completely, entirely, exclusively, purely, totally, wholly She spoke in entirely negative terms.
| largely, mainly, overwhelmingly | fairly, rather, slightly, somewhat | apparently | essentially Critical thinking is essentially negative as it seeks to dissect and not to build.
| generally
PREP. about He's been rather negative about the idea.
pos: adj.

no: 210.1.2
word: negative
meaning: showing that sth has not happened/been found
categories: VERBS
PREP.
backside: VERBS be, prove, test The breathalyser test proved negative. He tested negative for HIV infection.
PREP. for The urine tests were negative for protein.
pos: adj.

no: 213.1.3
word: challenge
meaning: invitation to compete
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CHALLENGE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. leadership, title his title challenge to the heavyweight champion
VERB + CHALLENGE issue, mount plans to mount a leadership challenge within the party
| accept, take up I accepted his challenge to a game of chess.
| beat off, fight off Our team will have to fight off the challenge from better trained teams.
PREP. ~ from a challenge from the other political party
pos: noun

no: 214.1
word: principle
meaning: basic general rule
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PRINCIPLE
PRINCIPLE + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. basic, broad, central, fundamental, general the basic principles of car maintenance
| cardinal, essential, key | universal | democratic, legal, market, political, scientific, theoretical
VERB + PRINCIPLE establish, formulate, lay down | apply | explain
PRINCIPLE + VERB apply This principle applies to all kinds of selling.
| underlie sth, underpin sth the principles underlying Western philosophy
PREP. in ~ I agree with you in principle, but we'll need to discuss the details.
| ~ behind She went on to explain the principles behind what she was doing.
pos: noun

no: 217.1
word: depend
meaning: be affected by sth
categories: ADV.
VERB + DEPEND
backside: ADV. crucially, greatly, very much The future of the company will depend crucially on how consumers respond.
| entirely, solely | largely, mainly | partly, rather, to some extent | ultimately Whether or not we can go ultimately depends on the weather.
VERB + DEPEND seem to The outcome seems to depend on the type of soil used.
pos: verb

no: 217.2
word: depend
meaning: need
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. heavily | entirely, solely
PREP. for She depends entirely on her parents for money.
pos: verb

no: 219
word: integration
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + INTEGRATION
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. true | complete, full | close, seamless | further, greater, improved, increased | rapid | economic, monetary, political, racial, social We are working to bring about closer political integration in the EU.
| internal | systems (computing)
QUANT. degree, level
VERB + INTEGRATION achieve, bring about | accelerate, encourage, facilitate, promote, speed up, stimulate measures to promote the social integration of mentally handicapped people
| require | lead to
PREP. ~ between integration between research and higher education
| ~ into the integration of disabled pupils into the general education system
| ~ with He called for greater integration with Europe.
| ~ within economic integration within the three communities
PHRASES a move towards integration a move towards greater internal integration in Europe
| a need for integration, a process of integration
pos: noun

no: 227.1
word: explore
meaning: travel around an area
categories: VERB + EXPLORE
PREP.
backside: VERB + EXPLORE be keen to, want to, wish to | be free to In the afternoon you'll be free to explore a little on your own.
PREP. for exploring for oil
pos: noun

no: 238.1.2
word: basis
meaning: principle/reason
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. whole
PREP. on the ~ of We made our decision on the basis of the information we had.
| ~ for The whole basis for your argument is false.
pos: noun

no: 238.1.3
word: basis
meaning: way sth is done/organized
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. regular | daily, monthly, weekly, etc. Staff are employed on a monthly basis.
| permanent, temporary | casual, part-time, voluntary | commercial
PREP. on a … ~
pos: noun

no: 238.2.2
word: basis
meaning: principle/reason
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. whole
PREP. on the ~ of We made our decision on the basis of the information we had.
| ~ for The whole basis for your argument is false.
pos: noun

no: 238.2.3
word: basis
meaning: way sth is done/organized
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. regular | daily, monthly, weekly, etc. Staff are employed on a monthly basis.
| permanent, temporary | casual, part-time, voluntary | commercial
PREP. on a … ~
pos: noun

no: 261
word: encourage
categories: ADV.
VERB + ENCOURAGE
PREP.
backside: ADV. greatly, strongly We were greatly encouraged by the support we received.
| actively, positively The government must actively encourage investment in these areas.
VERB + ENCOURAGE aim to | try to | be designed to These questions are designed to encourage debate.
| be likely to Newspapers should not publish material that is likely to encourage discrimination on the grounds of race or colour.
PREP. in Her head of department encouraged her in her research work.
pos: verb

no: 282.2.2
word: advance
meaning: development
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ADVANCE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. big, considerable, dramatic, enormous, great, spectacular, substantial, tremendous | important, major, notable, remarkable, significant | rapid, steady rapid advances in science and technology
| recent | economic, educational, medical, political, scientific, social, technical, technological | theoretical
VERB + ADVANCE make We need more money if we are to make any further advances in this area of science.
PREP. in ~ two major advances in orthopaedic medicine
| on ~ an advance on the existing techniques
| towards ~ an advance towards a better understanding of God
pos: noun

no: 282.2.3
word: advance
meaning: money
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ADVANCE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. large | cash
VERB + ADVANCE give, pay The publishers have paid me an advance.
| get, receive
PREP. ~ of an advance of
£10,000
| ~ on He was paid
£5,000 as an advance on royalties.
pos: noun

no: 282.3.2
word: advance
meaning: develop
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. considerably, greatly, significantly | rapidly
PREP. beyond Society needs to advance beyond prejudice and superstition.
pos: verb

no: 295.2
word: content
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS appear, be, feel, seem
ADV. perfectly, quite, utterly I'm perfectly content just to lie in the sun.
| fairly, reasonably, relatively | apparently | curiously, strangely She felt curiously content.
PREP. with She seemed quite content with the idea.
pos: adj.

no: 301.1
word: difficult
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be, look, prove, seem, sound | become, get It is getting more and more difficult to find a job.
| make sth The fog made driving very difficult.
| find sth
ADV. exceedingly, extraordinarily, extremely, incredibly, particularly, really, very | doubly Her disability made taking care of the home and raising a family doubly difficult.
| increasingly | a bit, quite, rather | notoriously Birth rates are notoriously difficult to predict.
pos: adj.

no: 301.2
word: difficulty
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + DIFFICULTY
DIFFICULTY + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. considerable, enormous, grave, great, major, real, serious, severe We had enormous difficulty in getting hold of the right equipment.
| insurmountable | increasing questions of increasing difficulty
| inherent the difficulties inherent in treating overdose patients
| particular, special English spelling presents special difficulties for foreign learners.
| economic, financial | practical, technical I think we've managed to overcome most of the practical difficulties.
| behavioural, emotional, learning children with learning difficulties
QUANT. level The games have various different levels of difficulty.
VERB + DIFFICULTY encounter, experience, face, get into, have, run into Among the difficulties encountered was a lack of cooperation on the part of the authorities. Anyone experiencing difficulty with radio reception should call us on the new helpline. Let me know if you have any difficulties. I had little difficulty in persuading the others to come. The scheme has run into serious difficulties.
| cause, create, make, present Will it cause any difficulties if I go early? She is always making difficulties for herself.
| cope with, deal with, overcome, resolve, solve, surmount | avoid how to avoid technical difficulties
| be fraught with The situation was fraught with difficulty.
DIFFICULTY + VERB arise, crop up Difficulties arise when people fail to consult their colleagues.
| lie (in sth) The difficulty lies in identifying the precise nature of the problem.
PREP. despite a/the ~ Despite all the difficulties, he still remains optimistic.
| in ~ We could see that the swimmer was in difficulties.
| with/without ~ We crossed the border without any difficulty. Life in the city was not without its difficulties.
| ~ in She had difficulty in starting her car.
| ~ of the difficulty of finding affordable accommodation
| ~ with having difficulty with the engine
pos: noun

no: 328
word: industrial
categories: ADJ.
VERB + INDUSTRIAL ACTION
PREP.
backside: ADJ. continuing | unlawful
VERB + INDUSTRIAL ACTION take | threaten | call for | vote for | start | step up The union is considering stepping up its industrial action.
| suspend | stop | take part in, be/become involved in His research indicates an increase in the number of women involved in industrial action.
| support
PREP. ~ against The union is threatening industrial action against the company.
| ~ by industrial action by railway workers
| ~ in support of industrial action in support of demands for a ten per cent salary adjustment
| ~ over to take industrial action over pay
pos: industrial action

no: 329.3
word: revolution
meaning: movement around sth; one complete turn
categories: ADJ.
VERB + REVOLUTION
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. complete, full One full revolution of the knob will open the hatch.
VERB + REVOLUTION make
PREP. through a ~ The earth turns through one complete revolution approximately every twenty-four hours.
| ~ about/around/round How long does it take for the planet Jupiter to make a complete revolution around the sun?
PHRASES revolutions a/per minute
pos: noun

no: 330.1
word: fundamental
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS be, seem | remain | consider sth, regard sth as We consider these freedoms fundamental to democracy.
ADV. truly, very | absolutely, quite This principle is clear and absolutely fundamental.
| fairly, rather
PREP. to Improved funding is fundamental to the success of the project.
pos: adj.

no: 330.2
word: fundamentals
categories: ADJ.
VERB + FUNDAMENTALS
backside: ADJ. basic | very The new law strikes at the very fundamentals of a free press.
VERB + FUNDAMENTALS teach | grasp, learn, master We quickly mastered the basic fundamentals of navigation.
| go back to, return to The government went back to fundamentals, concentrating on avoiding food shortages.
pos: noun

no: 331.1
word: essential
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS appear, be, seem | become It is becoming almost essential for students to have a second language.
| remain | make sth Increased competition makes it essential for the business to innovate.
| consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as, think sth Do you consider these textbooks essential for the course?
ADV. really | absolutely | almost, virtually | fairly | by no means Although useful, the accessories are by no means essential.
PREP. for the skills essential for success
| to He believed that some form of religion was essential to human life.
pos: adj.

no: 331.2
word: essentials
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ESSENTIALS
backside: ADJ. bare, basic the bare essentials for existence
VERB + ESSENTIALS grasp Just try and grasp the essentials of the argument.
| provide The relief agencies are trying to provide food and other basic essentials.
| concentrate on Don't let's worry about the details at this stage. Let's concentrate on the essentials.
pos: noun

no: 333.3
word: contact
categories: ADV.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. immediately | directly | personally | by email, by phone/telephone He can be contacted by phone on the telephone number given below.
PHRASES do not hesitate to contact sb Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions.
pos: verb

no: 336.2
word: account
meaning: account for sth
categories: ADV.
backside: ADV. fully The increase can be fully accounted for.
| partly The differences in achievement between the pupils are partly accounted for by differences in age.
pos: verb

no: 343.1
word: philosophy
meaning: study of ideas about the meaning of life
categories: ADJ.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. ancient, classical | contemporary, modern | Eastern, Western | experimental, moral, natural (historical)
, political, religious, social
PHRASES the philosophy of history/religion/science
More information about SUBJECT
pos: noun

no: 381.1.2
word: assert
meaning: make other people recognize your rights/authority
what a company owns
categories: ADV.
VERB + ASSERT
backside: ADV. successfully They successfully asserted their right to protect their homes.
VERB + ASSERT need to | be determined to, wish to She wished to assert her independence from her parents.
| seek to, try to | be able to, manage to He managed to assert his power over the media.
| be unable to, fail to
pos: verb

no: 401
word: planning
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PLANNING
PLANNING + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. careful, detailed, meticulous, thoughtful | initial the initial planning stage
| advance, forward The trip calls for careful advance planning.
| pre-match, pre-retirement, etc. Deciding the agenda is the most vital aspect of pre-meeting planning.
| long-range, long-term | short-range, short-term | corporate | family They give free advice on contraception at the family planning clinic.
| town, urban | economic, educational, environmental, financial, military, strategic
VERB + PLANNING call for, demand, need, require | do The industry needs to do some long-term planning.
PLANNING + NOUN phase, stage The scheme is still at the planning stage.
| process | decisions | meeting | application | approval, consent, permission We've applied for planning permission to build an extension to the house.
| authority, committee, department
PREP. in the ~ The festival was four years in the planning.
| ~ for Planning for future development is vital for the community.
pos: noun

no: 402
word: error
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ERROR
ERROR + VERB
ERROR + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. fundamental, glaring, grave, great, major, monumental, serious The report contained some glaring errors.
| fatal He made the fatal error of borrowing more than he could pay back.
| minor, small | embarrassing, unfortunate | past The ability to learn from past errors is vital in business.
| common | grammatical, spelling, typing | factual | tactical The Kenyan athlete made a tactical error in starting too fast.
| administrative, clerical | human, pilot The plane crash was caused by human error, not mechanical failure.
VERB + ERROR commit, make He had committed a grave error in letting them see the document. She made several serious errors during the race.
| contain The document contained a lot of typing errors.
| detect, discover, find, spot I found several factual errors in the report.
| point out The error was pointed out to her by one of her colleagues.
| realize I only realized my error when it was too late.
| avoid She has avoided the common error of writing too much.
| correct, rectify Glasses can correct most errors in your vision.
| compound The paper accidentally printed the victim's address, then compounded their error by printing her name the next day.
ERROR + VERB arise (from sth), occur errors arising from inadequate information
ERROR + NOUN detection | correction | message An error message comes up when I try to open the program.
PREP. in ~ The machine had been switched off in error
(= by mistake).
| ~ in He checked his letter for errors in spelling. He realized his error in not attending the funeral.
| ~ of The speech contained many errors of fact.
PHRASES a comedy of errors His attempts to arrange a party ended up as a comedy of errors.
| an error of judgement The minister had made an amazing error of judgement.
| a margin of error The margin of error for a racing driver is tiny.
pos: noun

no: 403
word: household
categories: ADJ.
VERB + HOUSEHOLD
HOUSEHOLD + NOUN
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. average The average household pays 27p a day in water rates.
| domestic, private, etc. | rural, urban | middle-class, working-class | high-income, low-income, poor, etc. | family, married-couple, single-person, etc.
VERB + HOUSEHOLD manage, run | set up Becoming an adult and setting up a household no longer mean the same thing.
HOUSEHOLD + NOUN appliance, contents, furniture, goods, item, product The household contents are covered by a separate insurance policy.
| bills, budget, expenditure, expenses, income | chore, duties, task | rubbish, waste
PHRASES the head of the household The head of the household is responsible for completing the council tax form.
pos: noun

no: 404.1
word: practical
categories: VERBS
ADV.
ADJ.
VERB + PRACTICAL
backside: VERBS be, seem, sound | become
ADV. eminently, extremely, highly, intensely, very | entirely, purely, strictly For entirely practical reasons, children are not invited.
| hardly | quite, reasonably | essentially | severely She always adopted a severely practical tone.
pos: adj.

no: 404.2
word: practical
categories: VERBS
ADV.
ADJ.
VERB + PRACTICAL
backside: ADJ. chemistry, physics, etc.
VERB + PRACTICAL sit, take | pass | fail I passed the written exam but failed the practical.
pos: noun

no: 405.2
word: professional
categories: VERBS
ADV.
VERBS
ADV.
VERBS
ADV.
ADJ.
ADJ.
VERB + PROFESSION
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. committed, dedicated, experienced | real, true This is the work of a real professional.
| leading, senior, top a top golf professional
| independent The survey should be performed by an independent professional.
| fellow an actor revered by his fellow professionals
| computer, health (care), medical | golf, tennis, etc.
ADJ. chosen | legal, medical, teaching, etc.
VERB + PROFESSION practise In the 1930s he was forbidden to practise his profession.
| enter, go into, join She entered the legal profession after university.
PREP. by ~ He was a consultant physician by profession.
| in a/sb's/the ~ making an impact in her chosen profession
PHRASES a choice of profession She was shocked at her daughter's choice of profession.
| the top of sb's profession He reached the top of his profession in very little time.
pos: noun

no: 405.3
word: professional
categories: VERBS
ADV.
VERBS
ADV.
VERBS
ADV.
ADJ.
ADJ.
VERB + PROFESSION
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. committed, dedicated, experienced | real, true This is the work of a real professional.
| leading, senior, top a top golf professional
| independent The survey should be performed by an independent professional.
| fellow an actor revered by his fellow professionals
| computer, health (care), medical | golf, tennis, etc.
ADJ. chosen | legal, medical, teaching, etc.
VERB + PROFESSION practise In the 1930s he was forbidden to practise his profession.
| enter, go into, join She entered the legal profession after university.
PREP. by ~ He was a consultant physician by profession.
| in a/sb's/the ~ making an impact in her chosen profession
PHRASES a choice of profession She was shocked at her daughter's choice of profession.
| the top of sb's profession He reached the top of his profession in very little time.
pos: noun

no: 406
word: theoretical
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be | remain
ADV. highly | purely This research is purely theoretical.
| largely | rather
pos: adj.

no: 407
word: summary
categories: ADJ.
VERB + SUMMARY
SUMMARY + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. accurate, apt, clear, excellent, fair, good, useful Is that a fair summary of the situation?
| comprehensive, detailed, full | general, overall | brief, concise, quick, short | bald, crude | financial, statistical | news, plot Details of new titles, with plot summaries, are included in the catalogue.
VERB + SUMMARY make, prepare, write Could you make a short summary of this article for me?
| give (sb), provide (sb with), supply (sb with) He has provided a useful summary of the main categories.
SUMMARY + NOUN sheet, table | report, statement
PREP. in ~ In summary, his views are out of date.
| in a/the ~ She decided not to include this incident in her summary of the day's events.
PHRASES in summary form The information is shown in summary form in the following tables.
pos: noun

no: 408.1
word: depression
meaning: unhappiness/mental illness
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + DEPRESSION
DEPRESSION + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. black, deep, serious, severe | acute, chronic | mild | clinical | manic | post-natal
QUANT. bout, fit, period The actor says he suffers frequent bouts of depression. In a fit of depression, she threw away all her favourite books. A period of acute depression can sometimes follow childbirth.
VERB + DEPRESSION develop, fall into, go into, succumb to She fell into a black depression and refused to leave her room.
| experience, have, suffer (from) She was diagnosed as having clinical depression.
| be treated for His wife had left him and he was being treated for depression.
| come out of, get over She was gradually coming out of her depression.
| cause, lead to Bereavement can often lead to depression.
| relieve, treat a new drug used to treat depression
DEPRESSION + VERB deepen | lift Her depression has lifted now.
PREP. in ~ He may have killed himself in depression.
| with ~ He's been off work for months with depression.
PHRASES (a) cause for depression These results should not be a cause for depression.
| the depths of depression I was in the depths of depression after receiving my exam results.
| feelings of depression, the onset of depression The onset of depression often follows a traumatic event.
| a state of depression He was in a state of acute depression.
| symptoms of depression, treatment for depression She had been receiving medical treatment for depression.
> Special page at ILLNESS
pos: noun

no: 408.2
word: depression
meaning: period of reduced economic activity
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DEPRESSION
DEPRESSION + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. great, major, serious, severe | economic The country is experiencing a severe economic depression.
VERB + DEPRESSION be in the grip of, experience | go into The housing market has gone into depression.
| face
DEPRESSION + VERB deepen The depression seems to be deepening.
| end
PREP. during/in a/the ~ Many people lost their jobs in the great depression of the 1930s.
PHRASES the depths of a depression, a period of depression periods of severe economic depression
pos: noun

no: 408.3
word: depression
meaning: hollow part in the surface of sth
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. shallow, slight | deep
PREP. ~ in, ~ on From the air, the photos show a shallow depression on the planet's surface.
pos: noun

no: 409
word: sequence
categories: ADJ.
VERB + SEQUENCE
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. complete, whole | continuous | complex | correct | opening | closing | alphabetical, chronological, logical, natural, random The article describes the chronological sequence of events.
| action, dance, dream, film | DNA, gene
VERB + SEQUENCE complete Complete the following sequence: 1, 4, 8, 13 …
| follow We had to follow a complex sequence of movements.
PREP. in ~ The book is more satisfying if you read each chapter in sequence.
| in a/the ~ The heroine dies in the closing sequence of the film.
| ~ of
PHRASES a sequence of events
pos: noun

no: 410.1
word: consideration
meaning: careful thought about sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CONSIDERATION
PREP.
backside: ADJ. careful, detailed, full, serious | adequate, due, proper, sufficient | special, urgent | active
VERB + CONSIDERATION give sth, take sth into We will give your proposals serious consideration. You must take the size of the room into consideration.
| deserve, need, require | receive
PREP. after ~ After due consideration, it was decided not to offer her the job.
| for sb's ~ I enclose the report for your consideration.
| in ~ of (formal)
(= as payment for sth), on ~ On consideration, we have decided not to come.
| under ~ proposals under active consideration
pos: noun

no: 410.2
word: consideration
meaning: thinking about other people's wishes and feelings
categories: VERB + CONSIDERATION
PREP.
backside: VERB + CONSIDERATION have Have some consideration for those without a job.
| show sb, treat sb with She showed little consideration for the beginners.
PREP. out of ~ He did it out of consideration for his daughter.
| ~ for
pos: noun

no: 410.3
word: consideration
meaning: sth you think about when deciding sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CONSIDERATION
backside: ADJ. main, major, important, prime | overriding, paramount | minor | aesthetic, commercial, economic, environmental, ethical, financial, health, legal, moral, personal, political, practical, safety, security
VERB + CONSIDERATION take account of, take into account There are several important safety considerations that must be taken into account.
pos: noun

no: 411
word: derive
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. clearly Females and cubs clearly derive some benefit from living in groups.
| largely, mainly, primarily | partly | solely | directly This income was derived directly from his writing.
| originally, ultimately
PREP. from We can derive some comfort from this fact.
pos: verb

no: 412
word: arise
categories: ADV.
VERB + ARISE
PREP.
backside: ADV. naturally, spontaneously | directly
VERB + ARISE may, might | be likely/unlikely to
PREP. from Some learning difficulties arise from the way children are taught at school.
| out of The current debate arose out of the concerns of parents.
pos: verb

no: 413
word: radical
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be, seem, sound | become
ADV. really, very | increasingly | fairly, quite, somewhat | genuinely, truly a truly radical concept
| apparently | potentially | politically, socially
pos: adj.

no: 414
word: collective

no: 415.1
word: recognition
meaning: remembering/identifying sb/sth
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + RECOGNITION
RECOGNITION + VERB
RECOGNITION + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. immediate, instant | early the early recognition of a disease
| dawning | character, face, handwriting, speech, text (computing)
| automatic, computer the automatic recognition of handwriting by computer
QUANT. flicker, sign She stared directly at the witness but he did not show a flicker of recognition
(= he did not show that he recognized her).
VERB + RECOGNITION show | avoid He pulled the hood of his cloak over his head to avoid recognition.
| allow The monitoring system allows recognition of pollution hot spots.
RECOGNITION + VERB dawn Recognition slowly dawned, ‘Oh, it's you Mrs Foster!’
RECOGNITION + NOUN software, system
PREP. beyond (all) ~ (figurative) Many of those interviewed said their job had changed beyond recognition
(= changed completely) over the past five years.
| out of (all) ~ (figurative) The equipment and methods of production have improved out of all recognition
(= greatly improved).
| without ~ He looked up, glanced at them without recognition, and went on his way.
PHRASES recognition in sb's eyes There was no recognition in his eyes
(= he did not look as if he recognized her).
pos: noun

no: 415.2
word: recognition
meaning: accepting that sth exists/is true; public praise/reward
categories: ADJ.
VERB + RECOGNITION
RECOGNITION + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. full | appropriate, due, proper | insufficient | greater, growing, increasing There needs to be a greater recognition of corporate crime as a social problem.
| clear, explicit, overt | implicit | apparent | grudging | positive | equal equal recognition for the work women do
| mutual | immediate, instant | belated The award is being made in belated recognition of her services to the industry.
| individual, personal personal recognition for your achievements
| general, universal, wide, widespread The young talent at the club deserves wider recognition.
| international, national, worldwide | public, social | professional | diplomatic | formal, legal, legislative, official | de facto Twelve states have accorded de facto recognition to the new regime.
| government
VERB + RECOGNITION achieve, earn sb, gain, get, obtain, receive, win His recitals have earned him recognition as a talented performer.
| deserve | require Both of these perspectives are valid and require recognition.
| imply They claim that signature of the peace accord did not imply recognition of the state's sovereignty.
| ask for, call for, demand, request, seek | apply for | qualify for to qualify for UN recognition as an International Biosphere Reserve
| accord sb/sth, give sb/sth, grant sb/sth | refuse sb/sth
RECOGNITION + VERB come Official recognition of the change came fast.
PREP. in ~ of an award in recognition of his outstanding work
| without ~ She has worked actively but without recognition.
| ~ as a country that has long sought recognition as a major power
| ~ by/from recognition by his superiors of the service he had performed
| ~ for They received recognition for their 20-year commitment to safety at sea.
PHRASES a lack of recognition, recognition of the importance of sth, recognition of the need for sth, a struggle for recognition
pos: noun

no: 416.1
word: proportion
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
ADJ.
VERB + PROPORTION
PROPORTION + VERB
ADJ.
VERB + PROPORTION
PREP.
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + PROPORTION
pos: adj.

no: 416.2
word: proportion
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
ADJ.
VERB + PROPORTION
PROPORTION + VERB
ADJ.
VERB + PROPORTION
PREP.
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + PROPORTION
pos: proportion noun

no: 417
word: mode
categories: ADJ.
VERB + MODE
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. normal, traditional, usual | effective
VERB + MODE use Try using some other mode of organization.
| change, switch to He had no intention of changing his mode of attire. Switch from ‘receive’ mode to ‘transmit’ mode.
PREP. in … ~ The machine is in its ‘suspend’ mode.
| ~ of Their main mode of subsistence is hunting.
PHRASES a mode of address, a mode of communication/expression, a mode of transport
pos: noun

no: 418.1
word: resistance
meaning: trying to stop sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + RESISTANCE
RESISTANCE + VERB
RESISTANCE + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. considerable, great, stiff, strong, substantial | determined, fierce, heroic, serious, spirited, stubborn | effective | token | active | passive | collective, organized | widespread | armed, military | political | popular, public | guerrilla, peasant
VERB + RESISTANCE mount, offer, put up They mounted stiff resistance to the proposal.
| encounter, meet (with), run into The advancing army met with little resistance.
| break (down), crush, overcome
RESISTANCE + VERB stiffen | collapse, crumble
RESISTANCE + NOUN movement | fighter, forces, group, leader, worker
PREP. without ~ The attacks did not take place without resistance.
| ~ against armed resistance against the Nazis
| ~ to There was fierce resistance to the new laws.
PHRASES the line/path of least resistance (= the easiest way of doing sth), a pocket of resistance (= an area of resistance)
pos: noun

no: 418.2
word: resistance
meaning: to a disease/drugs
categories: ADJ.
VERB + RESISTANCE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. high | low | disease | antibiotic, drug
VERB + RESISTANCE have | build up, develop You need to build up your resistance to colds.
| lower
PREP. ~ to Aids lowers the body's resistance to infection.
pos: noun

no: 419
word: furthermore

no: 420
word: diversity
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DIVERSITY
PREP.
backside: ADJ. considerable, enormous, extraordinary, great, immense, rich, wide There is need for greater diversity and choice in education. the rich diversity of the city's cultural life
| growing, increased, increasing | biological, genetic the need to preserve biological diversity
| cultural, ethnic, linguistic, political, regional
VERB + DIVERSITY create | encourage, promote Our party believes in encouraging cultural diversity, not division.
| maintain, preserve, protect The producer was under pressure to maintain a diversity in his output.
| decrease, increase | allow (for) Tyrannies do not allow diversity and disagreement.
PREP. ~ in diversity in the style of the reports
| ~ of There is a wide diversity of views on this subject.
pos: noun

no: 421
word: anxiety
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + ANXIETY
ANXIETY + VERB
ANXIETY + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. acute, considerable, deep, great | chronic, constant, nagging | growing, increasing, mounting | natural, understandable | needless, unnecessary | public
QUANT. level the high level of anxiety created by entering a new environment
VERB + ANXIETY arouse, bring, cause, create, provoke | lead to | experience, feel, suffer from She felt a nagging anxiety that could not be relieved.
| express, share The mothers were able to share their anxieties with each other.
| cope with, deal with skills to cope with anxiety
| allay, alleviate, dispel, reduce, relieve The aim is to reduce anxiety and help the patients relax.
| aggravate, increase
ANXIETY + VERB grow The more reports I study the more my anxiety grows.
| arise (from/out of sth), surface A few anxieties surfaced during the meeting.
ANXIETY + NOUN attack | level
PREP. ~ about her growing anxiety about her health
| ~ at anxiety at the deterioration of relations between the powers
| ~ for deep anxiety for the whole family
| ~ over There are anxieties over the effects of unemployment.
PHRASES fear and anxiety They were encouraged to express their fears and anxieties.
pos: noun

no: 422.1
word: logic
meaning: system of reasoning
categories: ADJ.
VERB + LOGIC
backside: ADJ. formal | deductive, inductive
VERB + LOGIC apply, use Philosophers use logic to prove their arguments.
pos: noun

no: 422.2
word: logic
meaning: use of reason
categories: ADJ.
VERB + LOGIC
PREP.
backside: ADJ. compelling, exquisite, impeccable, inexorable There is a compelling logic to his main theory.
| strict | internal, underlying | commercial, economic, political, scientific There is sound commercial logic in never giving credit to retailers.
VERB + LOGIC accept, follow, understand I can't follow the logic of what you are saying.
| defy It's a stupid decision that completely defies logic.
| apply, use You can't use the same logic in dealing with children.
PREP. ~ behind What's the logic behind this decision?
| ~ in There doesn't seem to be any logic in the move.
pos: noun

no: 423.1
word: whole
meaning: all of sth
categories: VERB + WHOLE
backside: VERB + WHOLE cover, embrace, encompass, involve, span The project involved the whole of the university.
| fill, occupy, take up The library takes up the whole of the first floor.
| permeate, pervade Technology permeates the whole of our lives.
pos: noun

no: 423.2
word: whole
meaning: complete thing
categories: ADJ.
VERB + WHOLE
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. coherent, cohesive, harmonious, homogeneous, integrated, organized, seamless She was struggling to organize her ideas into a coherent whole.
| single | complex The author examines each aspect of Roman society, then attempts to summarize the complex whole.
| meaningful At this age, babies do not yet combine sounds into a meaningful whole.
| organic
VERB + WHOLE form, make (up) He tried to fit the pieces of evidence together to make a coherent whole.
PHRASES as a whole Unemployment is higher in the north than in the country as a whole.
pos: noun

no: 424
word: characterize

no: 425
word: cooperation
categories: ADJ.
VERB + COOPERATION
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. close | full | greater, increased | active | effective | international, local | mutual a society founded on mutual cooperation and shared prosperity
| cultural, economic, military, political, social, technical
VERB + COOPERATION need, require | ask for, call for, demand, seek She called for closer cooperation on drugs control. They are seeking the cooperation of senior medical staff.
| enlist, get We are hoping to enlist the cooperation of women's groups.
| give (sb), offer (sb) | encourage, promote promoting cooperation between universities and industry
| ensure
PREP. in ~ with The film was made in cooperation with the Sports Council.
| with/without sb's ~ With the cooperation of the public, the police may be able to catch this man.
| ~ among increased technical cooperation among large companies
| ~ between political cooperation between the two groups
| ~ from You will need a bit of cooperation from your family.
| ~ in We asked for their cooperation in the collection of data.
| ~ on They offered their cooperation on the project.
| ~ with We should like to thank you for your cooperation with us.
PHRASES a lack of cooperation, a need for cooperation There is a need for greater economic cooperation.
pos: noun

no: 426
word: dominate
categories: ADV.
backside: ADV. completely, entirely, totally She completely dominated the conversation.
| increasingly His work increasingly dominates his life.
| largely | overwhelmingly
pos: verb

no: 427
word: implementation
categories: ADJ.
VERB + IMPLEMENTATION
IMPLEMENTATION + NOUN
backside: ADJ. effective, successful | complete, full | detailed Detailed implementation of the plans was left to the regional offices.
| strict | smooth We will consult widely to ensure smooth implementation.
| practical The practical implementation of the regulations proved difficult.
| early, immediate | gradual | policy
VERB + IMPLEMENTATION achieve, ensure, secure To achieve implementation of the programme is a long, slow task.
| monitor, oversee, supervise The UN is to supervise the implementation of the peace treaty.
| consider, discuss
IMPLEMENTATION + NOUN plan | process The restructuring will take place in phases, to simplify the implementation process.
| problem
pos: noun

no: 428
word: universal
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS be, seem | become | remain
ADV. truly | by no means, far from Some of the teachers are technical specialists, but this is far from universal.
| almost, near, nearly, virtually | pretty | apparently | supposedly supposedly universal standards
PREP. among These practices remain universal among the islanders.
| in a scheme that is universal in scope
pos: adj.

no: 429
word: significance
categories: ADJ.
VERB + SIGNIFICANCE
SIGNIFICANCE + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. considerable, criminal, deep, enormous, great, immense, major, profound, real | full, general, wider The scientists are cautious about the wider significance of their findings.
| limited, minor | particular, special | real, true They failed to appreciate the true significance of these discoveries.
| functional, practical, statistical, strategic, symbolic, theoretical | constitutional, cultural, economic, moral, historical, political, religious, social
VERB + SIGNIFICANCE have The ceremony has great symbolic significance.
| acquire, assume, gain, take on Suddenly his son's relationship with the girl took on a new significance.
| attach Let us not attach too much significance to these meetings.
| assess | appreciate, be aware of, grasp, understand | exaggerate | minimize, play down, underestimate
SIGNIFICANCE + VERB lie in sth The significance of this lies in the fact that he had previously denied all knowledge of the fund.
| attach to sth Does any significance attach to the use of the technical terms?
PREP. ~ for/to a meal that has particular significance for a Jewish family
| of ~ a policy of special significance to women
PHRASES be of little, no, etc. significance
pos: noun

no: 430.1
word: resolution
meaning: formal decision taken after a vote
categories: ADJ.
VERB + RESOLUTION
RESOLUTION + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. draft | formal | joint a joint US-British resolution
| unanimous | ordinary | emergency, special | compromise | affirmative, negative (both law) An affirmative resolution of both Houses of Parliament is needed.
| Security Council, UN, etc.
VERB + RESOLUTION draft | propose, put forward, table | vote on | adopt, agree, approve, carry, pass The resolution was carried unanimously.
| block, reject
RESOLUTION + VERB be aimed at sth, call for sth The resolution called for the resumption of negotiations.
| declare sth, proclaim sth a resolution declaring independence
| approve sth, authorize sth The assembly adopted a resolution approving the scheme.
| condemn sth a resolution condemning the invasion
PREP. under (a/the) ~ weapons banned under Resolution 687
| ~ on The General Assembly rejected the resolution on the subject of arms control.
> Special page at MEETING
pos: noun

no: 430.2
word: resolution
meaning: settling a dispute
categories: ADJ.
VERB + RESOLUTION
PREP.
backside: ADJ. early, quick, rapid | final, ultimate | peaceful Hopes of a peaceful resolution to the conflict were fading.
| satisfactory, successful | conflict, dispute methods of conflict resolution
VERB + RESOLUTION require | press for The government is pressing for an early resolution of the hostage crisis.
| achieve, reach
PREP. ~ to the likelihood of achieving a satisfactory resolution to the problem
pos: noun

no: 430.3
word: resolution
meaning: being firm and determined
categories: ADJ.
VERB + RESOLUTION
backside: ADJ. great
VERB + RESOLUTION have | show She showed great resolution in her dealings with management.
| lack
pos: noun

no: 430.4
word: resolution
meaning: firm decision to do/not to do sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + RESOLUTION
backside: ADJ. firm, good | New Year/New Year's
VERB + RESOLUTION make I made a New Year resolution to give up smoking.
| keep
pos: noun

no: 430.5
word: resolution
meaning: power to give a clear image
categories: ADJ.
backside: ADJ. high high-resolution graphics
| low | maximum | screen | pixel a monitor capable of a 1,024 by 768 pixel resolution
pos: noun

no: 431
word: numerous
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PHRASES
backside: VERBS be | become
ADV. especially, particularly, very | increasingly | reasonably, relatively | enough, sufficiently By the mid-twelfth century pilgrims were numerous enough to merit a guidebook.
PHRASES too numerous to list/mention The related publications are far too numerous to list individually.
pos: adj.

no: 432
word: extensive

no: 433
word: biological

no: 434.1.1
word: display
meaning: arrangement of things
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DISPLAY
DISPLAY + VERB
DISPLAY + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. attractive, beautiful, colourful, dazzling, excellent, eye-catching, fascinating, fine, good, interesting, stunning | special | public | permanent, temporary | static The locomotive is normally kept on static display in the National Railway Museum.
| audio-visual, visual An audio-visual display gives visitors an idea of what life was like aboard a sailing ship.
| floral, photographic a beautiful floral display outside the Town Hall
| in-store, wall, window | museum, shop
VERB + DISPLAY have The museum has a fine display of old medical instruments.
| mount We plan to mount a display of the children's work in the lobby area.
| go on Examples of her work will go on permanent display in the new museum.
| put sth on The birds were put on display at the zoological society.
DISPLAY + VERB illustrate sth, show sth The display illustrates the traditional industries of the town.
DISPLAY + NOUN board, cabinet, case, stand a glass-fronted display cabinet
PREP. on ~ Designs for the new sports hall are on public display in the library. On display are earrings, necklaces and bracelets made from jade, amber and amethyst.
| ~ of a display of Roman coins
More information about ART WORKS
ART WORKS:
of art a piece/work of art Michelangelo's Pietà is a magnificent work of art.
collect ~ She collects Jacobean portraits.
display, exhibit, show ~ The works will be displayed in the new wing of the museum.
~ be (put) on display/exhibition/show ~ go on display/exhibition/show paintings put on show for the first time The photographs are on exhibition until the end of September.
house ~ An annexe was built to house the sculptures.
a series of ~ a series of paintings by Van Gogh
a collection/exhibition of ~ an exhibition of early 20th century French masterpieces
an art/photographic/photography exhibition The open art exhibition will allow new artists to exhibit their work.
by ~ a sculpture by Barbara Hepworth
pos: noun

no: 434.1.2
word: display
meaning: performing a skill
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DISPLAY
DISPLAY + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. astonishing, awesome, breathtaking, brilliant, devastating, flamboyant, great, impressive, magnificent, outstanding, spectacular, spirited, superb, virtuoso a flamboyant display of footballing skills
| disappointing, lacklustre, poor | firework | pyrotechnic The sun set in a pyrotechnic display that burnt up the whole western sky.
| aerial, aerobatic, air, flying, parachute | courtship, mating, sexual
VERB + DISPLAY give, perform, put on The male performs a magnificent courtship display. They put on a spectacular firework display.
| treat sb to The crowd was treated to an impressive display of power tennis.
| watch
DISPLAY + NOUN team an aerobatic display team
PREP. ~ of They gave a virtuoso display of disco dancing.
pos: noun

no: 434.1.3
word: display
meaning: showing a particular feeling/quality
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. brief | rare | impressive, incredible, striking Members of the community closed ranks in an impressive display of unity.
| open, public an open display of affection for her husband
| outward Despite his outward display of friendliness, I sensed he was concealing something.
| ostentatious, overt an ostentatious display of wealth
| aggressive There may be specific events which trigger aggressive displays in your dog.
PREP. ~ of She slammed the door behind her in a display of ill-temper.
pos: noun

no: 434.1.4
word: display
meaning: on a computer screen, etc.
categories: ADJ.
DISPLAY + NOUN
backside: ADJ. computer, screen | data, graphics, video, visual | colour, mono/monochrome | high resolution, low resolution a high resolution colour display
| LCD/liquid crystal | analogue, digital | Windows
DISPLAY + NOUN screen, terminal, unit display screen equipment a visual display unit
pos: noun

no: 434.2
word: display
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DISPLAY
DISPLAY + VERB
DISPLAY + NOUN
PREP.
ADJ.
VERB + DISPLAY
DISPLAY + NOUN
PREP.
ADJ.
PREP.
ADJ.
DISPLAY + NOUN
ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. clearly, prominently His football trophies were prominently displayed in the kitchen.
| proudly
PREP. to She proudly displayed her degree certificate to her parents.
pos: verb

no: 435.1
word: publication
meaning: of a book, etc.
categories: VERB + PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION + VERB
PUBLICATION + NOUN
PHRASES
backside: VERB + PUBLICATION begin | cease, stop | prepare sth for | be due/scheduled for The book is scheduled for publication in the autumn.
| accept sth for
PUBLICATION + VERB be due/scheduled The publication of her memoirs is scheduled for the autumn.
PUBLICATION + NOUN date
PHRASES the date/time of publication
pos: noun

no: 435.2
word: publication
meaning: book, magazine, etc.
categories: ADJ.
PUBLICATION + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. new, recent | forthcoming | leading, major | sister ‘This Week’'s German sister publication, ‘Diese Woche’, went out of business.
| government, official | specialist | academic, business, scientific, trade
PUBLICATION + NOUN publications catalogue/list
PREP. ~ about specialist publications about bees
| ~ on She has several publications to her name on local history.
pos: noun

no: 436
word: widely

no: 437.1
word: permit
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PERMIT
PERMIT + VERB
PERMIT + NOUN
PREP.
ADV.
VERB + PERMIT
backside: ADJ. government, official | export, import | residence, residency | work | travel | resident's, visitor's | building, filming, fishing, landing, parking
VERB + PERMIT have | give (sb), grant (sb), issue | get, obtain, receive | revoke | renew | apply for | need, require
PERMIT + VERB expire, run out
PERMIT + NOUN holder
PREP. by ~ Entry is by permit only.
| with/without a ~ You can't park here without a permit.
| ~ for They applied for a permit for a street demonstration against university fees.
pos: noun

no: 437.2
word: permit
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PERMIT
PERMIT + VERB
PERMIT + NOUN
PREP.
ADV.
VERB + PERMIT
backside: ADV. legally | generally, normally Development is not normally permitted in conservation areas.
VERB + PERMIT refuse to | be designed to The bill was designed to permit workers to take up to twelve weeks' unpaid leave annually for family reasons.
pos: verb

no: 438
word: merely

no: 439.1
word: joint
meaning: in the body
categories: ADJ.
VERB + JOINT
JOINT + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. elbow, hip, knee, etc. | inflamed, painful, rheumatic, stiff, swollen | artificial
VERB + JOINT replace He's going to have his hip joint replaced.
JOINT + VERB ache | move The joint should be able to move freely.
PREP. in a/the ~ You've got fluid in the joint.
| ~ between the joint between the lower and upper parts of the arm
PHRASES put sth out of joint She fell and put her knee out of joint.
pos: noun

no: 439.2
word: joint
meaning: connecting point
categories: ADJ.
VERB + JOINT
PREP.
backside: ADJ. airtight, watertight | leaking
VERB + JOINT make, seal
PREP. ~ between a joint between two lengths of copper
pos: noun

no: 439.3
word: joint
meaning: piece of meat
categories: ADJ.
VERB + JOINT
PREP.
backside: ADJ. bacon
VERB + JOINT cook, roast | carve
PREP. ~ of a joint of beef/lamb/pork
pos: noun

no: 440
word: comprehensive
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be
ADV. extremely, very | fully, totally fully comprehensive insurance
| increasingly | fairly, pretty, quite, reasonably The list is fairly comprehensive.
| truly
pos: adj.

no: 441
word: alter
categories: ADV.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. considerably, dramatically, drastically, fundamentally, greatly, radically, significantly, substantially He had not altered greatly in the last ten years.
| slightly
PHRASES not alter the fact that Unemployment has come down slightly but this does not alter the fact that it is still a major problem.
pos: verb

no: 442
word: insight
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + INSIGHT
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. considerable, great, real, significant | deep | detailed | brief | good, remarkable The objective of the research is to gain a better insight into labour market processes.
| penetrating, profound, revealing, illuminating | crucial, important, invaluable, valuable | useful | fascinating, interesting | startling | fresh, new | original, unique Freud's original insights into the working of the mind
| rare | clear | basic | direct The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms.
| further | sufficient | individual, personal | critical, historical, theoretical
QUANT. flash With a flash of insight, she found the solution to the problem.
| degree
VERB + INSIGHT have The experienced specialist has professional skills and insight.
| be lacking in, lack | show | allow (sb), afford (sb), give (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with), produce, yield | gain, get, obtain | apply Teachers have to apply in the classroom the insights that they gain in educational courses.
PREP. ~ about Schopenhauer's insight about music
| ~ into a fresh insight into Picasso's mind
| ~ (as) to an insight as to how the gene works
PHRASES a lack of insight
pos: noun

no: 443.1
word: document
meaning: official paper/book
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + DOCUMENT
DOCUMENT + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. important, key, seminal one of the key documents in this case
| relevant | large, lengthy, long, weighty | brief, short | 10-page, etc. | complete, entire, whole This statement must be understood in the context of the entire document.
| summary | detailed | draft | revised | final | original The original document has been lost or destroyed.
| electronic, paper, printed, written | published, unpublished | enclosed Please sign the enclosed document and return it to me.
| single A constitution need not be a single document.
| classified, confidential, privileged (law)
, (top) secret | private | public | available Documents will be available at the news conference.
| internal details of internal UN documents
| approved, signed | unsigned | authentic, genuine | forged | disclosed, leaked | government, legal, official | policy, strategy | travel Keep your travel documents in a secure place.
| registration a car's registration document
| contract, offer, tender (all business) He has promised to post a formal offer document to shareholders by Monday.
| briefing | consultation, consultative, discussion, proposal, working a working document in the discussions for a final treaty
| basic, framework | guidance | supporting | (legally) binding A document signed abroad is as legally binding as one signed at home.
| constitutional, contractual | historical
QUANT. copy
VERB + DOCUMENT draft, draw up, prepare, produce, publish, type, write The government has produced an important new policy document.
| revise | disclose (law)
, issue a consultative document issued by the Department of Trade and Industry
| receive | obtain | file Copies of the relevant documents must be filed at court.
| hand over/sb, present, submit Supporting documents must be submitted to the supervisory authority.
| produce He was unable to produce the document that he claimed would prove his case.
| keep | circulate, send (out) | leak documents leaked from the government to the press
| read | go through, read through Go through the document checking for errors.
| search through, sort through I had to search through 4,000 documents to find the information I needed.
| consider, examine, study | accept, adopt, approve, endorse, execute (law)
, sign The conference adopted a document on minority rights.
| authenticate | forge | refer to | address | attach, enclose The relevant documents are enclosed for your information.
| scan Existing paper documents could be scanned into a computer.
DOCUMENT + VERB be concerned with sth, concern sth, deal with sth, focus on sth, relate to sth | contain sth, cover sth, include sth documents covering various points of concern
| refer to sth | acknowledge sth, describe sth, detail sth, explain sth, indicate sth, list sth, note sth, outline sth, record sth, say sth, set out sth, state sth, tell sb sth The document says they are against tax rebates.
| call for sth, propose sth, suggest sth a document calling for a ceasefire
| aim at sth, envisage sth, seek sth documents aimed at stimulating discussion
| reveal sth, show sth | purport sth Documents leaked to this newspaper purport to reveal that radioactive waste is being illegally dumped on the site.
| summarize sth | confirm sth | be agreed (on/upon) a document agreed with the District Council
| be called sth, be entitled sth, be headed sth, be known as sth a document entitled ‘Guidelines for Good Practice’
| be written The document is written in Chinese.
| exist No other genuine document exists.
| date back from/to … , be dated … documents dating back to the 1920s The document is dated 775.
PREP. according to a/the ~ According to leaked cabinet documents, no compensation would be paid.
| in a/the ~ He particularly criticized the terminology in the document.
| throughout a/the ~ There is a disclaimer throughout the official documents.
| ~ about/concerning a document concerning arbitration procedures in Cairo
| ~ of a document of 2,000 words a document of 1999 Her journal is an important document of Victorian rural life
| ~ on a government document on transport policy
PHRASES a draft/version of a document
pos: noun

no: 443.2
word: document
meaning: computer file
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DOCUMENT
PREP.
backside: ADJ. active, current Highlight
a passage in the active documen
t and click on the print icon.
| printed
VERB + DOCUMENT open | close | display to display documents o
n screen
| retrieve | scroll through Scroll through the document usin
g the slider bar on the right of th
e window.
| search a software too
l for searching documents an
d retrieving information
| create T
o create a new document, selec
t New from the File menu.
| edit | save Save the document befor
e closing.
| format | spell check | send Send and receive document
s at the click of a button.
| receive | print (out)
PREP. in a/the ~ Cut and paste i
s used to move text to a new plac
e in the document
. > Special page at COMPUTER
pos: noun

no: 444
word: imply
categories: ADV.
VERB + IMPLY
PHRASES
backside: ADV. clearly, heavily, strongly | simply | generally, normally, usually | automatically | not necessarily This does not necessarily imply that children achieve better results in private schools.
| in no way They believe that submission in no way implies inferiority.
VERB + IMPLY seem to The letter seems to imply that the minister knew about the business deals.
| intend to, mean to I never meant to imply any criticism.
| take sth to This statement should not be taken to imply that the government is exonerated of all blame.
PHRASES express or implied the express or implied terms of the contract
pos: verb

no: 445.1
word: absence
meaning: fact of not being present
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. lengthy, long, prolonged | brief, temporary | unauthorized
QUANT. period, spell You will not be paid for the full period of absence.
PREP. during/in sb's ~ (= while sb is not there) My father did all the cooking in my mother's absence.
| ~ from absence from work
PHRASES conspicuous/notable by your absence (= very obviously absent when you ought to be present) When it came to clearing up afterwards, Anne was conspicuous by her absence.
| leave of absence (= permission to be absent) He asked for leave of absence from the army.
pos: noun

no: 445.2
word: absence
meaning: lack
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. complete, total | virtual | conspicuous, notable a conspicuous absence of evidence
PREP. in the ~ of In the absence of stone, most houses in the area are built of wood.
pos: noun

no: 446
word: explicitly

no: 448.1
word: index
meaning: list of names/topics in a book
categories: ADJ.
VERB + INDEX
INDEX + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. comprehensive, complete | detailed | general | alphabetical
VERB + INDEX appear in, be in Although the book was devoted to cancer, the word ‘cancer’ did not even appear in the index.
| consult, look (sth up) in Why don't you look up her name in the index?
| compile
INDEX + VERB give sth, list sth The index only gives the main towns.
PREP. in a/the ~ Is there any reference to it in the index?
| ~ to It's a general index to the whole work.
pos: index noun

no: 448.2
word: index
meaning: ordered record of books/files
categories: ADJ.
VERB + INDEX
INDEX + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. subject, title | card | computer, computerized
VERB + INDEX have, keep We keep a card index of all the titles on the shelves.
| compile, create | consult, look (sth up) in, search Look up ‘The Waste Land’ in the index. Search the index to find the address of the data file.
INDEX + NOUN card
PREP. in a/the ~ cards in a card index
pos: index noun

no: 448.3
word: index
meaning: system showing the level of sth; measure of sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + INDEX
INDEX + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. good, reliable, sensitive | high | low | weighted | official | general a general index calculated from death and population information
| world The world index fell 3.1%.
| cost-of-living, market, retail price | futures, share, stock | Dow Jones, FT-SE 100, etc.
VERB + INDEX have Those who lived in the inner cities had a high index of deprivation.
| use (sth as) The test results were used as an index of language proficiency.
| compile, construct, create | calculate, compute The index was calculated with a computer.
| publish The retail price index is published monthly.
| drag, drive, push, take A wave of frenzied buying pushed the index up 136.2 points.
INDEX + VERB measure sth an index designed to measure monthly changes in the volume of industrial production
| be based on sth an index based on incidents causing a loss of production
| be linked to sth The increase in our standard rates will be linked to the retail price index.
| cover sth an index covering some 1,700 companies
| open | close, end The hundred shares index closed down 15 points.
PREP. in an/the ~ dividends on shares in the index
| on an/the ~ people dealing in options on the FT-SE 100 index
PHRASES a drop/fall in an index a 28.2 point drop in the FT-SE 100 index
| changes in an index, an increase in an index, as measured by an index Inflation, as measured by the retail price index, is expected to drop.
More information about PER CENT
FINANCIAL:
indicators ~ be down/up With the share price down at 234p, it might be time to start buying. The CAC index was up 18.84 points.
~ reach sth, stand at sth Consumer confidence reached a 30-year high. Second quarter sales stood at £ 18 billion.
~ be/remain unchanged The 100 Share Index remained unchanged at 5297.
~ gain (sth) The share gained 19 cents to close at 4.38.
~ suffer (sth) Profit margins suffered when the company lowered prices to remain competitive.
~ climb, edge up, go up, increase ( ~ increase in value for currencies), jump, rise, rocket, shoot up, skyrocket, soar (+ by, from, to or no preposition
) Earnings per share climbed from 3.5p to 5.1p. The pound has increased in value relative to the euro. Profits have shot up by a staggering 25%. Oil prices have skyrocketed.
~ come/go down, crash, decline, decrease ( ~ decrease in value for currencies), dive, drop, fall, plummet, plunge, shrink, slip, slump (+ by, from, to or no preposition
) Banana exports crashed nearly 50%. The pound fell to a 14-year low against the dollar. Net income plummeted to USD 3.7 million.
pos: index noun

no: 449
word: nevertheless

no: 450
word: facilitate
categories: ADV.
VERB + FACILITATE
backside: ADV. greatly The use of computers has greatly facilitated the firm's ability to keep accurate records.
| further
VERB + FACILITATE be designed to, help (to)
pos: verb

no: 451
word: evolution
categories: ADJ.
VERB + EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. gradual | rapid | continuous | natural | peaceful the peaceful evolution to democracy
| biological, cultural, historical, political, social, technological | animal, human | Darwinian
VERB + EVOLUTION trace a book tracing the evolution of the English language
EVOLUTION + VERB occur, proceed, take place Evolution proceeds by a series of small changes.
PREP. ~ from … to … his evolution from comedian to serious actor
| ~ towards the country's gradual evolution towards democracy
PHRASES the theory of evolution people who reject the theory of evolution
pos: noun

no: 452
word: intellectual

no: 453
word: govern
categories: ADV.
VERB + GOVERN
backside: ADV. well | directly The colony was governed directly from Paris.
VERB + GOVERN be fit/unfit to He accused the opposition party of being unfit to govern.
pos: verb

no: 454.1.1
word: signal
meaning: sign/action/sound that sends a message
categories: ADJ.
VERB + SIGNAL
SIGNAL + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. clear, unmistakable | agreed, pre-arranged | conflicting, confusing, contradictory, mixed | wrong Laughing when you should be crying sends out the wrong signals to people.
| alarm, danger, distress, warning | hand, non-verbal, semaphore, smoke, verbal, visual
VERB + SIGNAL arrange He had arranged a signal for the band to begin.
| give (sb), make, send (out) When I give the signal, run!
| interpret (sth as), read, see sth as The remark was seen as a signal that their government was ready to return to the peace talks.
| pick up, respond to Interviewers quickly learn to pick up non-verbal signals.
| act as The insect's bright colours act as warning signals to its predators.
SIGNAL + VERB come from sth trying to read the signals coming from the patient
| indicate sth the signals that can indicate danger
PREP. at/on a ~ At a pre-arranged signal, everyone started cheering.
| ~ for She made a signal for the car to stop.
| ~ from/to Wait for the signal from the leader of your group.
pos: noun

no: 454.1.2
word: signal
meaning: set of lights for drivers
categories: ADJ.
VERB + SIGNAL
SIGNAL + VERB
SIGNAL + NOUN
backside: ADJ. railway, traffic
VERB + SIGNAL operate
SIGNAL + VERB be (on) red/green The traffic signals were on red.
| fail
SIGNAL + NOUN box | failure
pos: noun

no: 454.1.3
word: signal
meaning: series of radio waves, chemical messages, etc.
categories: ADJ.
VERB + SIGNAL
SIGNAL + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. faint, weak | strong | high-frequency, low-frequency | acoustic, analogue, audio, chemical, digital, electrical, electronic, light, radar, radio, sonar, sound, television/TV, video, wireless
VERB + SIGNAL carry, pass The nerves carry these signals to the brain.
| convert (sth into), scramble, unscramble The signal is scrambled into code before it is sent.
| emit, generate, send, transmit | detect, pick up, receive, respond to This equipment can detect very low frequency signals.
SIGNAL + VERB travel A light signal can travel well over 16km before it halves in intensity.
| fade
PREP. ~ from a faint signal from the satellite
| ~ to
pos: noun

no: 454.2.1
word: signal
meaning: move your arms to give a signal
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. frantically, wildly She signalled frantically to us.
PREP. for He raised his hand and signalled for the waiter.
| to She signalled to the bus driver to stop.
pos: verb

no: 454.2.2
word: signal
meaning: show/mark sth
categories: ADV.
backside: ADV. clearly These changes clearly signal the end of the welfare state as we know it.
| effectively | not necessarily A change of mind in one instance does not necessarily signal a change in overall policy.
pos: verb

no: 455.1
word: passage
meaning: narrow way through
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PASSAGE
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. long, short | narrow, small | wide | twisting, winding | connecting, side | subterranean, underground | dark, secret
VERB + PASSAGE clear to clear a passage for ships through the ice
| force He forced a passage for the singer through the crowd.
PREP. along/down/through a/the~ We ran through the dark passage.
| in/into a/the ~ Someone was waiting outside in the passage.
| ~ between the passage between the cottage and the house
| ~ from There is an underground passage from the church to the house.
| ~ through a narrow passage through the bushes
| ~ to
PHRASES the end of a passage There was a door at the end of the passage.
| a maze of passages the maze of secret passages which wound their way under the building
pos: noun

no: 455.2
word: passage
meaning: tube in the body
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PASSAGE
backside: ADJ. nasal | back (= rectum)
VERB + PASSAGE block, obstruct | clear
pos: noun

no: 455.3
word: passage
meaning: extract from a book/speech
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PASSAGE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. lengthy, long | short | opening | famous, well-known | descriptive, purple
VERB + PASSAGE quote, read
PREP. in a/the ~ There's a lot of slang in this passage.
| ~ from a passage from the Bible
pos: noun

no: 455.4
word: passage
meaning: extract from a piece of music
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PASSAGE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. lengthy, long | short | opening | fast, slow | loud | quiet, soft | solo
VERB + PASSAGE play, quote In the 15th symphony he quotes a passage from Rossini's ‘William Tell’ overture.
PREP. in a/the ~ | ~ from
pos: noun

no: 455.5
word: passage
meaning: movement/progress
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PASSAGE
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. rapid, speedy | slow | safe | smooth | free The UN Security Council has demanded free passage for families fleeing from the fighting.
VERB + PASSAGE deny sb, refuse sb
PREP. ~ across the slow passage of a snail across the veranda
| ~ down Steps cut in the hillside give walkers an easy passage down the mountain.
| ~ from … to … We are not aware of our passage from consciousness to sleep.
| ~ into Portugal's passage into the next round of the tournament
| ~ out of a safe passage out of the war zone
| ~ over State-of-the-art suspension guarantees a smooth passage over the bumpiest road.
| ~ through They denied him passage through the territory.
PHRASES the passage of time The problems only got worse with the passage of time.
| a rite of passage Marriage is seen as a rite of passage.
pos: noun

no: 455.6
word: passage
meaning: journey by ship
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PASSAGE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. long, short | rough, stormy | homeward, outward | sea
VERB + PASSAGE have | book | work He worked his passage
(= he worked to pay for his journey) to Australia.
PREP. during a/the ~ During the passage, she taught herself basic Arabic.
| on sb's/the ~ We met him on our outward passage.
| ~ across a rough passage across the Atlantic
| ~ to We had a stormy passage to India.
pos: noun

no: 455.7
word: passage
meaning: of a bill through Parliament
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PASSAGE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. smooth | speedy
VERB + PASSAGE begin, complete The bill will complete its passage in November.
PREP. during the ~ There was much controversy during the passage of the bill.
| ~ through a strategy to ensure the bill's smooth passage through Parliament
pos: noun

no: 456.1
word: discovery
categories: ADV.
VERB + DISCOVER
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + DISCOVERY
PREP.
PHRASES
pos: verb

no: 456.2
word: discovery
categories: ADV.
VERB + DISCOVER
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + DISCOVERY
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. amazing, big, exciting, great, important, major, remarkable, significant, startling, surprising, unexpected potentially the biggest archaeological discovery in Norway for fifty years
| awful, chilling, grim, terrible the awful discovery that he had been deceiving her
| latest, new, recent | accidental, chance All these were chance discoveries made by scientists engaged in other investigations.
| archaeological, medical, scientific | personal The story tells of a man's journey of personal discovery up an African river.
VERB + DISCOVERY make New scientific discoveries are being made all the time.
| lead to Their work led to some important medical discoveries.
| await There may be many unexpected treasures awaiting discovery.
PREP. ~ by a discovery by a French scientist
| ~ of the discovery of oil in the North Sea
PHRASES a process of discovery, a journey/voyage of discovery (figurative) To tour Sri Lanka is to take a voyage of discovery through a land of endless variety.
pos: noun

no: 457.1
word: introduction
meaning: first use
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. early, gradual, recent, widespread
PREP. ~ into the gradual introduction of modern farming methods into traditional societies
pos: noun

no: 457.2
word: introduction
meaning: first part of a book/talk
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. brief, short He began with a brief introduction.
PREP. in an/the ~ His mother is mentioned in the introduction.
| ~ to the introduction to her latest book
pos: noun

no: 457.3
word: introduction
meaning: book for studying a subject
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. excellent, general, useful It serves as an excellent introduction to 19th-century painting.
PREP. ~ to
pos: noun

no: 457.4
word: introduction
meaning: telling people each other's names
categories: ADJ.
VERB + INTRODUCTION
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. formal
VERB + INTRODUCTION make I can never remember names, so I don't like to make the introductions.
PHRASES a letter of introduction He gave me a letter of introduction to the manager.
pos: noun

no: 458.1
word: boundary
meaning: line that marks the limits of a place
categories: ADJ.
VERB + BOUNDARY
BOUNDARY + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. common | northern, southern, etc. | national, state | district, parish
VERB + BOUNDARY have | form, mark The river forms the boundary.
| share | draw, establish, fix, set The boundary was fixed just south of the farm.
| redraw | cross We've just crossed the boundary into Sussex.
| extend
BOUNDARY + NOUN fence, hedge, line, wall | dispute a boundary dispute with their neighbours
PREP. across/over the ~ They drove across the boundary.
| along the ~ We continued along the southern boundary of the county.
| at/on the ~ We had to stop at the boundary. on the boundary of the two countries
| beyond the ~ She had never strayed beyond the city boundaries.
| within the ~s within the boundaries of the old city walls
| ~ between the boundary between Sussex and Surrey
| ~ with The state has a boundary with Ontario.
pos: noun

no: 458.2
word: boundary
meaning: limit
categories: ADJ.
VERB + BOUNDARY
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. traditional
VERB + BOUNDARY cross This job crosses the traditional boundary between social work and health care.
| extend, push back research which extends the boundaries of human knowledge
| overstep
PREP. across ~s His policies appeal across party political boundaries.
| beyond the ~s going beyond the boundaries of accepted behaviour
| on the ~ on the boundary of physics and chemistry
| within the ~s keeping within the boundaries of the law
| ~ between the boundary between sanity and insanity
PHRASES the boundaries of taste In her performance she had clearly overstepped the boundaries of good taste.
pos: noun

no: 459
word: gain
categories: ADJ.
VERB + GAIN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. big, considerable, huge, major, real, significant, substantial This change in the tax system will mean big gains for some companies.
| modest, small | long-term, short-term | potential | pre-tax | net, overall Labour made an overall gain of 39 seats.
| ill-gotten She tucked her ill-gotten gains into her purse and left.
| personal, private using the investments for their private gain
| commercial, economic, financial, material There will be no financial gain for mothers from this new system.
| electoral, political the far right made huge electoral gains
| military, territorial | weight She was most upset by her recent weight gain.
| efficiency, productivity There is still scope for efficiency gains
(= gains to be made by being more efficient).
VERB + GAIN make | bring (sb) Better workplace design can bring real gains in productivity.
PREP. for ~ It's amazing what some people will do for gain.
| ~ from £3.9 million gains from the sale of stock
| ~ in Last year there was only a modest gain in earnings.
pos: noun

no: 460
word: yield
categories: ADJ.
VERB + YIELD
backside: ADJ. good, high This method of cultivation produces higher yield.
| low, poor Yields are quite poor this year.
VERB + YIELD produce
pos: noun

no: 461.1
word: decline
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DECLINE
PREP.
PHRASES
ADV.
ADV.
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. catastrophic, considerable, dramatic, drastic, massive, marked, precipitate, precipitous, rapid, serious, sharp, significant, steep, substantial | gentle, gradual, modest, slight, slow | continuing, progressive, steady a steady decline in manufacturing
| general, long-term, overall | absolute, inevitable, inexorable, irreversible, terminal an industry in terminal decline
| economic, industrial, moral, political, urban the moral decline of the nation
| national
VERB + DECLINE fall into, go into, suffer The cloth trade went into gradual decline.
| cause, lead to The increased gold price lead to the decline of his jewellery business.
| arrest, halt, stop We must halt this decline in health services.
| prevent | accelerate | see We have seen a sharp decline in educational standards over recent years.
PREP. in ~ The motor industry is still in decline.
| on the ~ This area has been on the decline for some years now.
| ~ in a steep decline in sales
| ~ of the decline of British farming
PHRASES the decline and fall of sth the decline and fall of a great civilization
pos: noun

no: 461.2.1
word: decline
meaning: refuse
categories: ADV.
backside: ADV. politely | absolutely I absolutely decline to discuss my dealings with him or anyone.
pos: verb

no: 461.2.2
word: decline
meaning: become smaller/weaker
categories: ADV.
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. considerably, dramatically, drastically, markedly, sharply, significantly, steeply The economy has declined sharply in recent years.
| a little, slightly | fast, rapidly The market for these products is declining fast.
| steadily | gradually, slowly | further
PREP. by Profits declined by 6% this year.
| from, to The number of full-time staff has declined from 300 to just 50.
PHRASES decline in importance/numbers/size This section of the market has slowly declined in importance.
pos: verb

no: 462.1
word: ratio
categories: ADJ.
VERB + RATION
RATION + NOUN
PREP.
ADJ.
VERB + RATIO
RATIO + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. high, low | male/female, pupil/teacher, etc. | benefit-to-risk, power-to-weight, etc.
VERB + RATIO achieve, have They have a high ratio of imports to exports.
| improve, increase The hospital is trying to improve its staff/patient ratio.
| reduce | calculate, find, work out
RATIO + VERB improve | worsen the worsening pupil/teacher ratio in our schools
PREP. in a/the ~ We mixed the oil and water in a ratio of one to five.
| ~ between the ratio between the amount of time spent on the work and the profit produced
| ~ of sth to sth the ratio of house prices to incomes
PHRASES in direct ratio to sth Their sales rose in direct ration to the amount they spent on advertising.
ADV. strictly These foods had to be strictly rationed.
PREP. to The soldiers were rationed to one litre of water each per day.
pos: noun

no: 462.2
word: ratio
categories: ADJ.
VERB + RATION
RATION + NOUN
PREP.
ADJ.
VERB + RATIO
RATIO + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. high, low | male/female, pupil/teacher, etc. | benefit-to-risk, power-to-weight, etc.
VERB + RATIO achieve, have They have a high ratio of imports to exports.
| improve, increase The hospital is trying to improve its staff/patient ratio.
| reduce | calculate, find, work out
RATIO + VERB improve | worsen the worsening pupil/teacher ratio in our schools
PREP. in a/the ~ We mixed the oil and water in a ratio of one to five.
| ~ between the ratio between the amount of time spent on the work and the profit produced
| ~ of sth to sth the ratio of house prices to incomes
PHRASES in direct ratio to sth Their sales rose in direct ration to the amount they spent on advertising.
ADV. strictly These foods had to be strictly rationed.
PREP. to The soldiers were rationed to one litre of water each per day.
pos: noun

no: 462.3
word: ratio
categories: ADJ.
VERB + RATION
RATION + NOUN
PREP.
ADJ.
VERB + RATIO
RATIO + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
ADV.
PREP.
pos: verb

no: 463
word: strongly

no: 464
word: crucial
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS be, prove | become | remain | consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as
ADV. really | absolutely It's absolutely crucial that we get this right.
| fairly, quite | hardly | clearly, obviously
PREP. for The talks are crucial for the success of the plan.
| to Secrecy is crucial to this police operation.
pos: adj.

no: 465.1
word: settlement
meaning: agreement
categories: ADJ.
VERB + SETTLEMENT
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. early, speedy | final | lasting, long-term | temporary | amicable, friendly, peaceful | just, reasonable, satisfactory | compromise | negotiated | constitutional, diplomatic, financial, political | compensation, divorce, marriage | out-of-court | peace | pay, wage Nurses refused to accept a pay settlement less than the rate of inflation.
| dispute
VERB + SETTLEMENT agree, reach Both parties hope to reach an amicable settlement.
| negotiate, produce The union has negotiated a temporary settlement.
| seek Lawyers are seeking an out-of-court settlement.
| offer
PHRASES the terms of the settlement
pos: noun

no: 465.2
word: settlement
meaning: payment of debt, etc.
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. prompt, speedy | early | full full settlement of a debt
| cash | debt
PREP. in ~ of a cheque in settlement of the amount owing
| under a/the ~ a beneficiary under the settlement
pos: noun

no: 465.3
word: settlement
meaning: place where people have come to live
categories: ADJ.
VERB + SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT + VERB
SETTLEMENT + NOUN
backside: ADJ. ancient, early | land | agricultural, rural
VERB + SETTLEMENT establish, found The Romans established a settlement on the south shore.
SETTLEMENT + VERB grow up A settlement grew up around the castle.
SETTLEMENT + NOUN site
pos: noun

no: 466
word: resolve
categories: ADV.
VERB + RESOLVE
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. completely, fully The matter is not yet fully resolved.
| successfully | adequately, satisfactorily | amicably, peacefully We hope that the dispute can be resolved peacefully.
| easily, readily | quickly, rapidly, speedily | immediately | eventually, finally, ultimately
VERB + RESOLVE attempt to, take steps to, try to | be unable to, fail to The two countries have failed to resolve their differences on this.
| help (to) | be difficult to
PREP. by/through The crisis was finally resolved through high-level negotiations.
PHRASES an attempt/effort to resolve sth They met in a last-ditch attempt to resolve their differences.
| a means/method/way of resolving sth
pos: verb

no: 467
word: distinguish
categories: ADV.
VERB + DISTINGUISH
PREP.
backside: ADV. clearly, sharply | carefully | easily, readily The adult can b
e readily distinguished by its orang
e bill
.
VERB + DISTINGUISH be able to, can/could | be unable to | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to, be possible to | be important to, be necessary to It is important to distinguish between cause and effect.
PREP. between It is often difficul
t to distinguish clearly between fac
t and fiction in this book.
| from She could not distinguish one chil
d from another
.
pos: verb

no: 468
word: independence
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + INDEPENDENCE
INDEPENDENCE + VERB
INDEPENDENCE + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. considerable, great | complete, full, total | relative The council's relative independence of the government means it can negotiate its own agreements.
| nominal | genuine, real, true | de facto Aquitaine's de facto independence from the king of France
| continued/continuing, growing | hard-won | local, national | academic, economic, editorial, financial, judicial, personal, political, professional
QUANT. degree, measure
VERB + INDEPENDENCE have Young people have more independence these days.
| lack | enjoy, value I value my independence too much to get married.
| display, show She displayed independence of judgement in choosing a career quite different from that of her parents.
| assert Edward III tried to assert his independence of the regime at court.
| achieve, gain, win Mexico achieved independence from Spain in 1821.
| bring (about) the need to bring independence to the country a colonial crisis which brought about independence
| declare, proclaim | ensure, maintain, preserve, retain, sustain The army is committed to ensuring the independence of the country.
| give up, lose She doesn't want to lose her hard-won independence.
| regain, restore | encourage, promote Parents should encourage independence in their children.
| undermine Economic aid tends to undermine the national independence of third world countries.
| seek | call for, demand | vote for | give sb/sth, grant sb/sth | recognize They have agreed to recognize the breakaway republic's independence.
INDEPENDENCE + VERB come Independence came to the British colonial territories in Africa in the late fifties and early sixties.
INDEPENDENCE + NOUN day | celebrations | movement | struggle
PREP. at ~ Namibia became a full member of the UN at independence.
| ~ from independence from Spain
| ~ of the church's independence of the state independence of mind
PHRASES a declaration of independence, a lack of independence, the loss of independence, a sign/symbol of independence The car became a symbol of independence.
| the struggle for independence, a war of independence the American War of Independence
pos: noun

no: 469.1
word: formation
meaning: making/developing sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + FORMATION
backside: ADJ. policy the top civil servants who are responsible for policy formation
VERB + FORMATION lead to, result in This dispute led to the formation of a new breakaway group.
pos: noun

no: 469.2
word: formation
meaning: arrangement/group/pattern
categories: ADJ.
FORMATION + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. close, tight | battle The troops advanced in battle formation.
| family, household, social changing patterns of marriage and family formation
FORMATION + NOUN dancing, flying
PREP. in a … ~ The men were grouped in a close formation.
| in ~ a squadron of planes flying in formation
pos: noun

no: 469.3
word: formation
meaning: sth that has been formed
categories: ADJ.
backside: ADJ. cloud, geological, rock | military, political
pos: noun

no: 470.1
word: transmission
meaning: sending out/passing on
categories: ADJ.
VERB + TRANSMISSION
TRANSMISSION + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. direct, indirect | one-way Classes are based on discussion rather than on the one-way transmission of knowledge.
| onward, outward An extra copy of each document was supplied for onward transmission to head office.
| data, information, voice | facsimile/fax | light, power | money | gas | cable, radio, satellite, television | analogue, digital | live, simultaneous There will be simultaneous transmission of the concert on TV and radio.
| genetic, oral, person-to-person, sexual | herpes, HIV, malaria | cultural
VERB + TRANSMISSION prevent
TRANSMISSION + NOUN equipment, line, technology | mechanism, network, system | route The virus's usual transmission route is by sneezing.
PREP. ~ among HIV transmission among homosexual men
| ~ between transmission between patients
| ~ by transmission by satellite
| ~ from, ~ to transmission from one aircraft to another
| ~ through HIV transmission through blood transfusion
PHRASES a mode of transmission, a risk of transmission There is a risk of transmission of the virus between hypodermic users.
pos: noun

no: 470.2
word: transmission
meaning: TV/radio programme
categories: ADJ.
VERB + TRANSMISSION
PREP.
backside: ADJ. radio, television/TV | FM, long-wave, medium-wave, short-wave, UHF, VHF | live, satellite, stereo | test
VERB + TRANSMISSION receive
PREP. ~ from a live transmission from Sydney
pos: noun

no: 470.3
word: transmission
meaning: in a car, etc.
categories: ADJ.
TRANSMISSION + NOUN
backside: ADJ. automatic, manual | 4-speed, 5-speed
TRANSMISSION + NOUN system
pos: noun

no: 471.1
word: shape
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + SHAPE
SHAPE + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + SHAPE
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + SHAPE
ADV.
VERB + SHAPE
PHRASES
pos: adj.

no: 471.2.2
word: shape
meaning: structure/nature of sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + SHAPE
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. general | changing | final | future
VERB + SHAPE alter, change, determine, influence He did much to determine the shape of Europe's political map at that time.
| take A wonderful idea began to take shape in her brain.
| give the words we use to give a shape to our feelings
PHRASES in any shape or form I can't stand insects in any shape or form.
| the shape of things to come This revolutionary transport system could be the shape of things to come.
pos: noun

no: 471.3
word: shape
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + SHAPE
SHAPE + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + SHAPE
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + SHAPE
ADV.
VERB + SHAPE
PHRASES
backside: ADV. profoundly Memory can be profoundly shaped by subsequent experience.
| largely | actively, deliberately actively shaping the history of their country
VERB + SHAPE help (to)
PHRASES a part/role in shaping sth
pos: verb

no: 472
word: racial

no: 473
word: detect
categories: ADV.
VERB + DETECT
PHRASES
backside: ADV. early, late A lot of cancers can now be cured if they are detected early.
| quickly | easily, readily Some substances can be detected fairly easily.
| accurately
VERB + DETECT be able to, be sensitive enough to, can a machine that is sensitive enough to detect tiny amounts of explosives
| be unable to | be designed to | fail to The test failed to detect any illegal substances.
| be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to | be easy to, be possible to | be used to
PHRASES be capable of detecting sth, a means/method/way of detecting sth
pos: verb

no: 474
word: poverty
categories: ADJ.
VERB + POVERTY
POVERTY + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. abject, absolute, extreme, grinding, severe | widespread | rural, urban
VERB + POVERTY alleviate, combat, reduce | eliminate, eradicate hoping to eradicate urban poverty
POVERTY + NOUN trap Caught in the poverty trap, they are unable to save money for business ventures.
PREP. in ~ Most of the population lives in grinding poverty.
| ~ among the true extent of poverty among the unemployed
| ~ of His work displays a poverty of imagination.
PHRASES below/on the poverty line families living on incomes below the poverty line
pos: noun

no: 475
word: intention
categories: ADJ.
VERB + INTENTION
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. original My original intention was to study all morning, but this turned out to be impractical.
| declared, stated | firm | general | deliberate
VERB + INTENTION have I have no intention of changing jobs.
| announce, declare, state The council has announced its intention to crack down on parking offences.
PREP. with a/the ~ of I went to the bank with the intention of getting some traveller's cheques.
| ~ behind The general intention behind the project is a good one.
| ~ by The intention by the local authority to build 2,000 new houses is unrealistic.
| ~ in His intention in inviting us to dinner was to persuade us to back his project.
PHRASES good/the best intentions It was done with the best intentions, I assure you
| have every/no intention of doing sth We have every intention of winning the next election.
| make your intention clear He didn't make his intentions clear in his letter.
pos: noun

no: 476
word: mutual

no: 477
word: evolve
categories: ADV.
VERB + EVOLVE
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. gradually, slowly | rapidly | eventually the theory which eventually evolved from this study
| constantly, continually | naturally | independently, separately Monkeys in the New World evolved quite separately from those in the Old World.
VERB + EVOLVE continue to
PREP. from More complex animals gradually evolved from these very simple creatures.
| into The protest movement has evolved into a well organized political party.
PHRASES fully/highly evolved These are very highly evolved animals.
pos: verb

no: 478.1.1
word: shift
meaning: change
categories: ADJ.
VERB + SHIFT
SHIFT + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. distinct, dramatic, fundamental, major, marked, profound, pronounced, radical, significant, substantial | discernible | slight, subtle | gradual | abrupt, sudden | decisive, irreversible, long-term | climate, cultural, demographic, ideological, policy, population
VERB + SHIFT be, represent These proposals represent a dramatic shift in policy.
| bring about, cause, lead to, produce, result in | mark, see The moment marked a significant shift in attitudes to the war.
| detect I detected a subtle shift towards our point of view.
| explain one factor which may explain the president's policy shift
SHIFT + VERB occur, take place These climate shifts occurred over less than a decade.
PREP. ~ between the many shifts between verse and prose that occur in Shakespeare
| ~ (away) from the shift away from direct taxation
| ~ in a shift in public opinion
| ~ to a sudden shift to the right in British politics
| ~ towards a shift towards part-time farming
pos: noun

no: 478.1.2
word: shift
meaning: division of the working day
categories: ADJ.
VERB + SHIFT
SHIFT + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. double, long, split I agreed to work double shifts for a few weeks.
| day, early, late, night | eight-hour, ten-hour, etc. | afternoon, evening, morning, weekend
VERB + SHIFT be/come/go on, do, work (in) ~s I'm doing the early shift this week. I didn't realize that I'd have to work shifts. The clinic is staffed by ten doctors who work in shifts.
| change (your) ~s It was 8.00 a.m. and the nurses were changing shifts. My husband has changed his shifts, from the afternoon shift to the night one.
| be/go/come off
SHIFT + NOUN work | supervisor, manager, worker | pattern, system They'd altered his shift pattern twice in the past fortnight.
PREP. on a/the ~ a decision for the chief nurse on each shift
pos: noun

no: 478.2.1
word: shift
meaning: move
categories: ADV.
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. slightly Julie shifted her position slightly and smiled.
| impatiently, restlessly, uncomfortably, uneasily She shifted uncomfortably in her chair.
| away
PREP. from She shifted her gaze away from the group of tourists.
| onto He shifted his weight onto his left foot.
| to Her eyes shifted to his face.
PHRASES shift from foot to foot
pos: verb

no: 478.2.2
word: shift
meaning: change
categories: ADV.
VERB + SHIFT
PREP.
backside: ADV. dramatically, markedly The emphasis has shifted markedly in recent years.
| slightly | effectively | simply We cannot simply shift the responsibility onto someone else.
| gradually, slowly | rapidly | suddenly | constantly, continually constantly shifting alliances
VERB + SHIFT attempt to, try to trying to shift the blame onto the government
| tend to | begin to
PREP. (away) from I felt the advantage had suddenly shifted away from us.
| onto, to His sympathies rapidly shifted to the side of the workers.
| towards These changes will shift the balance in higher education more towards science subjects.
pos: verb

no: 479
word: progressive
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be
ADV. highly, very highly progressive in outlook
| relatively | politically
pos: adj.

no: 480
word: flexibility
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + FLEXIBILITY
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. considerable, enormous, great | added, additional, extra, increased, more | maximum, total | enough, sufficient | financial
QUANT. degree Police work involves a considerable degree of flexibility and discretion.
VERB + FLEXIBILITY have You have considerable flexibility in this job and can choose how to do things.
| show | obtain Flexibility of labour was obtained through the break up of old trade union structures.
| maintain, retain | restore She had physiotherapy to restore the flexibility of her muscles.
| bring (sb/sth), give (sb/sth), introduce, provide (sb/sth with) The new range of machines will bring flexibility to your business computing.
| allow (sb/sth), allow for, offer (sb/sth), permit (sb/sth) The courses are designed to allow maximum flexibility.
| build, create reforms to build flexibility into the system
| enhance, improve, increase | encourage an initiative to encourage greater flexibility in teaching and learning
| reduce | need, require
PREP. ~ in This will give schools greater flexibility in their use of resources.
| ~ over flexibility over the deadline
PHRASES a need for flexibility There is a need for greater flexibility in the way the network is managed.
pos: noun

no: 481
word: domain
categories: ADJ.
DOMAIN + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. private, public | Internet
DOMAIN + NOUN name Register a domain name if you want people to find your website.
| registration
PREP. in a/the ~, within a/the ~ This information is all in the public domain.
| outside a/the ~ things that happen outside the domain of the home
pos: noun

no: 482.1
word: profession
categories: VERBS
ADV.
VERBS
ADV.
VERBS
ADV.
ADJ.
ADJ.
VERB + PROFESSION
PREP.
PHRASES
pos: adj.

no: 482.2
word: profession
categories: VERBS
ADV.
VERBS
ADV.
VERBS
ADV.
ADJ.
ADJ.
VERB + PROFESSION
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. chosen | legal, medical, teaching, etc.
VERB + PROFESSION practise In the 1930s he was forbidden to practise his profession.
| enter, go into, join She entered the legal profession after university.
PREP. by ~ He was a consultant physician by profession.
| in a/sb's/the ~ making an impact in her chosen profession
PHRASES a choice of profession She was shocked at her daughter's choice of profession.
| the top of sb's profession He reached the top of his profession in very little time.
pos: noun

no: 482.3
word: profession
categories: VERBS
ADV.
VERBS
ADV.
VERBS
ADV.
ADJ.
ADJ.
VERB + PROFESSION
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. chosen | legal, medical, teaching, etc.
VERB + PROFESSION practise In the 1930s he was forbidden to practise his profession.
| enter, go into, join She entered the legal profession after university.
PREP. by ~ He was a consultant physician by profession.
| in a/sb's/the ~ making an impact in her chosen profession
PHRASES a choice of profession She was shocked at her daughter's choice of profession.
| the top of sb's profession He reached the top of his profession in very little time.
pos: noun

no: 483
word: apparent
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS be, seem | become It soon became apparent that the company was losing money.
| make sth He made it apparent that he was very annoyed.
ADV. glaringly, strongly, very | fully, quite | increasingly | all too His unhappiness was all too apparent.
| quickly, soon | immediately, instantly The extent of their injuries was not immediately apparent.
| easily, readily | clearly | painfully Local suspicion of the incomers was painfully apparent.
PREP. to His lack of experience was quite apparent to everyone.
pos: adj.

no: 484
word: coordinate
categories: ADV.
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADV. carefully a carefully coordinated policy
PREP. with We try to coordinate our activities with those of other groups.
PHRASES a coordinated approach/policy/programme
pos: verb

no: 485
word: constrain
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CONSTRAINT
PREP.
backside: ADJ. important, major | severe, tight The government has placed tight constraints on spending this year.
| budget, financial
VERB + CONSTRAINT impose, place, put | remove
PREP. within a/the ~ We have to work within severe constraints.
| without ~ I felt free to speak to her without constraint.
| ~ on/upon There are major financial constraints on all schools.
pos: noun

no: 486
word: assign

no: 487
word: asia

no: 488
word: electronic
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS + NOUN
backside: ADJ. high-tech, state-of-the-art | consumer, defence, medical
VERB + ELECTRONICS work in About 45,000 people worked in electronics in Scotland.
ELECTRONICS + NOUN company, firm, giant, group Their firm merged with a Japanese electronics giant.
| industry, manufacturer | market, sector | product | engineer, specialist
pos: noun

no: 489
word: exception
categories: ADJ.
VERB + EXCEPTION
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. conspicuous, important, major, notable, obvious, significant, striking Most industries have suffered badly in the recession, but there have been a few notable exceptions.
| minor, rare | honourable With a few honourable exceptions, MPs kept quiet about the corruption.
VERB + EXCEPTION make No parking is allowed, but an exception is made for disabled drivers.
PREP. with the ~ of The whole of the island was flooded with the exception of a small area in the north.
| without ~ Without exception, all employees must carry their identity card with them at all times.
| ~ to Guide dogs are the one exception to the store's ban on dogs.
PHRASES be no exception The weather had been rainy for days, and the day of the race was no exception.
| be the exception rather than the rule Nowadays a job for life is very much the exception rather than the rule.
| be the exception to the rule Most of his family are sports enthusiasts, but he's the exception to the rule.
pos: noun

no: 490
word: visible
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: VERBS be | become | remain, stay The scars remained visible all her life.
| leave sth, make sth We cut the trees down to make the lake visible from the house.
ADV. all too, clearly, easily, highly, obviously, particularly, plainly, readily, very His relief was all too visible. The election poster was clearly visible from the street. Italy has a highly visible environmental movement.
| fully, quite The sea was now out, leaving the wreck fully visible. Ellie's quite visible embarrassment
| just The mountains were just visible, dusky and black.
| barely, hardly, scarcely The low, flat boats were barely visible.
| almost | half, partially She stood, half visible in the dim light.
| dimly, faintly A figure was dimly visible in the evening gloom.
| externally | immediately Women are advised to wait where they are not immediately visible to approaching traffic.
| still | no longer
PREP. to Its contents were visible to all of them.
PHRASES visible to the naked eye tiny spiders that are hardly visible to the naked eye
pos: adj.

no: 491
word: norm
categories: ADJ.
VERB + NORM
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. accepted, established | ethical, moral | cultural, social | statistical | community, family, group
VERB + NORM conform to Their behaviour conforms to the group norm.
| break, challenge | deviate from, differ from
PREP. above the ~, below the ~, over the ~ They want to discourage pay settlements over the norm.
| ~ for On-screen editing has become the norm for all student work.
| ~ of accepted norms of behaviour
PHRASES a deviation/departure from the norm, an exception to the norm, the norm rather than the exception In the inner-city areas, poverty is the norm rather than the exception.
pos: noun

no: 492.1
word: adjust
meaning: change sth slightly
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. slightly | finely It is important to have equipment that can be finely adjusted.
| automatically | carefully | accordingly Children are sensitive to disapproval and adjust their behaviour accordingly.
| downwards, upwards This estimate may have to be adjusted downwards.
PREP. for Salaries are adjusted for inflation.
pos: verb

no: 492.2
word: adjust
meaning: get used to new situation
categories: ADV.
VERB + ADJUST
VERB + ADJUST
VERB + ADJUST
PREP.
backside: ADV. quickly, rapidly | gradually, slowly
VERB + ADJUST be difficult/hard to
VERB + ADJUST need/take time to It may take a little time to adjust to the climate here.
VERB + ADJUST try to
PREP. to She will gradually adjust to her new role.
pos: verb

no: 493
word: consumption
categories: ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + CONSUMPTION
CONSUMPTION + VERB
CONSUMPTION + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. heavy, high the country with the highest fuel consumption in the world
| low | average | overall, total | excessive | conspicuous (= buying expensive goods in order to impress people and show how rich you are) | annual, daily Annual consumption of wine has risen from five to eleven litres per head.
| per capita | domestic, local, home It is important that the recovery be export-led rather than led by domestic consumption. Half the small crop was kept for home consumption.
| foreign, world | household | individual, personal | mass | public | private | future households that save for future consumption
| alcohol, beer, cigarette, food, meat, tobacco, water | electricity, energy, fuel, gas, oil, petrol, power
QUANT. level
VERB + CONSUMPTION boost, encourage, increase, stimulate Doctors say that children need to increase their consumption of fruit and vegetables. The industry faced a serious challenge in trying to stimulate consumption.
| cut down, reduce You need to reduce your alcohol consumption.
CONSUMPTION + VERB go up, increase, rise | decline, decrease, fall, go down
CONSUMPTION + NOUN expenditure, spending | figures, levels | habits, patterns
PREP. for sb's ~ (= intended to be read or heard by sb) The documents were for the committee rather than for public consumption.
PHRASES fit/unfit for human consumption (= safe/not safe to be eaten) meat that is unfit for human consumption
pos: noun

no: 494.1
word: symbol
meaning: image/object/event that is a sign of sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + SYMBOL
backside: ADJ. clear, dramatic, perfect, potent, powerful, supreme, ultimate The Berlin wall was the supreme symbol of the Cold War.
| universal The dove is a universal symbol of peace.
| outward, physical, visual The company car is an outward symbol of the employee's status.
| ancient, traditional | national | cultural, military, political | divine, religious, sacred | Christian, Hindu, etc. | fertility, phallic, sexual, virility The villagers took fertility symbols into the fields to ensure a good harvest.
| sex (= a person famous for being attractive) He is not most people's idea of a sex symbol.
| status A stressful job can actually be a status symbol.
VERB + SYMBOL adopt sth as, regard sth as, see sth as, use sth as Eggs are seen as the symbol of new life.
pos: noun

no: 494.2
word: symbol
meaning: letter/sign that has a particular meaning
categories: ADJ.
VERB + SYMBOL
SYMBOL + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. identifying All GM products carry an identifying symbol.
| abstract, geometric, geometrical | graphic, written | chemical, Chinese, linguistic, mathematical, musical, phonemic, phonetic, punctuation A list of phonetic symbols is given in the front of the dictionary.
VERB + SYMBOL bear, be marked with, have The coin bears a Jewish symbol. The bottle had a skull and crossbones symbol on it.
| display, show, use Hotels that show this symbol offer activities for children.
| look out for, see Always look out for the special ABTA symbol at your travel agent's. You can use your tokens wherever you see this symbol.
| decipher, interpret, understand
SYMBOL + VERB denote sth, indicate sth, mean sth, represent sth What does this little symbol mean?
PREP. in ~s a message written in symbols
| ~ for O is the chemical symbol for oxygen.
pos: noun

no: 495
word: dominant
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be, seem | become | remain
ADV. extremely, very | completely, overwhelmingly, totally | increasingly | fairly, relatively | economically, politically, socially the economically dominant class
pos: adj.

no: 496.1
word: barrier
meaning: fence/gate
categories: ADJ.
VERB + BARRIER
PREP.
backside: ADJ. physical | crash, crush, flood, police, protective, security, ticket | sound (figurative) the first plane to break the sound barrier
VERB + BARRIER build, erect, install | break through The crowd managed to break through the barriers and get onto the pitch.
PREP. at a/the ~ Please show your ticket at the barrier.
| behind a/the ~ The police waited behind the barriers.
| through a/the ~ There was a slow trickle of people through the barriers.
pos: noun

no: 496.2
word: barrier
meaning: thing that causes problems
categories: ADJ.
VERB + BARRIER
PREP.
backside: ADJ. effective, formidable, major | class, cultural, language, racial, trade
VERB + BARRIER build, create, erect, put up, set up The old laws created barriers to free trade.
| break down, lift, lower, reduce, remove | cross They believe that sport can cross any barriers.
| be faced with, encounter, face | overcome, transcend
PREP. ~ against The country has set up barriers against imports.
| ~ between a class barrier between the two families
| ~ to a formidable barrier to communication
pos: noun

no: 496.3
word: barrier
meaning: physical object that prevents sb/sth passing
categories: ADJ.
VERB + BARRIER
PREP.
backside: ADJ. impassable, impenetrable | natural
VERB + BARRIER form
PREP. ~ between The mountains form a natural barrier between the two countries.
pos: noun

no: 497
word: motor
categories: ADJ.
VERB + MOTOR
MOTOR + VERB
backside: ADJ. large, powerful | small | diesel, electric | outboard a boat with a powerful outboard motor
VERB + MOTOR start, turn on | turn off
MOTOR + VERB run, work He left the motor running.
| drive sth A powerful motor drives the mill wheel.
pos: noun

no: 498.1
word: entry
meaning: right to enter sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ENTRY
ENTRY + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. free The club offers free entry to women on Thursdays.
| school, university
VERB + ENTRY apply for | gain | allow sb, grant sb They were later allowed entry into the country.
| refuse sb, restrict It has been necessary to restrict entry into the club.
| guarantee sb
ENTRY + NOUN criteria, qualifications, requirements, standard | visa | ticket Entry tickets to most attractions are included in the price of the holiday.
PREP. ~ into These qualifications will not guarantee you entry into the police force.
| ~ to She applied for entry to Nottingham University.
PHRASES right of entry The landlord had the right of entry to the flat with due warning.
pos: noun

no: 498.2
word: entry
meaning: act of coming in
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ENTRY
ENTRY + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. forced, forcible The house was quiet, and there were no signs of a forced entry.
| unauthorized The sign on the gates read ‘No Unauthorized Entry’.
| illegal | dramatic | triumphal Caesar's triumphal entry into Rome
VERB + ENTRY force, gain He found the door locked, but he forced an entry.
| make The champion made his usual dramatic entry into the arena.
ENTRY + NOUN point Drugs are believed to come into the country through five main entry points.
PREP. ~ into Hungary's entry into the EU
| ~ to She wondered how she could gain entry to the building.
pos: noun

no: 498.3
word: entry
meaning: sb/sth that enters a competition
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ENTRY
ENTRY + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. winning The winning entry will be published in next month's issue.
VERB + ENTRY post, send (in) Send in your entry as soon as possible!
| attract, get, have, receive The show attracted entries from all over the country. We have had a lot of entries this year.
| judge
ENTRY + NOUN coupon, form | fee
PREP. ~ for We had too many entries for this event.
| ~ in There were a record 2,000 entries in the under-17 section.
| ~ to one of the best entries to our competition
pos: noun

no: 498.4
word: entry
meaning: one item in a list/book
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ENTRY
PREP.
backside: ADJ. diary | dictionary
VERB + ENTRY make, write
PREP. in an/the ~ Very little information is given in the diary entries.
| ~ for Look at the dictionary entry for ‘welcome’.
| ~ in the last entry she made in her diary
| ~ on First examine the entries on the marriage register.
pos: noun

no: 499.1
word: underlie
meaning: draw a line under a word
categories: ADV.
backside: ADV. heavily The word ‘not’ was heavily underlined.
pos: verb

no: 499.2
word: underlie
meaning: emphasize sth
categories: ADV.
VERB + UNDERLINE
PHRASES
backside: ADV. clearly | just, merely, only, simply This disaster merely underlines the need for a consistent foreign policy.
| further
VERB + UNDERLINE serve to | seem to | be intended to a move intended to underline US concern over the issue
PHRASES underline the fact that …
pos: verb

no: 500
word: bias
categories: ADJ.
VERB + BIAS
BIAS + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. clear, definite, marked, obvious, strong | left-wing, right-wing | cultural, political
VERB + BIAS have The newspaper has a clear bias towards the Conservative Party.
| display, show | avoid, eliminate, reduce | correct We have now tried to correct the bias in our original report.
| be free from The newspaper was free from political bias.
BIAS + VERB creep in, exist Bias often creeps in through the wording of questions.
PREP. with/without ~ All material must be selected and presented without bias.
| with a ~ a newspaper with a strong left-wing bias
| ~ against a bias against women
| ~ in favour of/towards a bias in favour of small firms
pos: noun

no: 501
word: discriminate
categories: ADV.
PREP.
backside: ADV. positively | unfairly
PREP. against The present law discriminates unfairly against women.
| in favour of discriminating positively in favour of people from ethnic minorities
| on (the) grounds of Workers must avoid discriminating on the grounds of race or sex.
pos: verb

no: 502
word: hence

no: 503.1.1
word: guide
meaning: sth that helps you plan what you are going to do
categories: ADJ.
VERB + GUIDE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. approximate, rough | accurate
VERB + GUIDE give (sb), provide (sb with) | use sth as Use the table below as a guide to how much washing powder to use.
PREP. ~ as to These figures give a rough guide as to the sales we can expect.
| ~ to
pos: noun

no: 503.1.2
word: guide
meaning: book that gives information about a subject
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. essential, good, helpful, informative, invaluable, practical, reliable, useful, valuable | brief, quick, short, simple | complete, comprehensive, definitive, in-depth This book is the definitive guide to world cuisine.
| step-by-step a step-by-step guide to creating your own website
| reference The book contains a quick reference guide to essential grammar at the back.
PREP. ~ to a guide to British birds
pos: noun

no: 503.1.4
word: guide
meaning: book for tourists
categories: ADJ.
VERB + GUIDE
backside: ADJ. holiday, travel | hotel | street
VERB + GUIDE consult We consulted our guides as we walked around the cathedral.
| write | publish
pos: noun

no: 503.2.1
word: guide
meaning: influence sb's behaviour
categories: ADV.
VERB + GUIDE
PREP.
backside: ADV. firmly
VERB + GUIDE help (to) the information and data which help guide the affairs of the business
| try to
PREP. into the ways in which young people are guided into employment
| on Schools were firmly guided on the details of the curriculum
pos: verb

no: 503.2.2
word: guide
meaning: explain sth/help sb
categories: ADV.
VERB + GUIDE
PREP.
backside: ADV. carefully Their teacher Phil Bailey carefully guides them through rehearsals.
VERB + GUIDE help (to)
PREP. in He guided me in my research.
| on guiding teachers on how to maintain discipline
| through He guided us through the intricacies of the divorce law.
pos: verb

no: 504
word: give

no: 505
word: dialogue
categories: ADJ.
VERB + DIALOGUE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. close There needs to be a closer dialogue between management and staff.
| direct The government refused to engage in direct dialogue with the terrorists.
| constructive, serious | political a serious political dialogue
VERB + DIALOGUE engage in, have, hold Managers are willing to hold a dialogue with union leaders.
| begin, enter into, open | resume
PREP. ~ about dialogue about concrete issues
| ~ among The head encourages a climate of open dialogue among the teachers.
| ~ between the need for dialogue between the two sides in the dispute
| ~ on a constructive dialogue on pay and working conditions
| ~ with They have agreed to resume their dialogue with the teachers.
pos: noun

no: 506.1
word: manufacture
categories: ADJ.
VERB + MANUFACTURE
MANUFACTURE + VERB
PHRASES
ADJ.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. large-scale, small-scale | commercial, industrial | local cotton ropes of local manufacture
| metal, steel, etc. | cloth, cotton, textile, woollen, etc. | car, vehicle, etc. | drug, food, etc.
VERB + MANUFACTURE commence, start They commenced large-scale commercial manufacture of the chairs in January.
| complete | be engaged in
MANUFACTURE + VERB start
PHRASES costs of manufacture, date of manufacture The date of manufacture of the jewellery has not been authenticated.
| the method/process of manufacture
ADJ. big, large, leading, major the world's largest computer manufacturer
| well-known | commercial | independent | foreign, overseas | car, chemical, computer, motor, textile, etc.
PHRASES the manufacturer's instructions The guarantee may be rendered invalid if the manufacturer's instructions are not followed.
pos: noun

no: 506.2
word: manufacture
categories: ADJ.
VERB + MANUFACTURE
MANUFACTURE + VERB
PHRASES
ADJ.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. large-scale, small-scale | commercial, industrial | local cotton ropes of local manufacture
| metal, steel, etc. | cloth, cotton, textile, woollen, etc. | car, vehicle, etc. | drug, food, etc.
VERB + MANUFACTURE commence, start They commenced large-scale commercial manufacture of the chairs in January.
| complete | be engaged in
MANUFACTURE + VERB start
PHRASES costs of manufacture, date of manufacture The date of manufacture of the jewellery has not been authenticated.
| the method/process of manufacture
ADJ. big, large, leading, major the world's largest computer manufacturer
| well-known | commercial | independent | foreign, overseas | car, chemical, computer, motor, textile, etc.
PHRASES the manufacturer's instructions The guarantee may be rendered invalid if the manufacturer's instructions are not followed.
pos: noun

no: 507.1
word: enterprise
meaning: plan/project
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ENTERPRISE
ENTERPRISE + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. great | exciting | ambitious, difficult, hazardous | common, cooperative, joint The programme is a joint enterprise with the National Business School.
VERB + ENTERPRISE embark on/upon, start, undertake They are willing to undertake a new enterprise.
| abandon
ENTERPRISE + VERB fail, succeed
PREP. in an/the ~ The team leader will be the most important factor in this difficult enterprise.
pos: noun

no: 507.2
word: enterprise
meaning: a business
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ENTERPRISE
ENTERPRISE + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. large, large-scale, medium-sized, small, small-scale | profitable, successful | family, private | public, state, state-owned | multinational | agricultural, business, commercial, economic, farming, industrial, manufacturing the complex organization of a business enterprise
VERB + ENTERPRISE control, manage, run He runs a successful small enterprise.
| invest in
ENTERPRISE + VERB expand, grow, succeed | fail
PREP. in/within an ~ something that affects all the workers in the enterprise
pos: noun

no: 507.3
word: enterprise
meaning: development of businesses
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ENTERPRISE
ENTERPRISE + NOUN
backside: ADJ. free, private The Act will encourage private enterprise.
| local | corporate, individual, municipal
VERB + ENTERPRISE encourage, promote
ENTERPRISE + NOUN culture The government has promoted the small firm and the enterprise culture.
pos: noun

no: 507.4
word: enterprise
meaning: abilities/imagination
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ENTERPRISE
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. great I thought she showed great enterprise.
VERB + ENTERPRISE show
PHRASES a spirit of enterprise
pos: noun

no: 508.1
word: scope
meaning: opportunity
categories: ADJ.
VERB + SCOPE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. full In her new house she had full scope for her passion for gardening.
| ample, considerable, enormous, great, tremendous | limited
VERB + SCOPE have | allow (sb), give sb, leave (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with) These courses give students more scope for developing their own ideas.
| increase | cut down, reduce
PREP. ~ for There is limited scope for creativity in my job.
pos: noun

no: 508.2
word: scope
meaning: range/extent
categories: ADJ.
VERB + SCOPE
SCOPE + VERB
PREP.
backside: ADJ. broad, wide | limited, narrow The scope of the exhibition is disappointingly narrow.
| geographical, territorial The geographical scope of product markets has widened since the war.
VERB + SCOPE broaden, expand, extend, increase, widen | limit, reduce, restrict | define, determine These criteria were used to determine the scope of the curriculum.
SCOPE + VERB broaden, expand, extend, increase, widen | narrow
PREP. beyond/outside the ~ of The subject lies outside the scope of this book.
| in (sth's) ~ The survey is too limited in (its) scope.
| within the ~ of These disputes fall within the scope of the local courts.
pos: noun

no: 509
word: ethical

no: 510.1
word: province
meaning: region
categories: ADJ.
VERB + PROVINCE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. northern, southern, etc. | central, coastal, frontier the central province of Ghor
| English-speaking, French-speaking, etc. | autonomous 2 the provinces not the capital city
VERB + PROVINCE tour The show is currently touring the provinces.
PREP. from the ~ She's from the provinces and not familiar with Rome.
| in the ~ There are a number of press agencies based in London and in the provinces.
pos: noun

no: 511
word: retain
categories: ADV.
VERB + RETAIN
PREP.
backside: ADV. still | no longer | somehow Despite the decay the mosque somehow retained a profound grandeur.
VERB + RETAIN be keen to, hope to, want to, wish to | attempt to, seek to, struggle to, try to He struggled to retain control of the situation.
| manage to | help (to) | be allowed to, be entitled to, have the right to He was allowed to retain his parliamentary seat.
PREP. as The president retained her as his chief adviser.
pos: verb

no: 512
word: capability
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CAPABILITY
PREP.
backside: ADJ. enormous | limited The company's manufacturing capability is quite limited.
| potential | proven the proven capability of this technology
| human beyond the scope of human capability
| intellectual, mental | technical, technological | manufacturing, production | research | computing, design, graphics, multimedia, networking, printing, processing, sound, video | defence, fighting, military, missile, nuclear, offensive, weapons
VERB + CAPABILITY have She has the capability to become a very fine actress.
| increase The government wants to increase its military capability.
| lose
PREP. beyond your ~ Organizing a whole department is beyond his capability.
| within your ~ I'm sure that your new job is well within your capabilities.
| ~ for her capability for making sensible decisions
pos: noun

no: 513.1
word: revision
meaning: making changes
categories: ADJ.
VERB + REVISION
PREP.
PHRASES
backside: ADJ. complete, considerable, drastic, extensive, fundamental, major, radical, substantial, thorough | minor | constant, frequent | downward, upward an upward revision of government expenditure plans
| policy, treaty
VERB + REVISION propose, recommend, suggest | call for, demand They called for revisions to the treaty.
| be open to, be subject to Our conclusions are always open to revision in the light of fresh evidence.
| undergo The scheme has recently undergone drastic revision.
| agree (to), announce, approve In October Parliament approved a revision of the budget.
| bring about, lead to, result in | carry out, complete, conduct, make, undertake
PREP. ~ in This has brought about a radical revision in the style of school management.
| ~ to revisions to the plan
PHRASES the process of revision The process of revision continued at rehearsals.
pos: noun

no: 513.2
word: revision
meaning: studying
categories: VERB + REVISION
REVISION + NOUN
PREP.
backside: VERB + REVISION do I've got to do some maths revision tonight.
REVISION + NOUN class, course, lesson | question
PREP. ~ for revision for tomorrow's history exam
pos: noun

no: 514
word: residential

no: 518
word: possess

no: 519
word: manifest
categories: ADJ.
VERB + MANIFESTO
MANIFESTO + VERB
MANIFESTO + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. Conservative, Labour, etc. | party, party's We must all support the party manifesto.
| election
VERB + MANIFESTO draft, draw up, write | sign | issue, launch, publish | support
MANIFESTO + VERB pledge sth, promise sth The manifesto promised reform of the social security system.
| call for sth, demand sth | contain sth | say sth
MANIFESTO + NOUN commitment, pledge, promise | proposal
PREP. in a/the ~ The policy is outlined in the party's election manifesto.
| on a/the ~ Labour won the election on this manifesto.
| ~ for a manifesto for reform
pos: noun

no: 233.1.1
word: feature
meaning: important part of sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + FEATURE
FEATURE + VERB
backside: ADJ. basic, central, essential, important, key, main, major, significant | conspicuous, distinctive, distinguishing, dominant, notable, noteworthy, noticeable, predominant, prominent a distinctive feature of his poems
| outstanding, remarkable, striking | attractive, endearing, eye-catching | interesting, special, unusual | salient He took me around our new offices, pointing out all the salient features.
| useful | characteristic, typical | unique | common the common feature in all these cases
| permanent, regular These walks became a regular feature of his day.
| recurring Self-deprecation is a recurring feature as Stevenson talks.
| redeeming The one redeeming feature of the scheme was its low cost to the council.
| original The house retains most of its original features.
| built-in | additional | constructional, design, physical, structural | energy-saving, safety a car with new built-in safety features
VERB + FEATURE have The site had a number of interesting features.
| retain | point out
FEATURE + VERB distinguish sth the essential feature that distinguishes anorexia nervosa from other eating disorders
| characterize sth A feature that characterizes all anteaters is an extremely slow metabolic rate.
| include sth Special features include passenger airbags and an electric sunroof.
pos: noun

no: 233.1.2
word: feature
meaning: features: sb's face
categories: ADJ.
VERB + FEATURE
PREP.
backside: ADJ. handsome | delicate, fine | rugged admiring his rugged features
| chiselled a slim figure with strongly chiselled features
| aquiline, hawk-like | facial
VERB + FEATURE have She's got very delicate features.
PREP. with ~ a young woman with fine features
pos: noun

no: 233.1.3
word: feature
meaning: newspaper article/television item
categories: ADJ.
VERB + FEATURE
FEATURE + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. big, major, special | regular The magazine runs a regular feature on ethnic cooking.
| in-depth
VERB + FEATURE do, have, publish, run Next month they will publish a special feature on computer books.
FEATURE + NOUN writer
PREP. ~ on an in-depth feature on the Italian fashion scene
pos: noun

no: 255.1.1
word: enaged
meaning: doing sth
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS be
ADV. deeply, heavily those who are deeply engaged in party politics
| fully, totally | largely, mainly, primarily | directly | constantly | currently | actively, busily | otherwise I'm afraid Mr Wilson cannot see you now as he is otherwise engaged.
PREP. in She was engaged in conversation with a client.
| on He is actively engaged on several projects.
| with Mrs Scott is engaged with a customer at the moment.
pos: adj.

no: 255.1.2
word: engaged
meaning: having promised to marry sb
categories: VERBS
PREP.
backside: VERBS be | become, get The couple got engaged last month.
PREP. to She's engaged to an actor.
pos: adj.

no: 266.1.1
word: instrumental
meaning: important in making sth happen
categories: VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
backside: VERBS be | become
ADV. highly | largely | partly
PREP. in They were highly instrumental in bringing the business to Newtown.
pos: adj.

no: 278.1.1
word: claim
meaning: statement saying that sth is true
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CLAIM
PREP.
backside: ADJ. false, unfounded, unsubstantiated | conflicting There are conflicting claims about the cause of the fire.
| absurd, astonishing, extravagant, grandiose
VERB + CLAIM make The company had made false claims about its products. I make no claim to understand modern art.
| accept They accepted her claim that she had been ill-treated.
| challenge | deny, dismiss, dispute, reject Claims of a cover-up were dismissed.
| back up, substantiate, support They were able to produce witnesses to support their claim.
| investigate
PREP. ~ about to investigate claims about appalling prison conditions
| ~ of Claims of corruption within the police force were denied.
pos: noun

no: 278.1.2
word: claim
meaning: demand for sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CLAIM
CLAIM + VERB
CLAIM + NOUN
PREP.
backside: ADJ. large, small | excessive excessive wage claims
| legal, legitimate | bogus, fraudulent Police are investigating fraudulent claims for fire damage.
| accident, compensation, damage/damages, insurance, pay, wage | civil to file a civil claim for damages
VERB + CLAIM bring, file, lodge, make, put forward/in, submit She brought a claim for damages against the company.
| drop, waive, withdraw | investigage | allow, uphold His claim for compensation was upheld in court.
| dismiss | win | meet, pay, settle We will need extra funds to meet all the insurance claims.
CLAIM + VERB arise claims arising out of accidents at work
| fail The claim failed because the company had not been misled.
CLAIM + NOUN form
PREP. ~ against claims against the company for breach of contract
| ~ for a claim for compensation
| ~ on to make a claim on your insurance policy I have many claims on my time.
pos: noun

no: 278.1.3
word: claim
meaning: right to have sth
categories: ADJ.
VERB + CLAIM
PREP.
backside: ADJ. good, strong | competing, rival competing claims for public money
| prior She had a prior claim on his affections.
| moral | territorial
VERB + CLAIM have He has a good claim to the land.
| assert, lay, press, stake Four men laid claim to leadership of the country. to stake a claim to some of the prize money
| establish, prove You will have to prove your claim to the property in a court of law.
| relinquish, renounce, withdraw
PREP. ~ on His children have a claim on his estate.
| ~ to She renounced her claim to the property.
pos: noun

no: 282.1.1
word: advanced
meaning: modern and highly developed
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be
ADV. extremely, highly, very a highly advanced economy
| fairly, quite, relatively | industrially, technically, technologically
pos: adj.

no: 282.1.2
word: advanced
meaning: at a late stage of development
categories: VERBS
ADV.
backside: VERBS be
ADV. far, greatly, well The disease was too far advanced for doctors to operate.
| fairly, quite | further
pos: adj.

no: 381.2.1
word: asset
meaning: useful person/thing
categories: ADJ.
PREP.
backside: ADJ. big, considerable, great, important, invaluable, precious, priceless, real, tremendous, useful, valuable The teachers are the school's biggest asset.
| best, main, major, principal, prize | cultural The tourist industry requires that the country's cultural assets be made more accessible.
| natural Bow windows are a natural asset to any room and should be highlighted.
PREP. ~ to She will be an asset to any school she attends.
pos: noun

no: 381.2.2
word: asset
meaning: what a company owns
categories: ADJ.
VERB + ASSET
ASSET + VERB
ASSET + NOUN
backside: ADJ. combined, total | gross | net The company's net assets are worth millions.
| business, company, corporate | commercial, financial | current, disposable, liquid Liquid assets can be sold more quickly.
| capital, fixed, non-cash, non-monetary, physical, property | tangible | intangible | depreciable, wasting | hidden They have hidden assets in banks around the world.
| foreign, overseas | personal | national, public, state
VERB + ASSET have, hold, own, possess assets held by the company in Asia
| transfer He transferred all his assets into his wife's name.
| accumulate, acquire, buy | dispose of, realize, sell The business disposed of all its capital assets.
| increase, reduce The company has increased its UK assets.
| freeze The courts can order a company's assets to be frozen.
| release, unfreeze
ASSET + VERB appreciate, grow Net assets have grown to $169 million.
| decline, depreciate, dwindle
ASSET + NOUN value | management | sale | stripping measures to prevent asset stripping
PHRASES assets and liabilities
pos: noun