ADJ. large, small | basic, fundamental The family is the basic unit of society.
| discrete, individual, single
VERB + UNIT break sth down into, divide sth into Large departments were broken down into smaller units.
ADJ. basic, standard | monetary | lexical, linguistic
UNIT + NOUN cost, length, weight
PREP. ~ of a unit of currency a unit of length fifty units of electricity
PHRASES per unit Electricity is ten pence per unit.
ADJ. cohesive The new manager changed a talented collection of individuals into a cohesive unit.
| baby, casualty, emergency, intensive care, maternity, psychiatric, surgical, etc. She works in the maternity unit at the local hospital.
| army, enemy, military | intelligence | policy | research | family, social the role of the family unit in the community
VERB + UNIT be attached to The cancer research unit is attached to the local university.
ADJ. cooking, kitchen, sink, storage | air-conditioning, control, power, processing, shower the central processing unit in a computer
VERB + UNIT install We're having new kitchen units installed.
ADJ. annual, monthly | combined, cumulative, grand, overall, sum His two goals give him a grand total of 32 for the season. The sum total of my knowledge of biology is not impressive.
| final | high, huge, large, record a record total of victories
| low, small | global, national, world/worldwide | jobless, unemployment Britain's jobless total rose by 20,000 last month.
VERB + TOTAL add up to, give, make (up) Their earnings were £250, £300 and £420, giving a total of £970.
| bring, take A donation of £250 has been received, bringing the total to £3,750.
| achieve The Greens achieved a total of 18 seats.
TOTAL + VERB rise | fall
PREP. in ~ In total, they spent 420 hours on the project.
| out of a ~ of 180 vehicles out of a total of 900 examined were not roadworthy.
| ~ of
ADJ. huge, large, vast | conference, entertainment, factory, holiday, hospital, housing, industrial, leisure, museum, office, shopping, sports
VERB + COMPLEX build
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "uWZ@9$|SuH", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "203.2.2", "complex", @@ -262,14 +249,12 @@ "ADJ. real, terrible | inferiority, superiority | castration, guilt, Oedipus, persecution
VERB + COMPLEX have, suffer from | develop, get Don't keep on at him about his handwriting or he'll get a complex.
| give sb
PREP. ~ about She has a complex about her big ears.
ADV. directly, indirectly By 1960 the arms industry in America directly employed 3.5 million people.
PREP. in A large part of the workforce is employed in agriculture.
PHRASES be fully employed 10% of 10?15-year-old girls were fully employed as late as 1911.
| be gainfully employed Those not gainfully employed are dependent on their savings.
| be permanently/temporarily employed, be regularly/irregularly employed
ADV. commonly, extensively, frequently, often, widely The safety net is an image commonly employed in everyday life.
| generally, usually | actively, deliberately teaching that actively employs computers in innovative and fruitful ways
| successfully, usefully
VERB + EMPLOY can/could The army has far more junior officers than it can usefully employ.
ADV. better You'd be far better employed taking care of your own affairs.
| busily, usefully
PREP. in Will and Joe were busily employed in clearing out all the furniture.
ADV. strongly The idea of equal opportunities was strongly promoted by many Labour MPs.
| actively, directly | indirectly | deliberately, intentionally They claimed that the authorities had deliberately promoted and condoned the violence.
VERB + PROMOTE aim to, seek to, try to | help (to) Basketball stars from the United States have helped promote the sport in Italy and Spain.
| be designed to measures designed to promote economic growth
| be likely to | serve to, tend to Bonus payments to staff serve to promote commitment to the company.
PREP. through Young people's awareness of agricultural issues is promoted through publicity material.
PHRASES be aimed at promoting sth, be widely promoted, a campaign/scheme to promote sth, efforts/measures to promote sth
", "verb" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "L?hx[(-=bx", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "205.2", "promote", @@ -342,14 +319,12 @@ " ADV. aggressively, heavily The new products have been very heavily promoted.
| widely
PREP. as The town is now being promoted as a holiday destination.
| through The company's products have been promoted mainly through advertising in newspapers.
ADJ. classical, contemporary, modern | great
QUANT. piece, work
VERB + LITERATURE read, study
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "A|gTURSDx^", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "206.2", "literature", @@ -374,14 +347,12 @@ "ADJ. extensive, voluminous | promotional, sales
QUANT. body the growing body of literature on development issues
PREP. ~ about I picked up some literature about pensions.
| ~ on There's an extensive literature on the subject.
ADJ. complex, complicated | simple, straightforward | correct, normal, proper, standard, usual There are standard procedures for dismissing staff.
| agreed, established | special | administrative, appeals, application, assessment, complaints, court, criminal, disciplinary, emergency, parliamentary, safety, scientific, selection, surgical a minor surgical procedure
PROCEDURE + NOUN adopt, follow, use Did you follow the emergency procedure when you heard the alarm?
| establish A straightforward complaints procedure must be established from the outset.
PREP. under a/the ~ under a procedure established by legislation
| ~ for the correct procedure for hiring staff
VERBS be, seem | consider sth, deem sth, think sth It was thought appropriate to award her the prize.
ADV. extremely, very | entirely, quite
PREP. for It might be appropriate for him to attend the course.
| to Tutors can construct tests appropriate to individual students' needs.
ADV. currently | accurately, reliably | provisionally | conservatively It is conservatively estimated that not less than half a million people died in the famine.
| officially, unofficially The strike was officially estimated to have cost $80 million.
VERB + ESTIMATE be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to | be used to The results of the survey were used to estimate the preferences of the population at large.
PREP. at We estimated the cost at £50,000.
VERB + NEGATIVE answer (sth) in, reply in She answered the question in the negative.
ADJ. original | photographic | film, glass
QUANT. strip
VERB + NEGATIVE produce | develop His interest in photography started with him developing negatives that he found lying around the house.
| keep We must assume that the spy kept the negatives.
| destroy
VERBS be | become
ADV. deeply, extremely, highly, very his highly characteristic features
| entirely, utterly | fairly, quite
PREP. of a problem that was fairly characteristic of late eighteenth century society
ADJ. defining, distinctive, distinguishing, identifying, individual, marked, special, striking, unique | personal | common, family, inherited, national, shared | basic, general | chief, dominant, main, major, outstanding, principal | essential, fundamental, important, key, salient | desirable | behavioural, biological, cultural, demographic, economic, genetic, physical, psychological, racial, sexual, social | human
VERB + CHARACTERISTIC have The two species have several characteristics in common.
TYPICALLY + VERB have, do, used, developing
\nPREP. ~ in
PHRASES. typicially associated with, typically found in, typically thought of as
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VERB + CHALLENGE be, pose, present | face, meet, respond to, rise to, take on/up The gallery has risen to the challenge of exhibiting the works of young artists. He has taken on some exciting new challenges with this job.
CHALLENGE + VERB face sb the challenges facing nurses in casualty
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "u`,!b-a[G(", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "213.1.2", "challenge", @@ -534,14 +487,12 @@ "ADJ. serious | direct | effective | legal
VERB + CHALLENGE be, present, represent The demonstration represents a direct challenge to the new law.
PREP. ~ to a legal challenge to the president's power
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VERB + CHALLENGER take on He took on various challengers, but refused to fight Jackson.
PREP. ~ for the main challengers for the European title
| ~ to a challenger to the prime minister
ADJ. leadership, title his title challenge to the heavyweight champion
VERB + CHALLENGE issue, mount plans to mount a leadership challenge within the party
| accept, take up I accepted his challenge to a game of chess.
| beat off, fight off Our team will have to fight off the challenge from better trained teams.
PREP. ~ from a challenge from the other political party
ADV. directly The newspaper was directly challenging the government's legitimacy.
| seriously | effectively She was effectively challenging the whole basis on which society was run.
| successfully The story was completely untrue and was successfully challenged in court.
PREP. on She challenged him on his old-fashioned views.
ADV. seriously No one has seriously challenged the champion.
| successfully, unsuccessfully
PREP. for She was poised to challenge for the party leadership.
| to The count challenged him to a duel.
ADJ. high | guiding | Christian | moral He was a man of high moral principles.
VERB + PRINCIPLE betray, compromise I refuse to compromise my principles by eating meat.
| adhere to, stick to She sticks to the principle that everyone should be treated equally.
PREP. against your ~s Eating meat was against her principles.
| on ~ She's opposed to abortion on principle.
PHRASES a matter of principle They reject the proposal as a matter of principle.
| a person of principle (= a person with high moral standards)
ADJ. basic, critical, crucial, decisive, essential, fundamental, important, key, main, major, necessary, principal, significant, vital | dominant The promise of tax cuts became the dominant element in the campaign.
| considerable, large There is a considerable element of danger in her job.
| competitive There is too much of a competitive element in the sales department.
| racial, sexual Police say there may have been a racial element to the attacks.
VERB + ELEMENT be, constitute, form | contain, have, include, involve These rumours do contain an element of truth.
| introduce
PREP. ~ in This constitutes one of the key elements in this reform programme.
| ~ of Practical work will form a major element of the syllabus. There may have been an element of jealousy in her response.
VERB + ELEMENT brave I put on my thick coat ready to brave the elements.
| battle (against) He told us stories of how he had battled the elements on his mountaineering trips.
| be exposed to, be open to The place was completely exposed to the elements.
| be protected from, be sheltered from
PHRASES protection/shelter from the elements
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\nETHNIC + VERB belong, divide, dominate, differ, reinforce, comprise
\nADJ. racial, religious, different, cultural, political, regional, various Many different ethnic and religous groups can be found in the Middle East.
\nADV.largely, regardless, predominantely, historically, disproportionately, exclusively
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VERB + CREATION advocate, call for, propose, recommend, urge They recommended the creation of a new government agency to be responsible for the environment.
| encourage, foster, support | allow for The new Act allows for the creation of vocational schools.
| allow, enable | avoid, prevent | lead to
ADJ. central, crucial, essential, fundamental, important, key, main, major, principal, significant | basic, broad, general Questions also cover much broader aspects of general health and fitness.
| appealing, attractive, beneficial, encouraging, exciting, fascinating, interesting, pleasing, positive | alarming, controversial, difficult, disappointing, disturbing, negative, sinister, terrible, worst the worst aspects of tourism
| bizarre, curious, intriguing, puzzling | remarkable, striking | subtle | mundane | neglected | formal, functional, practical, theoretical the formal aspects of the language system
| business, commercial, cultural, economic, environmental, ethical, financial, historical, human, legal, military, moral, physical, political, psychological, religious, scientific, social, technical
VERB + ASPECT have The project has two main aspects.
| take on Events began to take on a more sinister aspect.
| consider, cover, deal with, discuss, emphasize, examine, explore, focus on, look at, study We will be looking at many different aspects of pollution.
| demonstrate, illuminate, illustrate a unique collection illustrating aspects of Irish transport history
| ignore, neglect
PREP. from the … ~ This scheme is very good from the social aspect.
| ~ to the positive aspects to retirement
PHRASES all aspects of sth, (in) every aspect (of sth) The service was excellent in every aspect.
ADV. recently | posthumously Her last book was published posthumously in 1948.
| anonymously
VERB + PUBLISH decide to | intend to, plan to | refuse to | be free to The press should be free to publish and comment on all aspects of political and social life.
| dare (to) Freud had not dared to publish the third chapter of his book in Vienna.
ADJ. distorted | horizontal, vertical
PREP. in ~, out of ~ That tree is out of perspective.
PHRASES the laws of perspective
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| cultural, historical, political, social, theoretical, etc.
VERB + PERSPECTIVE get sth in/into, place sth in/into, put sth in/into, see sth in Her death put everything else into perspective.
| gain, get, put When you reach middle age you get a different perspective on life. This website puts a completely different perspective on world news.
| keep | lose | adopt The book adopts a historical perspective.
| shift | provide
PREP. from the ~ of We should view this from the perspective of the people involved.
| in/into ~ Let's get this into perspective.
| ~ in a feminist perspective in philosophy
| ~ on/upon It's easy to lose perspective on things when you are under stress.
PHRASES a sense of perspective
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| concentrate on, stick to It's best to stick to basics when planning such a large party.
| get/go back to, get down to It's time our education system got back to basics
PHRASES get the basics right The important thing is to get the basics right.
ADJ. absolute, deep-seated, deeply held, fervent, firm, passionate, profound, strong, strongly held, unshakeable | genuine, honest, sincere She was strict with her children in the genuine belief that it was the right thing to do.
| entrenched, fanatical | common, commonly held, general, popular, widely held, widespread | growing | long-held, long-standing | belief how things could have got this bad.
BELIEF + VERB persist Belief in the magical properties of this herb persisted down the centuries.
BELIEF + NOUN system
PREP. beyond ~ (= too great, difficult, etc. to be believed) Dissatisfaction with the government has grown beyond belief. icy air that was cold beyond belief
| in the ~ that She did it in the belief that it would
basic, central, core, fundamental the basic beliefs of Christianityhelp her career.
| ~ about beliefs
| personal, private I think the rights and wrongs of eating meat are a matter of personal belief.
| rational, reasonable | irrational, superstitious | instinctive | naive | strange | conflicting, contradictory | erroneous, false, misguided, mistaken I took the job in the mistaken belief that I would be able to stay in London.
| ancient, traditional The people still follow their traditional beliefs.
| orthodox | cultural, moral, political, religious, spiritual They were persecuted for their religious beliefs.
| Catholic, Christian, pagan, etc.
QUANT. set, system Each religion has its set of beliefs.
VERB + BELIEF have, hold I have very firm beliefs about moral issues.
| share He shared his father's belief that people should work hard for their living.
| adhere to, cling to, follow, hold on to, stick to She clung to the belief that he would come back to her. The Labour Party must stick to its beliefs.
| abandon, give up, renounce | lose She has lost her belief in God.
| affirm, assert, declare, express, state Here the apostle Peter affirms his belief that the scriptures are ‘inspired’.
| emphasize, stress | encourage, foster, fuel The exam results encouraged the belief that he was a good teacher.
| confirm, reinforce, strengthen, support This latest evidence strengthens our belief that the government is doing the right thing.
| question, shake, shatter, undermine, weaken The child's death shook her belief in God.
| respect You must respect other people's beliefs.
| beggar, defy (= to be impossible to believe) It beggars about the origin of the universe
| ~ among There is a belief among young people that education is a waste of time.
| ~ in a belief in God
PHRASES contrary to popular belief (= in spite of what people think) Contrary to popular belief, rainforests are not jungles through which you have to slash a path.
ADJ. effective, powerful, useful | basic, simple | conventional, established, standard, traditional | advanced, modern, sophisticated | ingenious | alternative, experimental | assessment, communication, dating, evaluation, exam/examination, farming, interview, management, manufacturing, marketing, problem-solving, recording, relaxation, research, sales, teaching, training She needs to work on her interview technique if she's going to get a job.
| analytical, mathematical, medical, photographic, scientific, statistical, surgical
VERB + TECHNIQUE have He has an ingenious technique for dealing with problems of that sort.
| adopt, apply, deploy, employ, implement, try, use On the walls I applied the same technique as I had used for the ceiling.
| develop, devise, pioneer The technique was pioneered in California.
| acquire, learn, master, practise struggling to master the new technique
| adapt, improve, perfect, work at/on | demonstrate, describe
TECHNIQUE + VERB allow sth, enable sth Modern freezing techniques enable the chickens to be stored for weeks.
| work The new technique works better than the one it has replaced.
| be based on sth, be derived from sth singing techniques derived from Tibetan music
PREP. ~ for techniques for the storage of data
| ~ in They learn basic techniques in self-defence.
ADJ. desirable, desired, favourable, good, happy, positive, satisfactory, successful | negative, unfortunate, unsatisfactory | fatal, tragic | possible | likely, probable | anticipated, expected, inevitable, intended, logical, predicted | unexpected | immediate | actual, eventual, final, long-term, ultimate | direct a direct outcome of the strike
| practical | educational, electoral, political, etc. (all technical)
VERB + OUTCOME affect, influence | decide, determine | achieve, have, produce Their strategy produced the desired outcome.
| evaluate, measure (technical) The aim is to evaluate possible outcomes.
PREP. ~ of the outcome of the election
PHRASES whatever the outcome Whatever the final outcome of the talks, the war should end soon.
ADV. extensively | briefly | fully, thoroughly These questions have not been fully explored yet.
| properly, systematically | carefully, in detail This idea is worth exploring in some detail.
| further | usefully The film usefully explores some of the issues surrounding adoption.
VERB + EXPLORE need to | be keen to, want to, wish to | aim to, seek to | begin to, continue to
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| inequitable, unfair | equal an equal distribution of wealth between people of different age groups
| unequal | even, uniform After applying the cream, comb through to ensure even distribution.
| uneven The country was noted for its uneven distribution of land resources.
| optimal, optimum | relative the relative distribution of continents and oceans
| general, overall the general distribution of earthquakes around the world
| broad, wide, widespread the broad distribution of Bronze Age artefacts across Europe the wider distribution of wealth throughout society
| local, localized Fish populations assume highly localized distributions within each river.
| global, regional, worldwide | spatial | income, wealth | weight | age, class, geographical, population, sex, social the social class distribution of the male population
| normal, random, skewed, smooth (all mathematics) a normal distribution with a bell-shaped frequency curve
| binomial, frequency, probability (all mathematics)
VERB + DISTRIBUTION achieve, ensure The engine is mounted in the middle to achieve a more even weight distribution.
| determine Radiology was used to determine the distribution of the disease.
| have, show (mathematics) These birds have a wide geographical distribution. IQs within the population show a normal distribution.
DISTRIBUTION + NOUN pattern Animal herds may form in response to the distribution patterns of food.
| map an atlas containing distribution maps of the most important tropical diseases
PREP. ~ across the distribution of resources across society
| ~ among data on wealth distribution among age groups
| ~ between a disparity in age distribution between groups
| ~ over the distribution of trees over the estate
| ~ throughout uniform distribution of the chemical throughout the timber
PHRASES a change in distribution changes in the distribution of wealth and income
ADJ. free The document contains sensitive information and is not suitable for free
(= unrestricted) distribution. The previously free
(= not paid for) distribution of textbooks will now be confined to students who are needy.
| general Our catalogue lists all our books that are available for general distribution.
| selective | exclusive The publisher has signed an agreement for the exclusive distribution of the books in the US.
| proper | electronic the electronic distribution of software to customers
| global, international, local, national, worldwide Roads are used for local distribution of goods.
| electricity, food, fuel, gas, land, milk, water the creation of 1,500 smallholdings as part of a land distribution programme
| retail, wholesale the wholesale and retail distribution of a huge variety of goods
VERB + DISTRIBUTION control, handle, organize The company is to handle the distribution of the product in Europe.
| available for 2,000 copies of the booklet have been printed and are available for distribution.
| ensure to ensure the proper distribution of medical aid
| allow (for) to allow for the distribution of aid
DISTRIBUTION + NOUN agreement, arrangement, deal Her company has signed a non-exclusive distribution agreement.
| list I attach a copy of the distribution list so you can see who got the last edition.
| rights | costs | channel We have man
| network | method | system | facilities The company wants to invest in new distribution facilities.
| base, centre, depot, outlet, point The company has decided to use Belfast as its distribution base.
| operation The company has manufacturing or distribution operations in 33 countries worldwide.
| business, company | industry
PREP. for ~ free colour leaflets for distribution overseas
| ~ among food for distribution among the villagers
| ~ between the distribution of the health budget between various hospitals
| ~ by the distribution by the government of a leaflet explaining the new tax
| ~ through distribution through department stores
| ~ to The food was parcelled up for distribution to outlying communities.
PHRASES a/the chain of distribution There are savings to be made where retailers are bypassed in the chain of distribution.
| a channel of distribution
ADJ. capital, dividend, share | cash
VERB + DISTRIBUTION make When are distributions likely to be made to creditors?
| be available for These are company reserves available for distribution as the directors may determine.
PREP. ~ to The promissory notes were purchased for distribution to investors.
ADJ. foreseeable, immediate, near, not-too-distant Things will continue as they are for the foreseeable future. A new branch of the shop will be opening in the near future.
| distant, remote
VERB + FUTURE look to, plan for Don't think too much about past troubles? look to the future.
| foretell, look into, predict
FUTURE + VERB bring (sb), hold whatever the future may bring you; Who can tell what the future holds?
PREP. for the ~ What are your plans for the future?
| in (the) ~ In future, employees will park their vehicles away from the works entrance. The possibility of travel to other solar systems still lies in the distant future.
| of the ~ The stars of the future are competing in the world junior athletics championships this month.
PHRASES a vision for/of the future In her speech, the director outlined her vision for the future.
ADJ. bright, great, promising, rosy, secure He has a great future as a designer.
| bleak, dire, gloomy, grim, uncertain He forecasts a dire future for the industry.
| long-term | economic, financial, political
VERB + FUTURE face, have The firm faces a very uncertain future.
| determine, shape the right to determine their own future in a democratic fashion
| forecast, predict, see | consider, ponder (on) After being dropped from the team the young defender is considering his future.
| invest in She decided to invest in her future by taking a management course.
PREP. ~ as She has a very promising future as a musician.
| ~ in He could see no future in his job.
PHRASES a question mark over the future of sb/sth A question mark hangs over the future of the company after shares plunged to a record low.
ADJ. cardinal, central, considerable, critical, crucial, enormous, especial, extreme, fundamental, great, high, immense, key, major, outstanding, overriding, overwhelming, paramount, particular, primary, prime, profound, real, special, supreme, tremendous, vital | first, greatest, highest, utmost This information is of the first importance. It is of the utmost importance that you arrive on time.
| growing, increasing | declining the declining importance of manufacturing industry
| lesser, limited, marginal, minor, secondary | direct | general | added | immediate | continued/continuing, lasting | equal | relative | intrinsic | obvious | perceived differences in the perceived importance of the different subjects in the curriculum
| potential | public | international, national | practical | theoretical | symbolic the symbolic importance of iron in German culture
| archaeological, commercial, constitutional, cultural, ecological, economic, environmental, historical, legal, military, political, social, strategic
VERB + IMPORTANCE have These finds have considerable archaeological importance.
| assume, take on Childcare schemes take on an added importance at a time of national recession.
| grow in, increase in, rise in | decline in, diminish in, fall in The overseas markets have now declined in importance.
| attach, give sth, place To what objectives do you attach most importance? the importance placed on cleanliness
| accept, acknowledge, appreciate, be aware of, grasp, realize, recognize, see, understand People were aware of the importance of working with nature.
| demonstrate, illustrate, indicate, point to, reflect, show, suggest Figure 2.2 shows the relative importance of the different service industries.
| assert | deny | confirm | draw attention to, emphasize, highlight, point up, promote, stress, underline The manual stresses the importance of regular maintenance.
| diminish, downplay, minimize, play down, underplay She was inclined to play down the importance of her own role in the affair.
| exaggerate, overestimate | underestimate, undervalue Don't underestimate the importance of neat presentation.
| increase | reduce | consider, discuss | explain | cast/throw doubt on, doubt, question No one can seriously question the political importance of the environment.
| forget, ignore, overlook
IMPORTANCE + VERB arise from sth, lie in sth The town's importance lies in the richness and quality of its architecture.
| depend on sth
PREP. of … ~ The railways were of crucial importance in opening up the American West.
| ~ for an area of enormous importance for wildlife
| ~ to the importance to the country of a healthy economy
PHRASES in order of importance Deal with the issues in order of importance.
| a matter of importance
VERBS be, feel, seem | become | remain | make sb Travelling in Asia has made her a lot more independent.
ADV. fiercely, sturdily, very Many disabled people are fiercely independent.
| completely | fairly, pretty, quite | economically, financially
PREP. of By the age of eighteen he was completely independent of his parents.
VERBS be | become | remain | make sth | declare sth In 1961 the country was declared independent.
ADV. completely, entirely, fully, genuinely, quite, totally, truly, wholly | almost, fairly, largely, virtually | increasingly | effectively, essentially The country has pursued an effectively independent line on military issues.
| nominally, supposedly | newly newly independent countries
| politically
PREP. from The country became fully independent from France in 1960.
| of an organization that is independent of the government
VERB + INITIAL have The two authors have the same initials.
| be/become known by She's always been known by her initials.
| use | bear, carry A stone over the door bears the initials ‘R.P.’, which stand for ‘Ralph Piggot’.
| carve, embroider, engrave (sth with), mark sth with, monogram sth with, put, sign, stamp (sth with), write He carved his girlfriend's initials in the rock. Now that she was managing director she could put the initials MD after her name.
INITIAL + VERB stand for sth
PREP. ~ for When writing, if you use initials for a long name, make sure you spell out the name at least once.
ADV. regularly Women's magazines regularly feature diets and exercise regimes.
| rarely
PHRASES be featured in/on sth His work is featured in a special documentary tonight. The school has been featured on television.
ADV. heavily, highly, largely, prominently, significantly, strongly Reading over his past speeches, you'll see that housing, public health and education feature strongly.
PREP. in Garlic features prominently in her recipes.
ADJ. burning, deep, great, strong, urgent | insatiable, overwhelming Most children have an insatiable desire for knowledge.
| genuine, real | natural | sexual
VERB + DESIRE feel, have I suddenly felt an overwhelming desire to laugh
| express The chairman expressed his desire to expand the company.
| satisfy | be motivated by They were motivated by a deep desire for money and fame.
PREP. ~ for Horses need to satisfy their desire for space and freedom.
PHRASES an object of desire He felt he was nothing more to her than an object of desire.
ADV. greatly, really, sincerely, very much A home of her own was something she had always very much desired.
ADJ. big, considerable, great, large, mass, strong | limited, small | local | dedicated, devoted, faithful, fanatical, loyal | enthusiastic | personal | cult They enjoy a cult following in the UK.
VERB + FOLLOWING command, enjoy, have | acquire, attract, build up, create, gain, gather
PREP. ~ among Top of the range Scotches attract a fanatical following among whisky buffs.
ADJ. attractive, constructive, effective, good, radical, useful | acceptable, available, credible, possible, practical, real, realistic, reasonable, satisfactory, serious, suitable, viable Is there a viable alternative to prison?
| clear, obvious | cheap, healthy, interesting, safe a healthier alternative to fizzy drinks
VERB + ALTERNATIVE have We have two alternatives.
| offer, provide His idea seemed to offer a possible alternative.
| seek seeking alternatives to nuclear power
| find We'll have to find an alternative.
PREP. ~ for There is no alternative for those with no car of their own.
| ~ to Is there an alternative to surgery for this complaint?
PHRASES have little/no alternative (but to) She had no alternative but to do as he said.
| leave sb with no alternative (but to) He was left with no alternative but to hobble to the nearest telephone box.
VERBS be | remain
ADV. highly, remarkably, very | absolutely, completely, entirely, quite, wholly His attitude isn't absolutely consistent.
| largely | fairly, reasonably
VERBS be, seem | remain
ADV. completely, entirely, fully, perfectly | broadly, largely | fairly, quite, reasonably | internally His argument is not even internally consistent
(= different parts of the argument contradict each other).
| mutually It is desirable that domestic and EU law should be mutually consistent.
| logically
PREP. across These findings are consistent across all the studies.
| with The figures are fully consistent with last year's results.
ADJ. firm, solid, sound
VERB + BASIS form, provide
PREP. ~ for The proposal provides a sound basis for a book.
PHRASES have no basis in sth These allegations have no basis in fact.
ADJ. firm, solid, sound
VERB + BASIS form, provide
PREP. ~ for The proposal provides a sound basis for a book.
PHRASES have no basis in sth These allegations have no basis in fact.
ADJ. clear, marked, sharp, stark, startling, striking, strong There is a stark contrast between the lives of the rich and those of the poor.
| complete, direct
VERB + CONTRAST make, offer, provide The fresh fruit provides a contrast to the rich chocolate pudding.
PREP. by ~ When you look at their new system, ours seems very old-fashioned by contrast.
| in ~ (to/with) The company lost $13 million this year, in contrast with a profit of $15 million last year.
| ~ between, ~ in The contrast in appearance between the sisters was striking.
| ~ to This busy social life was a complete contrast to his old quiet life.
PHRASES stand in … contrast to sb/sth Their attitudes towards love and marriage stand in stark contrast to those of their parents.
ADV. favourably, unfavourably He contrasted her brashness unfavourably with his mother's gentleness.
PREP. with
PHRASES compare and contrast Compare and contrast the two main characters in the play.
ADV. markedly, sharply, starkly, strikingly, strongly, vividly | nicely | oddly | favourably, unfavourably The open approach contrasts favourably with the exclusivity of some universities.
PREP. with This statement contrasts starkly with his previous statements.
ADV. fraudulently, unlawfully (law)
VERB + OBTAIN be able/unable to | attempt to, endeavour to | fail to | assist sb to, enable sb to The local authority may assist you to obtain alternative accommodation.
| be easy to, be possible to | be difficult to, be impossible to goods which are difficult to obtain
| be necessary to, be required to, need to It is necessary to obtain the patients' consent.
PREP. from Anglers are required to obtain prior authorization from the park keeper.
PHRASES be easily obtained Such information is easily obtained from the Internet.
| sth can/may be obtained Details of this offer can be obtained from any of our stores.
| a means/method/way of obtaining sth
ADJ. critical, crucial, important, key, main, major, vital | basic, essential, fundamental, underlying | clear, clear-cut, definite, marked, obvious, real, rigid, sharp, strong | fine, subtle | broad, general | crude, simple | logical, valid | useful | arbitrary, artificial | invidious making invidious distinctions between the ‘deserving’ and the ‘undeserving’ poor
| absolute Is there always an absolute distinction between right and wrong?
| conventional, old, traditional the conventional distinction between pure and applied science
| formal | conceptual | theoretical | class, cultural, gender, moral
VERB + DISTINCTION draw, make She draws an important distinction between the different kinds of illness.
| recognize, see We can see a sharp distinction between ambition and greed.
| blur blurring the distinction between amateur and professional players
DISTINCTION + VERB lie Cultural distinctions lie at the heart of these issues.
PREP. without ~ All groups are entitled to this money without distinction
(= without a difference being made between them).
| ~ between
ADJ. considerable, great | modest | dubious | rare | unique | added | academic, intellectual, professional, social Wearing the county tie was a mark of modest social distinction.
VERB + DISTINCTION have He has the dubious distinction of being the first railway baron to go bankrupt.
| achieve She achieved distinction in several fields of scholarship.
| add Fennel leaves add distinction to any dish.
PREP. of ~ She is a historian of great distinction.
| with ~ He served with distinction in the First World War.
ADV. well Perhaps I have not expressed myself very well.
| fully She expresses herself most fully in her paintings.
| openly He expressed his anger openly.
| clearly | cogently Students must learn to express a point of view cogently and with clarity.
| exactly, precisely | concisely, succinctly | eloquently The poet eloquently expresses the sense of lost innocence.
VERB + EXPRESS be/feel able/unable to Many patients feel unable to express their fears.
| find it difficult to
PHRASES a chance/an opportunity to express sth
", "verb" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "N&Hhr|hLL0", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "245.1", "variety", @@ -1286,14 +1145,12 @@ " ADJ. amazing, astonishing, bewildering, considerable, endless, enormous, exciting, extraordinary, fascinating, good, great, huge, impressive, incredible, infinite, large, remarkable, rich, surprising, tremendous, vast, wide, wonderful The market sold a bewildering variety of cheeses. the rich variety of the local bird life
VERB + VARIETY add, give, offer Dealing with customers adds variety to the job.
PREP. of … ~ a country of great variety
| ~ in There is wide variety in shape and colour.
| ~ of Menus offer a good variety of seafood.
ADJ. distinctive | common-or-garden, standard | rare, unusual | different There are hundreds of different varieties of apple.
| new, old Old varieties of rose can be less resistant to diseases.
VERBS be
ADV. extremely, very | fairly, pretty, quite, rather, reasonably, relatively | enough, sufficiently He questioned whether the school curriculum was broad enough in scope.
| unusually His job gave him an acquaintance with an unusually broad spectrum of society.
ADJ. basic, central, core, critical, crucial, essential, fundamental, important, integral, key, main, major, necessary, principal, significant, vital | minor | common The researchers discovered a common component in all types of the organism.
| standard Our software is becoming a standard component of many computer systems.
| individual, separate, simple Individual components for the car can be very expensive.
| chemical, genetic | electrical, electronic | aircraft, engine, etc. | course
COMPONENT + NOUN failure Component failure was the cause of the accident.
| manufacturer, supplier
PREP. ~ in a crucial component in our success.
ADV. automatically, naturally I automatically assumed that you knew about this.
| reasonably, safely I think we can safely assume that this situation will continue.
VERB + ASSUME can, might | tend to | be fair to, be reasonable to, be safe to It is reasonable to assume that the economy will continue to improve.
| be a mistake to, be wrong to | be easy to It's all too easy to assume that people know what they are doing.
PHRASES let us assume Let us assume for a moment that the plan succeeds.
ADJ. general-purpose, multi-purpose | basic, primitive, standard, traditional craftsmen using traditional tools
| sophisticated, special | sharp | rusting/rusty | cutting, drawing, measuring | cordless, hand, machine, power | agricultural, engineering, farm, garden/gardening, industrial, woodworking
QUANT. set
VERB + TOOL use | sharpen | blunt Cutting concrete would blunt a metal-cutting tool.
| down ~s Workers downed tools
(= stopped work) in protest at poor safety standards in the works.
TOOL + NOUN kit
PHRASES the tool/tools of the trade The guitarist opened the case and took out the tool of his trade.
ADJ. effective, essential, important, indispensable, invaluable, major, necessary, powerful, useful, valuable, vital | educational, learning, reference, research This dictionary is an invaluable reference tool for advanced learners.
| ideological, negotiating, political, propaganda We must ensure that education is not used as a political tool.
| communication, management, marketing | analysis/analytical, design, desktop, development, drawing, multimedia, presentation, programming, software
ADV. accurately, correctly, reliably, successfully, with accuracy/certainty It is not possible to predict with any certainty what effect this will have.
| exactly, precisely | confidently | wrongly
VERB + PREDICT be able/unable to, can/could | try to | dare (to) Few would have dared to predict such a landslide victory.
| fail to | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to | be easy to, be possible to | use sth to a computer model used to predict future weather patterns
| allow sb to, enable sb to Newton's theories allow us to predict the flight of a cricket ball.
PREP. from We can predict from this information what is likely to happen next.
PHRASES be widely predicted This result had been widely predicted by the opinion polls.
ADJ. manual, physical | forced, hard He was sentenced to four years hard labour for his crime.
VERB + LABOUR withdraw The miners are threatening to withdraw their labour.
LABOUR + NOUN market an increasingly competitive labour market
ADJ. cheap | casual | skilled, unskilled | child, migrant, slave It is thought that Stonehenge was built using slave labour.
LABOUR + NOUN force the size of the labour force
| cost/costs | relations
ADJ. difficult, easy | long, short The baby was born after a long labour.
VERB + LABOUR go into She went into labour two weeks early.
| induce Labour was induced when the baby was ten days overdue.
LABOUR + NOUN room, ward | pains
PREP. in ~ She was in labour for ten hours.
ADV. directly, fully
VERB + ENGAGE fail to, refuse to
PREP. with acknowledging the need to engage directly with these problems
PHRASAL VERBS engage (sb) in sth
ADV. actively people who actively engage in shaping the world they live in
VERB + ENGAGE attempt to, seek to, try to He tried to engage me in conversation.
| be eager to, be willing to | be reluctant to, be unwilling to
VERBS be | become | remain | keep sb/sth The women are kept separate from the men.
| consider sth
ADV. very, widely I kept my two lives very separate. species from widely separate parts of the world
| absolutely, completely, entirely, quite, totally, wholly The waste water is kept entirely separate from the rainwater.
| largely | rather, relatively, somewhat | essentially The two groups are essentially separate and independent.
| apparently | hitherto, previously to merge the two previously separate businesses
| geographically, physically
PREP. from a lifestyle which is quite separate from that of her parents
ADV. completely, totally | carefully | clearly These two branches of the science have now become clearly separated.
| effectively | easily, readily One cannot easily separate moral, social and political issues.
| formally | legally | physically, spatially | out A magnet separates out scrap iron from the rubbish.
VERB + SEPARATE attempt to, try to | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to It was impossible to separate the rival fans.
PREP. from separating the boys from the girls
| into I separated the documents into two piles.
PHRASES sharply separated The disciplines of science and engineering are not always sharply separated.
| widely separated The two groups became widely separated.
ADV. legally
VERB + SEPARATE decide to
PREP. from She is separated from her husband.
ADV. heavily, a lot, strongly countries that rely heavily on food aid
| entirely, exclusively, solely | increasingly | largely, mainly | traditionally
VERB + RELY be forced to, have to, must people who are forced to rely on public transport
| tend to
PREP. for They relied entirely on these few weapons for their defence.
VERB + RELY can/could | can/could always | can/could no longer The party could no longer rely on its traditional supporters.
PREP. for I couldn't rely on John for information.
ADV. fully | accurately, correctly, properly
VERB + ASSESS attempt to, try to | help to | be difficult to It is difficult to fully assess the damage.
ADV.
VERB + ASSESS
PREP.
", - "ADV. accurately, correctly, properly
VERB + ASSESS attempt to, try to | be difficult to It is difficult to assess the building's value properly without seeing it.
PREP. at The legal costs have been assessed at
£75,000.
ADV. accurately, correctly, properly
VERB + ASSESS attempt to, try to | be difficult to It is difficult to assess the building's value properly without seeing it.
PREP. at The legal costs have been assessed at £75,000.
VERBS be, seem | remain
ADV. truly, very | completely, purely, totally, wholly It is impossible to be completely objective.
| fairly, quite, reasonably | apparently | supposedly
ADJ. key, main, major, primary, prime, principal | broad, overall, overriding, ultimate | limited, narrow | long-term, short-term | clear, specific | stated The legislation has failed to achieve its stated objectives.
| common The two groups are pursuing a common objective.
| economic, educational, environmental, military, political, strategic | business, policy
VERB + OBJECTIVE accomplish, achieve, attain, fulfil, meet, reach, succeed in The department needs more money to fulfil its objectives.
| fail in | agree, define, establish, formulate, identify, set, specify We need to establish a clear objective.
| declare, state | clarify | promote, pursue
PREP. in an/the ~ The party is radical in its objectives.
| ~ of We succeeded in our prime objective of cutting costs.
ADV. legally The child has now been legally adopted.
PHRASES have sb adopted She was forced to have her baby adopted.
ADV. formally, officially The policy has not yet been formally adopted.
VERB + ADOPT tend to | decide to | be forced to
PREP. towards the policies employers adopt towards the labour force
ADJ. general, popular, prevailing, widely held The prevailing view is that he has done a good job in difficult circumstances.
| conflicting, differing, divergent, opposing, polarized The debate brings together experts with conflicting views.
| clear, forthright, strong He's a doctor with clear views on how to prevent illness.
| idealized, optimistic, positive, romantic, rosy Her rosy view of life abroad seems rather naive.
| jaundiced, negative, pessimistic After his experience in jail, he has a pretty jaundiced view of the penal system.
| conventional The conventional view is that work is pleasant and rewarding.
| unorthodox | minority | political | liberal, modern, progressive, radical | moderate | conservative, reactionary | extremist, hard-line | stereotyped, stereotypical | informed | ill-informed, uninformed | world His world view revolves around a battle between rich and poor.
VERB + VIEW have, hold | take I took the view that an exception should be made in this case.
| air, convey, expound, express, make known, present, put forward The meeting gave everyone the chance to air their views. She picked up the phone and made her views known to her boss.
| discuss, exchange, share At the meeting, we hope people will exchange views freely.
| canvass, solicit He called a meeting to solicit the views of his staff.
| reflect, represent His letter to the management did not reflect the views of his colleagues.
| adhere to, agree with, endorse | confirm, support | challenge His music challenges the view that modern jazz is inaccessible.
PREP. in your ~ In my view it was a waste of time.
| ~ about Teachers generally keep their views about politics hidden.
| ~ on Experts hold widely differing views on this subject.
PHRASES an exchange of views It's good to have a full and frank exchange of views.
| a point of view From a teacher's point of view, activities that can be done with minimal preparation are invaluable.
| take a dim view of sth (= have a poor opinion of sth) My mother takes a pretty dim view of my cooking skills.
ADJ. good, grandstand, wonderful | poor, terrible We had a poor view of the stage from where we were sitting.
| clear, unimpeded, uninterrupted, unobstructed | back, front, rear, side The picture shows a front view of the car.
| close, close-up | public Tensions within the band remained hidden from public view.
| overall (figurative) The staff handbook gives an overall view of the company.
VERB + VIEW get, have The pillar prevented me getting a clear view of the action.
| give sb The patio gave an unimpeded view across the headland to the sea.
| block A woman in a very large hat was blocking my view of the procession.
| come into A large truck suddenly came into view.
| disappear from They stood waving on the platform, until the train disappeared from view.
| be hidden from
PREP. in ~ There was nobody in view.
| on ~ The carriage was put on view for the public to see.
PHRASES in full view (of sth) He was shot in full view of a large crowd.
ADJ. breathtaking, fine, lovely, magnificent, spectacular, splendid, stunning, superb, wonderful a room with a breathtaking view across the bay
| commanding, panoramic | mountain, sea, etc.
VERB + VIEW afford, boast, enjoy, give, have Most rooms enjoy panoramic views of the sea. The large windows give fine views of the surrounding countryside.
| admire, enjoy a place to unwind and enjoy the view
PREP. ~ across/over a view over the valley
| ~ from the view from his apartment
| ~ of
PHRASES a room with a view
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "A82FCf]i%0", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "264", "stability", @@ -1766,14 +1565,12 @@ "ADJ. greater | relative | long-term | internal | economic, financial, monetary, price | political, social | emotional
VERB + STABILITY achieve, bring, ensure, give sb, provide (sb with) The policy should bring greater monetary stability to the country.
| lack | threaten, undermine | maintain, preserve
PHRASES a period of stability The country was enjoying a period of political stability.
| a threat to stability The conflict is becoming a threat to stability in the region.
ADJ. big The company needs to focus on its biggest clients.
| new | potential, prospective | established, existing, regular | business, corporate | private
VERB + CLIENT serve A new branch has been opened to serve clients in East London.
| act for, represent | take on She's so busy that she's not taking on any new clients.
| attract a campaign to attract new clients
PREP. on behalf of ~ On behalf of my client, I would like to remind you of your obligations in this matter.
ADJ. precision | sophisticated | reliable | crude | blunt The autopsy revealed that the deceased had been hit with a blunt instrument. (figurative) Even though it was a somewhat blunt instrument
(= not very precise), our questionnaire provided us with some interesting ideas.
| sharp | small | delicate | appropriate | research | drawing, measuring, writing | astronomical, flight, flying, mathematical, medical, navigation, navigational, optical, scientific, surgical | cockpit
QUANT. set a set of mathematical instruments
VERB + INSTRUMENT use All pupils should learn to use drawing instruments.
| check, read to read the instruments and make a note of the wind speed and direction
| design, develop, devise, invent | build, make All the instruments are made from glass capillary tubing.
INSTRUMENT + VERB measure sth an instrument that measures light intensity
INSTRUMENT + NOUN check The pilot did his instrument checks and taxied towards the runway.
| maker | panel There was a warning light flashing on the instrument panel.
PHRASES an instrument of torture medieval instruments of torture such as the rack and the wheel
ADJ. musical | beautiful, fine | classical | modern | period baroque music played on period instruments
| solo | orchestral | brass, keyboard, percussion, string/stringed, wind, woodwind | acoustic, electric, electronic
VERB + INSTRUMENT play (on) She plays three musical instruments. The score was written to be played on a keyboard instrument.
| learn, learn (how) to play | tune Ensure the instrument is tuned to concert pitch.
| make an instrument made by a woman guitar maker in Canada
INSTRUMENT + VERB sound The instrument sounds like a cello.
INSTRUMENT + NOUN maker > Special page at MUSIC
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "i(]R$tQ$-B", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "266.2.3", "instrument", @@ -1830,14 +1621,12 @@ " ADJ. chief, key, main, major, prime, principal | good, great They agreed that the UN was the best instrument for reaching agreement.
| ideal | important, valuable | powerful | useful | effective | flexible | mere Some cynics say that sport is a mere instrument of capitalist domination.
| chosen The despot claimed to be the chosen instrument of divine providence.
| divine | political
VERB + INSTRUMENT perceive sb/sth as, regard sb/sth as, see sb/sth as, view sb/sth as They saw criminal law as an instrument for improving public morals.
| use sb/sth as | make sb/sth
PREP. ~ for Criminal law is not the best instrument for dealing with family matters.
| ~ of She was accused of making a public service an instrument of private advantage.
ADV. greatly, significantly Next year we will greatly extend the range of goods that we sell.
PREP. from, to The repayment period will be extended from 20 years to 25 years.
ADJ. legitimate, realistic, reasonable I think your demand for higher wages is perfectly reasonable.
| unrealistic, unreasonable | radical | urgent | central, key, main, major | fresh, new, renewed There have been renewed demands for the government to take action to reduce crime.
| growing, increasing | final A final demand for payment had been issued.
| written | financial, political | government, opposition, popular, public, royal, union The management had no intention of meeting union demands.
| pay, ransom, tax, wage A ransom demand has been made for the kidnapped racehorse.
VERB + DEMAND issue, make, present, press, put forward Demands have been made for the immediate distribution of food to the refugees.
| renew, repeat, step up Campaigners have stepped up their demands for immediate government action.
| face | respond to | agree to, give in to, meet, satisfy, yield to My government cannot give in to the demands of an illegal organization.
| reject, resist
PREP. on ~ Campaigners insist that abortion should be available on demand.
| ~ for, ~ from demands from the opposition for a recount of the votes
ADJ. big, buoyant, considerable, enormous, great, heavy, high, huge, insatiable, peak, strong, unprecedented Demand for the product is buoyant. There's always a great demand for our soups in winter.
| burgeoning, growing, increased/increasing, rising | excess, extra | constant, steady She is in constant demand to make public appearances and give interviews.
| changing, fluctuating, seasonal | current, future | latent, likely, pent-up, potential, projected, prospective | overall, total We can estimate that total market demand for electrical goods will rise by 8%.
| declining, falling, limited, low, reduced, sluggish | consumer, customer, market, popular, public By popular demand, the play will run for another week.
| domestic, export, foreign, local, world, worldwide The slowdown in domestic demand was offset by an increase in exports.
| electricity, energy, housing, labour, etc.
QUANT. level a high level of demand
VERB + DEMAND cope with, meet, satisfy The factories are staying open all weekend to try to meet the consumer demand for this product.
| create, generate It is the job of the marketing manager to create demand for the new product.
| boost, increase, stimulate | reduce | exceed, outstrip Supply normally exceeds demand for the bulk of consumer goods.
| forecast It can be difficult to forecast demand in the construction industry.
| manage policies aimed at managing demand
DEMAND + VERB grow, increase, rise Demand for personal computers has risen sharply.
| decline, fall, slow (down) As demand slows, the need to export will return.
PREP. in ~ These old machines are still in demand.
| ~ among the potential demand among children
| ~ for increased demand for health products
| ~ from the demand from consumers
| ~ on This section of the population makes a high demand on health care resources.
PHRASES supply and demand the law of supply and demand
> Special page at BUSINESS
ADJ. considerable, enormous, excessive, extra, great, heavy, high, impossible I think the demands of this job are excessive.
| exacting, pressing | growing, increasing | competing, conflicting, contradictory | day-to-day, everyday the day-to-day demands of the job
| immediate the need for scientific research freed from the immediate demands of industry
| external The person who cannot say ‘no’ to others' requests is likely to be overwhelmed by external demands.
| economic, emotional, financial, physical, practical, sexual, social, technical Life is hard for nurses on children's wards, where the emotional demands can be overwhelming.
VERB + DEMAND impose, make, place My elderly parents make a lot of demands on me.
| respond to | cope with coping with the conflicting demands of work and family life
PREP. ~ on/upon My work seems to make more and more demands on my time.
ADV. aggressively, angrily, coldly, fiercely, furiously, harshly, indignantly, irritably, roughly, sharply ‘Where are the keys?’ she demanded angrily.
PREP. from He had demanded money from her.
| of They failed to provide the information demanded of them.
ADJ. 20/20, excellent, perfect The eye test shows she has perfect vision.
| normal | clear The rain prevented her having clear vision of the road ahead.
| blurred, defective, distorted, impaired, poor | double, tunnel (often figurative)
| all-round The high driving position gives excellent all-round vision.
| binocular, stereoscopic | X-ray | distance I can read without glasses, but my distance vision is poor.
| night | peripheral Use your peripheral vision widely when moving from place to place.
VERB + VISION have | give (sb) | obscure, restrict | blur The tears blurred her vision.
| improve
VISION + VERB clear Her vision cleared and she realized Niall was standing beside her.
PREP. across your ~ A bird shot across her vision.
PHRASES your field of vision She was aware of shapes moving across her field of vision.
| your line of vision Someone was standing in my line of vision so I couldn't see the screen.
ADJ. disturbing, dreadful, ghastly, horrible | bleak | inner, intuitive, mental, spiritual | mystic/mystical, prophetic, religious A young girl in the village experienced a prophetic vision.
| poetic | apocalyptic an apocalyptic vision of the end of civilization
| momentary, sudden
VERB + VISION experience, have, receive I had visions of us getting hopelessly lost.
| conjure up The word ‘island’ conjures up a vision of a relaxing summer holiday.
VISION + VERB fade As he approached, the vision faded and there was no one there.
PREP. in a/the ~ The idea came to her in a vision.
| ~ of
VERB + VISION have | develop | convey, expand on/upon, outline, promote He outlined his vision for the new economic order.
| impose The new leader set about imposing his vision on the party.
| share | cloud He was determined not to let emotions cloud his vision.
PREP. of ~ a statesman of great vision
| ~ for a vision for the future
| ~ of an alternative vision of society
PHRASES breadth of vision His plans for the country's future show a remarkable breadth of vision.
ADV. seriously Are you seriously proposing that we should allow this situation to continue?
PREP. as The measures have been proposed as a way of improving standards.
| for He was proposed for the job of treasurer.
PHRASES originally proposed The plan originally proposed was ruled completely unrealistic.
ADJ. ruthless | great, high attempts to achieve greater efficiency in the production process
| maximum, optimum | low | cost | energy, fuel | mental, physical | administrative, business, economic, industrial, management, operational, organizational, production, productive, technical
VERB + EFFICIENCY achieve | boost, enhance, improve, increase, maximize, promote | decrease, impair, reduce
EFFICIENCY + NOUN drive, measures New timekeeping procedures had been introduced as part of an efficiency drive.
| gains, improvements, savings the efficiency gains resulting from improved technology
PREP. with ~ The uprising was put down with ruthless efficiency.
| ~ in greater efficiency in energy use
ADJ. complete, comprehensive | partial | effective, good, happy, ideal, neat, optimal, perfect, real His plan does not offer a real solution to the problem.
| acceptable | satisfactory, workable | correct, right | easy, obvious, simple | possible | feasible, practical, realistic, viable | cost-effective | creative, imaginative, ingenious | drastic, radical | early, immediate, instant, quick, speedy The UN representative stressed the urgency of an early solution.
| final, lasting, long-term, permanent, ultimate | interim, short-term, temporary | proposed | pragmatic | compromise, negotiated | diplomatic, peaceful, political | military | technical
VERB + SOLUTION look for, seek, work towards | achieve, agree (on), arrive at, come up with, find, produce, reach, work out attempts to find a comprehensive political solution to the crisis
| propose, put forward, suggest | adopt | offer, provide
PREP. ~ for a quick solution for dealing with the paper shortage
| ~ to They were seeking an ultimate solution to the city's traffic problem.
SOLUTION + VERB contain
PREP. in ~ aluminium ions in solution
ADJ. correct | logical, reasonable, valid | inescapable, inevitable, obvious | erroneous, false, wrong | main | hasty
VERB + CONCLUSION arrive at, come to, draw, reach I can't draw any conclusions from what she said.
| jump to, leap to We don't want to jump to the wrong conclusion. Don't go jumping to conclusions before you know the facts.
| lead to, point to It all points to the conclusion that nobody knew what was going on.
ADJ. satisfactory, successful | foregone The result of the match was a foregone conclusion.
| hasty
VERB + CONCLUSION bring about, bring sth to The meeting was brought to a hasty conclusion.
| come to
PREP. in ~ In conclusion, I would like to thank you all for your hard work.
> Special page at MEETING
ADJ. mere The mere presence of children in the room is enough to upset him.
| constant, continued, continuing, permanent | strong The company now has a strong presence in Germany.
VERB + PRESENCE indicate, reveal, show These chemicals could indicate the presence of water on the planet.
| acknowledge He acknowledged our presence with a nod of his head.
| detect | grace sb with (ironic or humorous) How nice of you to grace us with your presence!
PREP. in sb's ~ He should never have made those remarks in your presence.
PHRASES make your presence felt/known She certainly made her presence felt in the boardroom.
ADJ. constant | military, police There was a strong police presence throughout the demonstration.
VERB + PRESENCE maintain The army maintains a constant presence in the area.
ADJ. charismatic, commanding, formidable, great, imposing, powerful, strong | stage He had a formidable stage presence.
VERB + PRESENCE have
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "KA15W~%B^c", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "278.2.1", "claim", @@ -2166,14 +1915,12 @@ " ADV. justifiably, rightfully, rightly | falsely, wrongly The company had falsely claimed that its products were biodegradable.
VERB + CLAIM attempt to, try to He tried to claim that he had acted in self-defence.
ADV. back You can claim back some of the cost of your treatment.
VERB + CLAIM be able to, be entitled to, can/could You might be entitled to claim compensation if you are injured at work.
| attempt to, try to
PREP. on Can't you claim on your insurance?
ADV. considerably, fundamentally, profoundly, radically The riots radically transformed the situation.
| completely, entirely, totally, utterly | quickly, rapidly | gradually, slowly | suddenly | apparently | miraculously He seems to have been miraculously transformed into a first-class player.
| overnight Things cannot be transformed overnight.
VERB + TRANSFORM help (to) | manage to
PREP. from, into The place was transformed from a quiet farming village into a busy port.
PHRASES the power to transform sb/sth the power of religion to transform our hearts and minds
ADV. quickly | automatically, spontaneously People used to believe that dirt spontaneously generated disease.
| randomly a sequence of randomly generated fractions
| externally, internally internally generated revenue
| locally
VERB + GENERATE help (to) the opportunity to help generate ideas
| be used to The wind turbines are used to generate electricity.
| be expected to, be likely to The lottery is expected to generate substantial funds for charities.
PREP. from Living cells generate energy from food. profits generated from the company's activities
ADJ. complete, total | abject, humiliating, ignominious The attempt ended in abject failure.
| inevitable | costly | alleged, apparent, perceived | evident | comparative, relative | initial Initial failure was followed by unexpected, if modest, success.
| ultimate War is the ultimate failure of public communication.
| personal | moral | academic | economic, financial | military
VERB + FAILURE be doomed to, end in, result in All her efforts were doomed to failure.
| admit, confess He was too proud to admit failure.
| expect Children who are doing badly tend to expect failure and criticism.
| fear | avoid
FAILURE + NOUN rate There is a high failure rate with this treatment.
PHRASES fear of failure Fear of failure should not deter you from trying.
| a history of failure John had a long history of academic failure.
| a possibility/risk of failure, a sense of failure
ADJ. great, serious | complete, total, utter | catastrophic, disastrous | abject, conspicuous, dismal, humiliating, ignominious, lamentable, miserable | costly | heroic Her ideas were large: if she could not succeed, she would at least be a heroic failure.
| alleged, apparent, perceived | evident | comparative, relative | past to learn from past failures
| rare The film was one of the rare failures in his career.
| unexpected | personal | collective | moral | academic | economic, financial economic failure and increasing unemployment
| military
VERB + FAILURE be, represent | prove The venture proved a costly failure.
| feel I felt a complete failure.
| consider sb/sth, regard sb/sth as | brand sb/sth, pronounce sb/sth Her parents had long since branded her a failure.
FAILURE + VERB arise from sth failures arising from circumstances beyond your control
PREP. ~ of The decision to withdraw funding represents a failure of imagination.
ADJ. fundamental | general | manifest | consistent, constant, continued/continuing, persistent, repeated | government, management government failure to listen to the voice of the electorate
VERB + FAILURE excuse, justify seeking to excuse his failure to ask her permission
ADJ. battery, brake, component, computer, engine, equipment, mechanical, power, system, technical | bank, business, commercial, company, corporate, market Business failures rose by 30% in 2001.
| brain, heart, kidney, liver | crop, harvest | communication
VERB + FAILURE cause, lead to, result in a rare viral infection that can lead to heart failure
FAILURE + VERB occur A power failure occurred between 4 and 5 p.m.
PREP. ~ in a failure in the computer system
ADJ. rapid | Allied, British, German, etc.
VERB + ADVANCE make The regiment made an advance on the enemy lines.
| order The general ordered an advance to the front line.
| halt, resist, stop
PREP. on ~ the advance on Leningrad
| to ~, towards ~ the Russian advance towards Berlin
ADJ. amorous, sexual
VERB + ADVANCE make He made amorous advances to one of his students.
PREP. ~ to
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "xKwWr~:$:[", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "282.3.1", "advance", @@ -2326,14 +2055,12 @@ "ADV. quickly, rapidly | cautiously, slowly
PREP. from advancing from the south
| into The troops advanced into central Europe.
| on/upon The army advanced on the capital.
| towards He advanced towards me in aggressive style.
ADJ. clear, close, direct, intimate, strong There is a close connection between family background and academic achievement.
| tenuous | obvious | causal
VERB + CONNECTION have His death had no connection with drugs.
| discover, establish, find, make, see Researchers have now established a connection between air pollution and asthma. She did not make the connection between her diet and her poor health.
| break, sever She wanted to sever all her connections with the firm.
PREP. in ~ with I am writing in connection with your recent job application.
| ~ between the connection between crime and alcohol
| ~ to/with What is your connection with the school?
PHRASES in that/this connection (= for reasons connected with sth recently mentioned)
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "raY+n VERB + CONNECTION break If you break the connection, the light won't come on.
CONNECTION + NOUN charge
PREP. ~ to waiting for connection to the water mains
ADJ. good | bus, rail/railway, train
VERB + CONNECTION make | miss
PREP. ~ between There are good connections between the resort and major cities.
| ~ to We'll be lucky if we make our connection to Paris.
| ~ with good connections with New York
ADJ. good | aristocratic | business, family, personal, political, professional, social
VERB + CONNECTION have I have some good business connections in New York. He has connections
(= he knows important people who would be able to help him).
| use She used her connections to get the job.
ADJ. academic, learned, scholarly | professional, technical, trade | house/in-house the house journal of the South Western Gas Board
| non-specialist, specialist | research, reviewing | business, literary, medical, science/scientific | august, highly-ranked/high-ranking, leading, major, prestigious ‘Nature’ was the highest-ranked journal in thte survey.
| official It's the official journal of the Medical Foundation.
| international, national | monthly, quarterly, weekly
QUANT. copy Please send me two copies of your new journal.
| edition, issue, volume
VERB + JOURNAL read | edit, write for an academic who writes for specialist journals
| produce, publish | buy, get, subscribe to She subscribes to quite a few academic journals.
JOURNAL + VERB come out The journal comes out five times a year.
JOURNAL + NOUN article | editor
PREP. in a/the ~ an article in a medical journal
| ~ of the British Journal of Geology
ADJ. private | daily
VERB + JOURNAL keep, write Lady Franklin kept a daily journal of the voyage.
| read
JOURNAL + NOUN entry Her journal entry for that day describes a thunder storm.
PREP. in a/the ~ The events are all recorded in her journal.
| ~ of He wrote a journal of his travels.
ADJ. fresh, new fresh initiatives to find a peaceful end to the conflict
| pioneering pioneering initiatives in bioengineering
| current, latest, recent | important, major | welcome | successful | practical | exciting | private | co-operative, joint | international, local, national, regional | government | business, diplomatic, economic, education/educational, environmental, marketing, peace, policy, political, research, training
QUANT. range, series
VERB + INITIATIVE undertake The research initiative is being undertaken by a group of environmentalists.
| plan | develop | announce | introduce, launch, set up, start The government has launched a new policy initiative.
| be/become involved in Ten schools have been involved in the initiative.
| lead | approve | reject The peace initiative was rejected out of hand.
| sponsor a peace initiative sponsored by the Organization of African Unity
| endorse, support The committee endorsed an initiative by the chairman to enter discussion about a possible merger.
| welcome We welcome the government's initiative to help the homeless.
| praise | encourage
INITIATIVE + VERB be aimed at sth, be designed to a local initiative aimed at economic regeneration an initiative designed to promote collaborative research
| involve sth, relate to sth | founder The initiative foundered because there was no market interest in redevelopment.
PREP. ~ against a new initiative against car theft
| ~ by the latest initiative by the UN Secretary General
| ~ for an initiative for peace and human rights
| ~ on the government's major new initiative on crime
> Special page at BUSINESS
ADJ. considerable, great, real | individual, personal, private It is a very hierarchical company and there's little place for individual initiative.
| entrepreneurial
VERB + INITIATIVE have He had the initiative to ask what time the last train left.
| display, show | act/work on your own, use He acted on his own initiative and wasn't following orders. Don't ask me what you should do all the time. Use your initiative!
| lack | encourage, promote | stifle Raising taxes on small businesses will stifle initiative.
PREP. on sb's ~ The project was set up on the initiative of a local landowner.
| ~ in Some scientists show little initiative in applying their knowledge.
PHRASES a lack of initiative, on your own initiative In an unprecedented action, the army, on its own initiative, arrested seven civilians.
VERB + INITIATIVE have, hold After their latest setback, the rebel forces no longer hold the initiative.
| gain, seize, take | regain In the second half, Manchester United regained the initiative.
| lose
INITIATIVE + VERB comes from sb/sth, lie with sb The initiative to re-open negotiations came from Moscow.
PREP. ~ in She took the initiative in asking the board to conduct an enquiry.
ADV. considerably, dramatically, enormously, greatly, much, significantly, substantially The attractiveness of the book is much enhanced by Mark Stevens's drawings.
| directly | further | undoubtedly
VERB + ENHANCE can/could, may/might things that can significantly enhance the quality of your life
| help (to), serve to | be designed to, seek to reforms designed to enhance market efficiency
VERBS be, prove His predictions proved accurate.
ADV. deadly, extremely, highly, very | amazingly, remarkably, surprisingly, uncannily | completely, perfectly, totally | not completely, not entirely, not quite, not strictly, not wholly The figures he gave were not strictly accurate.
| partially | broadly, fairly, generally, largely, pretty, quite, reasonably, sufficiently | historically, statistically
PHRASES full and accurate He gave a full and accurate account of his movements.
ADJ. excellent, first-class, good | adequate, appropriate, proper, suitable | inadequate, poor | basic, limited a hotel with only basic facilities
| modern, up-to-date | extensive | extra | available, existing We are looking to upgrade the existing facilities.
| essential, necessary to improve access to essential facilities
| local, community hospitals, schools and other major community facilities
| communal, shared The toilets and other communal facilities were in a shocking state.
| public | disabled The railway station was criticized for its lack of disabled facilities.
| conference | airport, hotel | bar, holiday, leisure, play, recreational, social, sporting/sports | transport, travel | parking | shopping | storage | canteen, dining, restaurant | catering, cooking, kitchen | baby changing, bathroom, laundry, sanitary, shower, toilet, washing | en suite, private All bedrooms offer private facilities
(= a private bathroom).
| health, health care, hospital, medical | childcare, creche, day care, nursery | educational, training | library, research | laboratory | computing
VERB + FACILITY have, offer, provide | improve, upgrade | make use of, use I made full use of the computing facilities.
FACILITY + VERB be available, exist | include sth Facilities include a large indoor pool, jacuzzi and sauna.
PREP. ~ for The school has no facilities for the teaching of music. The hotel provides excellent facilities for children.
PHRASES a range of facilities
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "vpEOataotx", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "288.2", "facility", @@ -2534,14 +2237,12 @@ " ADJ. central The archive offers a central facility for cataloguing and indexing data.
| back-up The report warns that there are no back-up facilities if the reprocessing plant breaks down.
| support training and other support facilities
| special | useful | flexible A First National Bank loan is an extremely flexible facility.
| technical | cheque book, credit, loan, overdraft a bank account with an overdraft facility
| editing, graphics, help, mail, search, word processing (all computing)
VERB + FACILITY have, offer, provide | use
FACILITY + VERB allow (for) sth The cheque book facility allows for a minimum withdrawal of
£200.
PREP. ~ for The device has a facility for storing any sound you like.
ADJ. amazing, great
VERB + FACILITY have | show
PREP. with ~ He played with great facility.
| ~ for She showed an amazing facility for mind-reading.
ADJ. adequate, effective | legal | police Witnesses at the trial were given police protection.
| animal, child, consumer, data, environmental, personal, wildlife Animal protection supporters gathered to protest against hunting. She carries a gun in her bag for personal protection.
| fire, flood Fire protection equipment must be available on all floors.
| sun sun protection products
QUANT. degree A helmet afford
s the cyclist some degree o
f protection against injury
.
VERB + PROTECTION afford (sb), give (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with)
PROTECTION + NOUN law, legislation, order The couple wer
e found guilty of violation of chil
d protection laws.
| measures, mechanism, scheme, system
PREP. under the ~ of Many Britis
h wild animals are now under th
e protection of the Wildlife an
d Countryside Act.
| ~ against Fil
l the cooling system with antifreez
e as a protection against frost.
| ~ from The high walls give th
e garden protection from the wind
.
PHRASES a means of protection The skunk releases a pungent smell as a means of protection.
ADJ. full, greatest, maximum, overall The overall extent of civilian casualties remained unclear.
| actual, exact, precise, true | geographical, territorial
VERB + EXTENT reach The railway network had reached its greatest extent in route mileage.
| see | consider, examine, explore, investigate | assess, calculate, estimate, evaluate, gauge, judge, measure | define, determine, establish, identify a statement defining the extent of Latvia's territory
| discover | acknowledge, appreciate, realize, recognize | know, understand We do not yet know the extent of her injuries.
| demonstrate, illustrate, indicate, make clear, reflect, reveal, show The operation revealed the extent of the cancer.
| outline a lengthy agenda outlining the extent of global environmental problems
| discuss | clarify, explain | emphasize, highlight, underline The victory underlined the extent to which Prussia had become a major power.
| exaggerate, overstate She was exaggerating the true extent of the problem.
| overestimate | underestimate | play down, underplay, understate The government sought to play down the extent of the problem.
| ignore | conceal, obscure | limit, reduce, restrict to reduce the extent of deforestation
PREP. in ~ The park is about 20 acres in extent.
| to an ~ To an extent
(= to some degree) East-West distrust continued throughout the war.
| to a … ~ He had withdrawn from the company of his friends to an alarming extent.
PHRASES at sth's fullest/greatest extent At its fullest extent the Angevin Empire comprised most of western France.
| to a considerable/great/large/significant extent, to a certain/to some extent To some extent, we are all responsible for this tragic situation.
| to a lesser/limited/small extent The pollution of the forest has seriously affected plant life and, to a lesser extent, wildlife.
| to the same extent People no longer live in small communities to the same extent as they used to.
ADJ. full | far-reaching, important, profound | adverse, bad, catastrophic, damaging, dangerous, devastating, dire, disastrous, fatal, harmful, negative, serious, severe, terrible, tragic, unfortunate, unpleasant | beneficial, good, positive | major, main | direct, immediate | indirect | inevitable, necessary | likely, possible, potential | logical, natural | long-term, short-term | unintended | ecological, economic, electoral, environmental, financial, legal, physical, political, social to face up to the physical consequences of ageing
VERB + CONSEQUENCE have, lead to The practice had far-reaching environmental consequences.
| accept, bear, face (up to), suffer, take You must accept the full consequences of your behaviour.
CONSEQUENCE + VERB arise, ensue, follow the important electoral consequences that will follow from this decision
PREP. as a ~ Hundreds of people lost their jobs as a direct consequence of the merger.
| in ~ (of) (formal) The child was born deformed in consequence of an injury to its mother.
| ~ for This could have serious consequences for the economy.
ADJ. professional | independent | government | international, national | economic, education, educational, research, scientific, technical
VERB + INSTITUTE establish, found, set up | open | belong to She belongs to the Chartered Institute of Management.
| join
INSTITUTE + VERB find sth The environmental research institute found that the global average temperature had risen by 1.2°C.
| claim sth, say sth The Institute says that an unidentified virus is to blame for the syndrome.
| publish sth | provide sth an institute providing opportunities to veterinary graduates
PREP. at an/the ~ She used to give lectures at the Mechanics' Institute.
| in/within an/the ~ He is a key figure in the Institute of Mathematics.
| ~ for the International Institute for Economic Development
| ~ of
PHRASES a founder of an institute, a member of an institute ", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "yA<.-F3~A,", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "295.1.1", "content", @@ -2662,14 +2349,12 @@ "
VERB + CONTENT empty She emptied the contents of her bag on the floor
ADJ. high foods with a high fibre content
| low | alcohol, calorie, carbon, fat, fibre, moisture, protein, sugar, sulphur, vitamin, etc.
ADJ. clever, ingenious | labour-saving, useful | complex, sophisticated | simple | hi-tech | hand-held | automatic, electrical, electronic, mechanical | bugging, contraceptive, measuring, safety, timing, warning Police found several bugging devices in the room.
| explosive, incendiary An incendiary device exploded in the store, setting fire to furniture.
VERB + DEVICE be fitted with, have All new cars are now fitted with these safety devices.
| design, develop, make | use He measured the room using an ingenious new electronic device.
DEVICE + VERB consist of sth The device consists of a large wheel mounted on a metal post.
| be designed to a tiny device designed to trace telephone calls
| work The device worked exactly as I'd hoped.
PREP. ~ for a useful device for checking electrical circuits
VERBS be | make sb/sth Its magnificent proportions make this palace unique among the buildings of the world.
ADV. quite, totally, truly The city has an atmosphere which is quite unique.
| by no means, far from, hardly Although such a case is rare, it is by no means unique.
| almost, virtually | apparently
PREP. to This monkey is unique to the island.
ADJ. effective, firm, good, strong We need better discipline in our schools.
| harsh, iron, rigid, strict strict military discipline
| lax, poor Discipline was too lax.
| staff, team | military, naval, party, prison, school, work
VERB + DISCIPLINE enforce, exercise, exert, impose the discipline that the party exercises over its members
| keep, maintain The teacher was unable to maintain discipline.
| accept, submit to They submitted to the discipline imposed by their leaders.
| have The school was criticized for having very poor discipline.
| lack Modern schools lack discipline.
| tighten The new headmaster tightened discipline in the school.
| relax | restore
PHRASES a breach of discipline It's unfair to dismiss somebody for a single breach of discipline.
| a breakdown of discipline a breakdown of discipline in the classroom
| a lack of discipline
ADJ. good, great, useful, valuable It is good discipline to learn to delegate.
| strict | personal | mental, spiritual | business, commercial, financial, fiscal, industrial, market, monetary The chancellor has stabilized the economy through strict fiscal discipline.
VERB + DISCIPLINE have He'll never get anywhere working for himself?he's got no discipline.
| show | lack | demand, require, take It takes great discipline to learn a musical instrument.
PHRASES a lack of discipline
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "e>Q;OqYVG0", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "302.3", "discipline", @@ -2806,14 +2475,12 @@ " ADJ. core, main, major Students are to be tested on the three core disciplines: maths, English and science.
| distinct, independent When did sociology emerge as a distinct discipline?
| established, traditional | subject | academic, intellectual They established psychology as an academic discipline.
| professional | humanities, science/scientific
PREP. across ~s There is a lack of communication across disciplines
(= between teachers and students of different subjects).
| within a/the ~ Within a discipline there may be more than one school of thought.
PHRASES a range of disciplines The university offers a wide range of disciplines.
ADV. long The soil was so badly eroded it could no longer sustain crop production.
| indefinitely | still
VERB + SUSTAIN be able/unable to, can/could | help (to) | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to This relationship would be very difficult to sustain.
ADJ. high, large a high capacity electric pump large capacity disk drives
| limited, small | maximum, total a total capacity of 50 litres
| excess, spare spare capacity in the health service
| economic, productive | earning The qualification should increase my earning capacity.
| carrying, nuclear, seating, storage | engine, lung
VERB + CAPACITY have | be filled/packed to The theatre was filled to capacity
(= was full) for every performance.
| expand, increase | reduce
CAPACITY + NOUN audience, crowd
PHRASES operate/work at full capacity (= to produce the maximum amount possible)
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "Ineei=HHiz", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "304.2", "capacity", @@ -2854,14 +2517,12 @@ " ADJ. amazing, enormous, great, remarkable | limited | innate, natural Children have an innate capacity to understand language.
| intellectual, mental | human the human capacity for compassion
VERB + CAPACITY have | lose She seems to have lost the capacity to enjoy herself.
| increase | reduce, restrict
PREP. beyond your ~ This maths is beyond the capacity of most school children.
| within your ~ The mountain walk is well within the capacity of most fit people.
| ~ for her amazing capacity for organization
ADJ. official | personal, private, unofficial, voluntary | professional | acting, caretaker | advisory | judicial
VERB + CAPACITY act in, work in I have worked in an advisory capacity with many hospitals.
PREP. in your ~ In my capacity as president, I would like to thank Jack for his hard work.
VERB + PERCEIVE be able/unable to, can/could | fail to | be difficult to
PREP. as The General's words were perceived as a threat by neighbouring countries.
PHRASES commonly/generally/widely perceived It is widely perceived as a women's health problem, but it does also affect men.
| a failure/an inability to perceive sth
VERB + ENSURE must | aim to, try to | take action/care/steps to We must take steps now to ensure the survival of these animals.
| be designed to provisions designed to ensure safe conditions of work
| help (to) | be important to, be necessary to, be sufficient to It is important to ensure that delegates have been properly briefed.
PHRASES an attempt to ensure sth, efforts/measures to ensure sth
", "verb" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "JN*/}S1f%t", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "308", "conclude", @@ -2934,14 +2587,12 @@ "", "" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "jro!|&:DE7", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "309", "combination", @@ -2950,14 +2601,12 @@ " ADJ. perfect, right, unbeatable, winning The orchestra played with a winning combination of gusto and precision.
| attractive, delicious, good, happy, powerful | curious, rare, strange, unique, unusual | colour an unusual colour combination
PREP. in ~ (with) The materials can be used singly or in combination. Hepatitis D exists only in combination with the hepatitis B virus.
| ~ of a delicious combination of flavours
ADV. strongly | rightly The new law rightly emphasizes parental responsibility.
VERB + EMPHASIZE must, should I must emphasize that this is only a summary, and the full report will not be available until next week.
| be important to It is important to emphasize this point.
| seem to, serve to, tend to All the arguments and counter-arguments serve to emphasize the controversy surrounding this disease.
| fail to | be at pains to, be keen to I have been at pains to emphasize the positive aspects of discipline.
ADJ. complete, full, total, unconditional, wholehearted | conditional, grudging, reluctant | gradual | greater, growing, increasing Alternative medicines are now winning greater acceptance among doctors.
| general, popular, public, universal, wide, widespread | blind, easy, immediate, ready, uncritical, unquestioning, voluntary Their attitude was condemned as blind acceptance of authority.
| implicit, passive, tacit | formal, official | social
VERB + ACCEPTANCE find, gain, win The idea was slow to gain general acceptance.
| seek The group is now seeking formal acceptance.
ACCEPTANCE + NOUN speech
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "Ffpdp7{Gxr", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "316.1", "sector", @@ -3062,14 +2699,12 @@ " ADJ. important, key | growing, growth | independent, private | public, state | voluntary | formal | informal | agricultural, banking, business, commercial, corporate, economic, financial, further/higher education, health, industrial, industry, manufacturing, market, primary, retail, service The survey covers a wide range of industry sectors.
| rural, urban
PREP. in a/the ~ employment opportunities in the higher education sector
PHRASES a sector of the economy/market
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "KTixX}3h,w", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "316.2", "sector", @@ -3078,14 +2713,12 @@ " VERB + SECTOR divide sth into Berlin was divided into four sectors after the war.
PHRASES a sector of the population/society
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "yZ|32,}gE?", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "317.1", "commitment", @@ -3094,14 +2727,12 @@ "ADJ. absolute, complete, full, total | clear, deep, firm, genuine, great, passionate, real, serious, strong | continued, continuing, increased, increasing, lifelong, long-term, ongoing | general, open-ended | government, personal, professional, public | emotional, ideological, moral, political, religious
QUANT. degree, level
VERB + COMMITMENT give, make The prime minister made a firm commitment to increasing spending on health.
| demonstrate, display, show to demonstrate a commitment to human rights
| lack | affirm, reaffirm | require Learning to play the violin requires strong commitment.
| gain The government has managed to gain the commitment of employers to the scheme.
PREP. ~ on The government avoided giving any commitments on pensions.
| ~ to his lifelong commitment to the socialist cause
PHRASES a lack of commitment
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VERB + COMMITMENT have, take on I don't want to take on any more commitments.
| fulfil, honour, meet She can't meet her financial commitments.
| get out of, wriggle out of He is trying to wriggle out of his various domestic commitments.
PREP. ~ on to honour commitments on reduction of air pollution
ADJ. heavy a heavy commitment of capital
ADJ. animal protesting against animal experiments
| field, laboratory | educational, medical, psychological, scientific | practical | thought His efforts involved thought experiments and analogies, rather than detailed experimentation.
| simple | brief | careful, control (science)
, controlled | interesting | ingenious | pioneering | bold the country's bold experiment with economic reform
| successful, unsuccessful | pilot, preliminary | further Further experiments will be carried out to verify this result.
| celebrated, classic/classical, famous, well-known Pavlov's famous experiment with the dog and the dinner bell
| unique Brazil's unique experiment with alcohol-fuelled cars
VERB + EXPERIMENT carry out, conduct, do, perform | try The school decided to try an experiment in single-sex teaching.
| design | set up | describe, report a classic experiment reported in 1964
EXPERIMENT + VERB confirm sth, demonstrate sth, find sth, illustrate sth, prove sth, show sth | indicate sth, suggest sth | be aimed at sth, be designed to do sth an experiment aimed at cutting road deaths resulting from excessive speeding
| involve sth, use sth | be successful, work If the conditions are not right, the experiment will not work.
| fail
PREP. by ~ The appropriate concentration of the drug is best determined by experiment.
| during an/the ~ The animals seemed healthy during the experiment.
| in an/the ~ In these experiments, chilling is necessary.
| ~ in the country's brief experiment in multi-party democracy
| ~ on The team carried out experiments on cancer tissue.
| ~ with conducting an experiment with zinc chips and hydrochloric acid
ADV. successfully
VERB + EXPERIMENT begin to
| continue to
PREP. on They experimented successfully on the plants to discover disease-resistant varieties.
| with We have experimented with various different designs of kite.
ADJ. considerable, crucial, enormous, important, major, massive, strong | main | deeper, fundamental, profound | broad, far-reaching, wider discussing the broader implications of the medical plan
| full Now they realized the full implications of the new system.
| direct | clear, obvious | underlying | general | further | possible, potential | future, long-term | grave, serious | disturbing, frightening, ominous, sinister | adverse, damaging, negative | interesting | radical, revolutionary | practical These results have important practical implications.
| commercial, constitutional, economic, educational, environmental, ethical, financial, ideological, legal, moral, philosophical, political, psychological, social the constitutional implications of a royal divorce
| cost, health, policy, resource, safety, security, tax
VERB + IMPLICATION carry, have The emphasis on testing leads to greater stress among students and carries implications of failure.
| grasp, realize, understand | assess, consider, examine, explore, ponder, study You need to consider the legal implications before you publish anything.
| digest | discuss | explain | accept a society that fully accepts the implications of disability
| reject | ignore
IMPLICATION + VERB arise Several interesting implications arise from these developments.
| be involved Given the resource implications involved, the plan will have to be scaled down.
PREP. ~ about disturbing implications about the company's future
| ~ for The research has far-reaching implications for medicine as a whole.
ADJ. clear, obvious The implication is clear: young females do better if they mate with a new male.
| possible His remark seemed to have various possible implications.
| unspoken
VERB + IMPLICATION carry, have | understand | digest Brian paused for a moment while he digested the implications of this statement.
| resent I resent the implication that I don't care about my father.
PREP. by ~ In refusing to believe our story, he is saying by implication that we are lying.
ADV. fully, properly, thoroughly | carefully, systematically The evidence should be carefully evaluated.
| critically | positively The role of stay-at-home mother is more positively evaluated in working-class communities.
VERB + EVALUATE aim to, attempt to, be designed to | help (to) to help evaluate the success of the campaign
| be used to criteria used to evaluate employees' performance
| be difficult to, be hard to
ADJ. absurd, peculiar, ridiculous | hazy, vague | faintest, foggiest I haven't the faintest notion how to get there.
| romantic | accepted, conventional, traditional | preconceived | general There seems to be a general notion that nothing can be done about the problem.
| simple, simplistic
VERB + NOTION have He's got some vague notion that people will be queueing up to finance the project.
| reject | accept | support | dispel We must dispel this notion that you can rely on the state for everything.
PREP. ~ of They have come to reject the traditional notion of womanhood.
VERB + RESTRICTION impose, introduce, place The government has introduced tough new import restrictions.
| lift, remove The press asked for restrictions on reporting the war to be lifted.
| accept | be subject to The right of sale is subject to certain restrictions.
RESTRICTION + VERB affect sth, apply The 30 mph speed restriction applies in all built-up areas.
RESTRICTION + NOUN order
PREP. without ~ Citizens of the EU can travel without restriction within the EU.
| ~ on/upon The regulations were seen as a restriction on personal freedom.
ADV. entirely, exclusively, merely, only, simply, solely Their conversation consisted almost entirely of gossip.
| chiefly, essentially, largely, mainly, mostly, predominantly, primarily, principally
VERBS be, seem, sound | become
ADV. extremely, very | strictly Learning was by rote and strictly formal.
| almost The greeting was polite, almost formal.
| fairly, quite, rather, relatively | oddly Her words sounded oddly formal.
| stiffly His manner was stiffly formal.
VERBS be
ADV. merely, purely Getting approval for the plan is a purely formal matter: nobody will seriously oppose it.
| largely The monarch retains largely formal duties.
ADJ. successful | bloody, violent Thousands of people were killed in the bloody revolution that toppled the government.
| bloodless, peaceful | popular | political | anti-communist, anti-democratic, etc. | communist, socialist, etc. | palace | bourgeois, proletarian | world Some Marxists still believe that socialism will one day triumph through world revolution.
VERB + REVOLUTION carry out, conduct, fight, foment, stage The activists were charged with fomenting revolution.
| crush, put down | call for
REVOLUTION + VERB break out | spread | overthrow sth, topple sth the revolution which overthrew the old regime
| fail the failed 1911 revolution
PREP. ~ against a revolution against communist rule
PHRASES the outbreak of the revolution, revolution from above/below (= fought by people already in power/by people without political power), the threat of revolution
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "jvjSKB$L%(", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "329.2", "revolution", @@ -3366,14 +2965,12 @@ " ADJ. quiet There has been a quiet revolution in the way writing is taught.
| complete | virtual | minor | agrarian, agricultural, computer, cultural, economic, electronic, environmental, industrial, political, scientific, sexual, social, technological
VERB + REVOLUTION achieve, bring (about) The coming of television brought about a revolution in people's leisure activities.
| undergo Marketing has undergone a revolution in recent years.
| embrace, welcome Doctors have welcomed the fitness revolution.
REVOLUTION + VERB take place As the eighteenth century wore on, an agricultural revolution took place.
| transform sth The computer revolution has transformed the workplace.
PREP. ~ in He achieved a virtual revolution in the way music is recorded.
ADV. successfully, well The children have adapted well to the heat.
| quickly | easily, readily The company can easily adapt to changing demand.
| accordingly We need to assess the new situation and adapt accordingly.
VERB + ADAPT be able/unable to, can/cannot | have to, must | need to
PREP. to
PHRASES the ability to adapt Some animals have a remarkable ability to adapt to changing environments.
| find it difficult/hard to adapt A lot of companies have found it hard to adapt to the new system.
PREP. for to adapt a book for television.
| from The radio play had been adapted from a novel.
PHRASES specially adapted The classroom has been specially adapted to take wheelchairs.
ADJ. gas-permeable, hard, soft | daily-wear | tinted
\nVERB + CONTACT LENS have in, wear | put in | remove, take out | clean, disinfect | rinse, soak
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| regular | direct Have you had any direct contact with the director of the company?
| face-to-face
VERB + CONTACT be in, have | come into, establish, get in, make In his job, he comes into contact with many different people. We first established contact with the organization in 1999. When I arrive in New York, I'll get in contact with him.
| put sb in I put my cousin in contact with a friend who works at the company.
| keep, maintain, stay in Maintaining contact after many years can be difficult.
| break off | lose
PREP. ~ between There has been no contact between them for several years.
| ~ with I have very little contact with Simon now.
ADJ. good, useful, valuable | business, personal
VERB + CONTACT have He has a lot of good contacts in the music industry.
| build up, make It takes time to build up contacts. I made a lot of useful business contacts at the conference.
ADJ. physical, sexual The disease is transmitted through physical contact.
VERB + CONTACT come into Do not let the glue come into contact with water.
PREP. in ~ For a brief moment their lips were in contact.
| on ~ The light will go out on contact with water.
| ~ between There should be no contact between the separate samples.
| ~ with
ADJ. long-term, permanent | casual, fixed-term, short-term | three-year, two-year, etc. | formal, written | verbal | legal, valid | void The contract was declared void.
| enforceable, unenforceable (law)
| big, important, major | lucrative | business, commercial | employment, maintenance, research, service | catering, construction, haulage | marriage
VERB + CONTRACT have Many workers do not have written contracts.
| bid for, tender for Eighteen companies are bidding for the contract.
| award (sb), give sb | get, win | lose The firm lost the contract to a large London company.
| negotiate She managed to negotiate a permanent contract with the firm.
| draw up, write | conclude, enter into, make, sign He entered into a contract with his former employer.
| carry out, execute the firm carrying out the construction contract
| cancel, end, repudiate (law)
, rescind (law)
, terminate Either party can terminate the contract at any time.
| be subject to The offer has been accepted, subject to contract
(= the agreement is not legally binding before contracts are signed).
| be in breach of, break, violate If you go on strike you will be in breach of contract.
| enforce (law)
| exchange (law) When a house is auctioned the successful bidder must exchange contracts immediately and pay a deposit.
CONTRACT + VERB expire The contract expires at the end of next year.
| be worth sth a series of major contracts worth millions of pounds
CONTRACT + NOUN worker (= one on a fixed-term contract) | law
PREP. in a/the ~ They put a clause in the contract stipulating that the work should be finished by next month.
| on a ~ He's on a three-year fixed-term contract.
| under ~ (to) At that stage of her career she was still under contract to one of the big Hollywood studios.
| under a/the ~ Under her contract of employment, Mrs Lee could not be required to work at a different site.
| ~ between the contract between the employer and the employee
| ~ for They won a contract for the delivery of five fighter planes.
| ~ with Do you have a contract with your employer?
PHRASES (a) breach of contract The company is being sued for breach of contract.
| a contract of employment/sale You should make sure that you have a formal contract of employment.
| the terms of a contract By using cheaper materials, the company has broken the terms of its contract.
| under the terms of a contract Under the terms of the contract the job should have been finished yesterday.
VERB + CONTRACT take out | have out He has a contract out on you.
CONTRACT + NOUN killer, killing
PREP. ~ on She took out a contract on her ex-husband.
ADJ. close, trusted | junior, senior | female, male | professional, work | academic, business, medical | cabinet, parliamentary
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| overall | compact Despite the unit's compact dimensions, there's still plenty of room for expansion.
| considerable a structure of considerable dimensions
| fourth, second, third The fourth dimension, time, is also finite in extent.
| physical, space/spatial, temporal/time | horizontal, vertical
VERB + DIMENSION check, measure Can we just check the dimensions of the bedroom again?
PHRASES in two/three dimensions a model in three dimensions
ADJ. added, additional, different, extra, further, new | distinct In looking at population ageing we will consider two distinct dimensions.
| wider There is a wider dimension to the question.
| crucial, essential, important, main, major, significant | global, international, local, national, regional Communication via the Internet gives an important international dimension to the project.
| aesthetic, class, cultural, economic, ethical, historical, human, ideological, moral, personal, political, religious, social, spiritual
VERB + DIMENSION add, give (sth) Her illness adds an extra dimension to the problem.
| have The affair had a different dimension now.
| acquire, take on The crisis acquired a new dimension.
PREP. ~ to the spiritual dimension to our lives
ADJ. brief, short | blow-by-blow, comprehensive, detailed, full, graphic, vivid He gave us a blow-by-blow account of the incident.
| accurate, clear, eyewitness, factual, first-hand, true, verbatim | glowing, good She received a glowing account of her son's progress.
| newspaper the newspaper account of the trial
VERB + ACCOUNT give (sb), provide (sb with), write (sb) Can you give us an account of what happened?
PREP. in an/the ~ Dr Richards describes this very well in his account of the events.
PHRASES by all accounts (= according to what people say) I've never been there, but it's a lovely place by all accounts.
| by sb's own account By his own account he had an unhappy childhood.
ADJ. bank, building society | current | deposit, investment, savings | personal | business | joint, separate My husband and I have separate accounts.
| numbered They have a numbered account in Switzerland.
VERB + ACCOUNT have, hold Go and see the manager of the bank where your account is held.
| open She opened a savings account at the building society.
| close | credit sth to, pay/put sth into The money will be credited to your account tomorrow.
| debit (sth from), draw sth out (of), pay sth from, take sth out (of), withdraw sth (from) She had taken all her money out of her account.
| overdraw Your account is overdrawn.
PREP. ~ at He opened an account at a bank in Germany.
| ~ with an account with Barclays Bank
VERB + ACCOUNT do, keep Try to keep accurate accounts.
| audit, check, look at | submit Your accounts will need to be submitted to the tax office.
ACCOUNT + VERB be in order The accounts are all in order.
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VERB + ACCOUNT have | open I'd like to open an account, please.
| close | pay off, settle It is best to settle the account each month.
| charge sth to, debit (sth from), put sth on Charge this to my account, please.
| credit sth to
PREP. on ~ Ring for a cab on account.
| ~ at/with an account with a large store
account verb
PHRASAL VERBS account for sth
ADV. fully The increase can be fully accounted for.
| partly The differences in achievement between the pupils are partly accounted for by differences in age.
ADJ. annual, monthly | latest | reliable | vital | bald, raw The bald statistics tell us nothing about the underlying trends.
| government, national, official, police | accident, crime, criminal, economic, health, population, transport, unemployment, etc.
VERB + STATISTICS prepare, produce | keep We no longer keep statistics on former employees.
| release
STATISTICS + VERB indicate sth, prove sth, reveal sth, show sth, tell sb sth | suggest sth
STATISTICS + NOUN office
PREP. according to ~ According to official statistics, the island had 37 inhabitants.
| ~ on The government has released new statistics on the cost of living.
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@@ -3638,14 +3203,12 @@
"
ADJ. basic, central, dominant, important, key, main, major, underlying | broad, general | common, popular, universal universal themes of love and loneliness
| constant, familiar, favourite, recurrent, recurring | related | unifying | contemporary, topical | historical, religious, etc. | campaign, conference, research | musical The film's haunting musical theme stayed in my head for days.
VERB + THEME develop, discuss, examine, explore His later novels develop the theme of alienation.
| warm to ‘Our work’, he continued, warming to his theme, ‘will be a milestone in scientific history.’
THEME + VERB emerge Several familiar themes emerged from the discussion.
| run through sth The same themes run through all her novels.
THEME + NOUN music, song, tune | park, pub
PREP. on the ~ of He gave a talk on the theme of teenage unemployment.
PHRASES variations on a theme Most of the essays appear to be variations on a few central themes.
ADV. accurately, precisely The machine can accurately locate radioactive material.
| quickly | easily
VERB + LOCATE be able/unable to, can/could We haven't yet been able to locate a suitable site.
| try to | fail to | be easy to Some stars are quite easy to locate with a telescope.
| be difficult to 2 be located be in a place
ADV. centrally The hotel is centrally located between Dam Square and Central Station.
| conveniently, ideally, strategically | physically Two people can meet in virtual reality even if physically located in different continents.
| abroad
PREP. at, between, close to, in, on, near, outside, within, etc. Your accommodation is conveniently located within walking distance of the town centre.
VERBS be, prove, seem | remain | consider sth, think sth The trains were not considered adequate for use on the modern railways.
ADV. really, very | perfectly, quite, totally | more than The system is more than adequate to deal with any problems.
| barely, hardly, less than, not entirely, not wholly The grants given to students are less than adequate.
| more or less The amount of money we have been given is more or less adequate.
| still | no longer
PREP. for The old computer is still perfectly adequate for most tasks.
VERBS be, look, seem, sound | make sth The hotel's size makes it ideal for large conferences.
| consider sth
ADV. absolutely | almost | less than Language learning often takes place in a less than ideal environment.
PREP. for The houses are absolutely ideal for families with young children.
ADJ. high, lofty, noble Sam was a real leader who had high moral ideals.
| unattainable This is not an unattainable ideal.
| aesthetic, artistic, ethical, moral, political | democratic, liberal, revolutionary, socialist
VERB + IDEAL be committed to, be devoted to, believe in, cling to, espouse, have, support They still clung to the old ideals.
| pursue, strive for | achieve, attain, be true to, conform to, live up to A journalist should always live up to the ideals of truth, decency, and justice.
| fall short of This agreement falls far short of the ideal.
| abandon, betray She was accused of betraying her political ideals.
| embody, reflect the democratic ideals embodied in the charter
ADJ. competing, differing | prevailing humanism?the prevailing philosophy today in the Western world
| basic, general, underlying | personal | homespun, simple the homespun philosophy that kept her going during this difficult period
| liberal | design, economic, educational, management, market, political, religious, social a furniture-maker's design philosophy
VERB + PHILOSOPHY develop, formulate developing a personal philosophy
| articulate | adopt, embrace, espouse | reject
PHILOSOPHY + VERB inform sth, underlie sth, underpin sth the philosophy underlying the education system
| prevail the management philosophy which prevailed at that time
PREP. ~ behind The new measures were introduced with no explanation of the philosophy behind them.
PHRASES a philosophy of life/mind
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| ethnic, national, racial, religious | oppressed, persecuted
VERB + MINORITY belong to | discriminate against
MINORITY + NOUN opinion, view | community, group | government
PREP. among a/the ~ You are definitely among the minority.
| from a/the~ people from ethnic minorities
| in a/the ~ We are in the minority on this issue.
| ~ of a sizeable minority of the population
PHRASES only a minority Only a tiny minority of holidays are affected.
ADJ. acceptable, plausible | bold Scientists have proposed a bold hypothesis.
| unlikely | speculative | testable | working These observations appear to support our working hypothesis.
| scientific
VERB + HYPOTHESIS construct, form, formulate, have, make, propose, put forward, suggest It is possible to make a hypothesis on the basis of this graph. A number of hypotheses have been put forward.
| consider, discuss, examine, test (out) using this data to test her hypothesis
| confirm, prove, support | accept | reject None of the hypotheses can be rejected at this stage.
VERB + HYPOTHESIS concern sth Her hypothesis concerns the role of electromagnetic radiation.
| predict sth The hypothesis predicts that children will perform better on task A than on task B.
PREP. on a/the ~ Her study is based on the hypothesis that language simplification is possible.
| ~ about an interesting hypothesis about the development of language
| ~ on The results confirmed his hypothesis on the use of modal verbs.
VERBS be
ADV. purely The symptoms are purely psychological.
ADJ. strong | consistent, constant, steady | accelerating, growing, increasing | underlying Despite this month's disappointing figures, the underlying trend is healthy.
| dominant, main, major, prevailing | gradual | clear, marked | general | apparent, discernible | global, national, international, universal, worldwide | wider The increase in crime in London was just part of a wider trend.
| positive, upward | downward, negative | contrary, opposite | healthy, welcome | adverse, dangerous, disturbing, unfortunate, worrying | fashion | demographic, population | cultural, social | evolutionary, historical | economic, market | growth, inflationary The latest figures show a clear growth trend in the service sector.
VERB + TREND begin, create, set, start In the 1960s, Britain set the fashion trends.
| continue | follow We are following the American trend towards more flexible working conditions.
| reinforce | buck, counteract, go against efforts to buck the current downward trend in sales
| reverse | halt | detect, notice | indicate, reflect, show, suggest The data indicates a trend towards earlier retirement.
TREND + VERB develop, emerge | continue | indicate sth, reflect sth, suggest sth Current trends suggest that car traffic will continue to grow.
| grow
PREP. ~ away from a trend away from narrow specialization
| ~ for A trend for romance and nostalgia has emerged.
| ~ in future trends in the volume of employment
| ~ towards the trend towards privatization
ADJ. fair | mutual, two-way We get together once a month for a mutual exchange of ideas.
PREP. in ~ (for) Woollen cloth and timber were sent to Egypt in exchange for linen or papyrus.
| ~ between There were exchanges of goods between the two regions.
| ~ for She considered free language lessons a fair exchange for free accommodation.
ADJ. brief | acrimonious, angry, bitter, heated, sharp | verbal a bitter verbal exchange
PREP. ~ about angry exchanges about the problem of unemployment
| ~ between There were many acrimonious exchanges between the two men.
| ~ with Opposition MPs were involved in heated exchanges with the prime minister.
PHRASES an exchange of views She had a full and frank exchange of views with her boss before resigning.
EXCHANGE + NOUN rate
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VERB + EXCHANGE go on
PREP. on an/the ~ She is in France on a student exchange.
| ~ to He's gone on an exchange to Rome.
| ~ with an exchange with a German student
ADJ. high, large The area has a high percentage of unemployed men.
| low, small
VERB + PERCENTAGE calculate | express sth as This figure can be expressed as a percentage of the total.
PERCENTAGE + NOUN point Unemployment has fallen by two percentage points this month.
| rate Insurance contributions are paid at a fixed percentage rate on all earnings.
| figure | increase, rise the percentage rise in the average salary
| decline, fall, reduction | share
PREP. ~ of What percentage of women own a car?
PHRASES in percentage terms The numbers are relatively low in percentage terms.
| on a percentage basis The artist's agent receives commission on a percentage basis.
VERBS be, prove, seem, sound | consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as Do you really regard that explanation as sufficient?
ADV. quite | far from | barely, hardly, scarcely Our budget is scarcely sufficient to pay people, let alone buy any new equipment.
| just | almost
PREP. for The salary proved sufficient for his needs.
VERB + EXPLANATION have I had no explanation for her strange behaviour.
| give (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with) He only offered a partial explanation for his lateness.
| enter into, go into, launch into She launched into a detailed explanation of every aspect of her work.
| advance, propose, put forward one explanation advanced by Marxist historians
| call for, need, require An explanation is clearly called for.
| look for, seek | find, think of I can think of one possible explanation for her behaviour.
| ask for, demand She wrote to the company demanding an explanation.
| wait for | deserve, merit I suppose you deserve an explanation.
| owe sb I think you owe me an explanation.
| accept | defy Her success has been so remarkable as to defy explanation.
EXPLANATION + VERB lie The simplest explanation for his achievements lies in his greater ability and superiority over his contemporaries at university.
| emerge, occur to sb, present itself, suggest itself No single clear explanation emerged from the experiments. A more credible explanation now occurred to her. Another quite plausible explanation presented itself.
PREP. in ~ ‘I've worked with them before, you see,’ he added, in explanation.
| without ~ She left suddenly and without explanation.
| ~ about He entered into a technical explanation about software and programming.
| ~ as to He provided no explanation as to why he was late.
| ~ for There is probably some perfectly logical explanation for their behaviour.
| ~ from We are still waiting for a full explanation from the teacher concerned.
PHRASES an attempt at explanation The men left quickly with no attempt at explanation.
| by way of explanation ‘I had to see you, ’ he said, by way of explanation.
VERBS be, feel, look, sound | become, get, grow He got quite emotional during the speech.
| make sb Having all her friends around her made her very emotional.
ADV. deeply, extremely, highly, very | quite, rather
PREP. about Don't be so emotional about everything!
PHRASES in an emotional state He was in a very emotional state.
ADJ. clear, definite, marked, strong | slight | individual, personal It's a matter of personal preference.
| consumer | first, second, etc. Local voters gave Harry West first preference.
VERB + PREFERENCE have Do you have any particular preference?
| demonstrate | express, indicate, show, state | give sb Preference is given to students who have passed maths and chemistry.
| receive
PREP. for ~ I choose motorways when driving, for preference.
| in ~ to They bought French planes in preference to British ones.
| ~ as to/with regard to He has not expressed a preference as to which school he wants to go to.
| ~ between people's preferences between brown, white and wholemeal bread
| ~ for sth (over sth) the government's preference for tax cuts over greater public spending
| ~ in changing preferences in furniture styles
PHRASES in order of preference List the candidates in order of preference.
ADV. accurately, exactly
PREP. according to The amount is calculated according to the number of years you have paid into the scheme.
| at The sum involved was calculated at $82 million.
ADV. carefully, shrewdly | correctly He correctly calculated that the others would not dare fight back.
ADJ. secret | Morse
VERB + CODE break, crack, decipher The code was difficult to crack.
| use, write in | invent, make up
CODE + NOUN word
PREP. in ~ All the messages were in code.
ADJ. area, dialling What's the area code for Bath?
| post/postal | bar, charge | DNA, genetic | binary (= a system of computer programming instructions) | error (= on a computer)
CODE + NOUN number
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(= the official rules for users of public roads in Britain) | dress
VERB + CODE have | devise, draw up, establish, formulate, lay down The company has drawn up a new disciplinary code.
| comply with, follow | break, infringe, violate He was thrown out for infringing the club's strict dress code.
PHRASES a code of behaviour/conduct/ethics/honour/practice The profession has a strict code of practice.
ADJ. heavy, large, massive | good | adequate | poor Our shower doesn't work very well because of the poor water flow.
| main | increased, increasing | ceaseless, constant, continuous, endless | free, uninterrupted the uninterrupted flow of traffic
| even, smooth, steady to maintain an even flow of work through the department
| easy, natural I liked the concerto for its natural flow.
| outward the outward flow of investment from the country
| annual, daily, seasonal | data, information | air, blood, gas, lava, menstrual, river, water | capital, cash, financial, investment, production, trade
VERB + FLOW have Big pension funds have a constant flow of cash.
| get, obtain Squeeze the tube of sealant slowly to obtain an even flow.
| allow We like to allow a free flow of ideas in our company.
| produce, provide The system provides a continuous flow of information to the market.
| keep, maintain He kept up a flow of chatter.
| ensure You must use a wide pipe to ensure an adequate flow of water.
| control, regulate | assist, encourage, facilitate, stimulate to encourage the flow of revenue into the country
| enhance, improve, increase The company is trying to enhance its cash flow.
| disrupt, impede, reduce, restrict, slow (down) The continual bombing disrupted the flow of supplies to the ground troops.
| block, break (up), cut (off), halt, interrupt, staunch, stem, stop They tried to staunch the flow of blood.
| divert The main flow of water has been diverted to a new course.
| join | measure
FLOW + NOUN rate The flow rate was measured at 9.5 litres per second.
| chart, diagram
PREP. against the ~ They have to swim against the flow of the river.
| ~ around/round air flows around the wings of an aircraft
| ~ from First cut off the water flow from the boiler.
| ~ into She joined the flow of immigrants to the country.
| ~ through the flow of data through the system
PHRASES changes in the flow Changes in the flow of patients have reduced the number of beds available.
| the ebb and flow the ebb and flow of the tide
VERB + TRANSITION bring about, cause, effect The negotiators hoped to effect a smooth transition to an interim administration.
| complete, make The company was slow to make the transition from paper to computer.
| undergo | mark The ceremony marks the transition of the student to graduate status.
| ease, smooth
TRANSITION + VERB occur, take place | be complete Her transition from girl to woman was complete.
TRANSITION + NOUN period, process | phase
PREP. during (the) ~ He will remain head of state during the transition to democracy.
| in ~ The country is in transition from an agricultural to an industrial society.
| ~ between This training course aims to smooth the transition between education and employment.
| ~ from, ~ to
PHRASES a period of transition, a process of transition, a state of transition
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| distinct The period can be divided into three distinct phases.
VERB + PHASE begin, enter, open, start Society has entered a technological phase of evolution.
| go through It's just a phase he's going through.
| complete, pass
PREP. during a/the ~ During the first phase of expansion staff will move to the new offices.
| in a/the ~ In the earliest phase of mental disorder, relatives feel confused.
| ~ in a new phase in the European economy
VERBS be
ADV. extremely, overwhelmingly, truly, very At the end of the 17th century England was still overwhelmingly rural.
| completely | largely, mainly, predominantly | semi-the ideal of suburban or semi-rural living
| quite | essentially | pleasantly
ADJ. high, low a band of light with high intensity
| fierce, great The sun beat down with fierce intensity. He studied the report with great intensity.
| emotional | passionate
VERB + INTENSITY decrease (in), reduce (in) | grow in, increase (in) Her headaches started to increase in intensity.
| vary in
PREP. in ~ The pain was growing in intensity.
ADJ. colour | CCTV, computer, television/TV, video
PREP. on a/the ~ The security staff can see all the outside of the building on their CCTV monitors.
ADJ. foetal, heart, oxygen, pulse, radiation
MONITOR + VERB detect sth | show sth The heart monitor shows the strength of your pulse.
ADJ. EU, UN UN monitors declared the referendum fair.
| school | health, peace
ADV. carefully, closely, rigorously, strictly Television advertising is strictly monitored.
| regularly, routinely, systematically | constantly, continuously | effectively, properly | automatically
VERB + MONITOR be able to We will now be able to monitor its progress more closely.
| continue to The authorities will continue to monitor the situation.
PREP. for The workers are constantly monitored for exposure to radiation.
VERBS be | become | remain, stay | make sth skills training to make our industries more competitive in world markets
| keep sth
ADV. extremely, fiercely, highly, intensely, very a fiercely competitive sport highly competitive prices a very competitive person
| fairly, quite, rather
PREP. with Investment in research is needed to keep Britain competitive with countries like Japan.
ADJ. hollow Each fibre has a hollow core trapping still air and aiding warmth. (figurative) There was a hollow core of sadness inside me.
| solid | copper, iron, etc. | reactor nuclear reactor cores
| central, essential, inner, innermost, very This is seen as the central core of the government's policy. A new spirit welled up from the very core of the nation.
| common a common core of shared understanding about law and government
| hard A hard core of supporters, mostly teenage girls, gathered at the airport to see the star arrive.
| emotional the emotional core of her music
VERB + CORE form, make up These ideas formed the core of his philosophy.
| get to We want to get to the core of the problem.
CORE + NOUN activity, area, course, curriculum, discipline, module, programme, skill, subject the core area of management studies Students study five core subjects.
| component, element, group | business, service We need to stop this expansion and concentrate on the core business.
| belief, value | vocabulary
PREP. at sth's ~ At the core of our convictions is belief in individual liberty.
| to the ~ She was shaken to the core by the news. He's a politician to the core
(= in all his attitudes, beliefs and actions).
ADJ. total the total volume of the containers
PREP. by ~ They sell screws and nails by volume.
| in ~ 2 litres in volume
ADJ. sheer The sheer volume of fiction produced is staggering.
| considerable, enormous, great, heavy, high, huge, large, substantial, vast | small
VERB + VOLUME increase | decrease, reduce | double/grow//increase/rise in Sales have doubled in volume.
| decrease/fall in
VOLUME + VERB double, increase, rise Sales volume has doubled since 1999.
| decrease, fall
ADJ. high | full, maximum | low
VERB + VOLUME increase, turn up | decrease, turn down | grow/increase/rise in | decrease/fall in
VOLUME + NOUN control the volume control on the television
PREP. at … ~ The car stereo was on at full volume.
ADJ. bound, leather-bound a library full of bound volumes
| companion a companion volume to the one on African wildlife
| rare Only a specialist shop would have this rare volume.
| bulky, massive, substantial, thick, weighty | compact, slim | glossy a forty-page, glossy volume about the company's products
| dusty | old | single | separate
QUANT. series
VERB + VOLUME publish
PREP. in a/the ~ Her poems are now available in a single volume.
| ~ of a volume of short stories
| ~ on a volume on ancient history
PHRASES run to five, several, etc. volumes The encyclopedia is a huge work, running to 20 volumes.
ADJ. basic, broad, general | wider The needs of individual schools need to be considered in a wider framework.
| existing | flexible | comprehensive | coherent | analytical, conceptual, theoretical | legal, political | administrative, management, policy | economic, financial | chronological, historical Carbon dating provides the archaeologist with a basic chronological framework.
VERB + FRAMEWORK establish, have, set They established a basic framework of ground rules for discussions.
| offer (sb), provide (sb with)
PREP. outside a/the ~ Negotiations were also conducted outside the framework of the treaty talks proper.
| within a/the ~ The committee will work within the framework of certain broad objectives.
| ~ for a legal framework for the regulation of public access to databases
ADV. fully | largely | clearly | expressly These conditions must be expressly incorporated into the contract of employment.
| properly | gradually | quickly | eventually, finally | easily, readily These new features can easily be incorporated.
| neatly | effectively | satisfactorily, successfully | necessarily | forcibly the countries which Stalin forcibly incorporated into the Soviet empire
PREP. as In 1940 the area was incorporated as part of the city of London.
| in The data is now incorporated in the total figures.
| into We can incorporate this information into our report.
| within Results are incorporated within personalized medical records.
ADJ. brief I did not see him again, except for a brief encounter on a train.
| casual, chance, unexpected It was a chance encounter that led to the setting up of the new political party.
| close I decided not to risk a second close encounter with the snakes.
| face-to-face | direct The press conference was her first direct encounter with the media.
| unpleasant, violent | social the language we use in everyday social encounters
| sexual
VERB + ENCOUNTER have I had my first encounter with the president two years ago.
ENCOUNTER + VERB take place
PREP. ~ between violent encounters between police and protesters
| ~ with my first encounter with my new boss
ADV. commonly, frequently, often, regularly Walruses were commonly encountered in the Shetland Islands until quite recently.
| rarely | inevitably
VERB + ENCOUNTER be likely to What are the difficulties you are most likely to encounter?
ADV. above, already, earlier, previously This is similar to the example cited above.
| commonly, frequently, often The most commonly cited reasons for stopping the treatment were lack of efficacy and side effects.
| widely
PREP. as He cited the fall in unemployment as one of the government's successes.
ADJ. chief, great, key, main | desirable, essential, important, necessary, positive, useful Patience is an essential attribute for a teacher.
| common | divine, human | cultural, personal, physical, social Her physical attributes were much admired.
VERB + ATTRIBUTE have, possess
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PREP. to They claim that one i
n twenty deaths can be directl
y attributed to air pollution
.
PHRASES be commonly/generally/usually/widely attributed to The goals commonly attributed to management are status, power, salary and security.
ADJ. considerable, great, heavy, increased schools that put a heavy emphasis on sporting achievement
| strong | main discussing where the main emphasis should be placed
| particular, special Examine the events leading to the war, with particular emphasis on France's role in them.
VERB + EMPHASIS give, lay, place, put The company lays great emphasis on customer care.
| shift The Democrats shifted the emphasis away from direct taxation.
EMPHASIS + VERB move, shift In recent years, the emphasis has moved away from punishing drug addicts towards helping them.
PREP. ~ on/upon The emphasis is on keeping fit rather than developing lots of muscles.
PHRASES a change/shift of emphasis
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "q[$wb2UaQu", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "374.2", "emphasis", @@ -4470,14 +3931,12 @@ " ADJ. great ‘I’, he said with great emphasis, ‘was the one.’
| slight His slight emphasis on the word ‘Lady’ was definitely mocking.
VERB + EMPHASIS put
PREP. with ~ She repeated the question with emphasis.
| ~ on Put the emphasis on the second syllable.
ADJ. absolute, complete, total, utter The whole thing has been a complete waste of time.
| colossal, great, tremendous | awful, criminal, senseless, shocking, terrible a criminal waste of public money
| needless, unnecessary, useless | tragic a tragic waste of human life
| expensive | conspicuous
VERB + WASTE go to If nobody comes all this food will go to waste.
| cause | avoid Try to avoid unnecessary waste.
| cut down on, reduce | minimize
PREP. ~ of a waste of energy/resources
ADJ. dangerous, harmful, hazardous, poisonous, toxic a dump containing hazardous waste
| non-toxic | high-level, intermediate-level, low-level | recyclable | agricultural, commercial, industrial | domestic, household, kitchen All household waste should be disposed of in strong garbage bags.
| clinical, hospital, medical | nuclear, radioactive | chemical | plastic | organic | animal, human | garden, plant | municipal | liquid, solid | food, energy
VERB + WASTE produce Tonnes of waste are produced every year.
| dispose of, dump, get rid of More people are dumping waste illegally.
| clean up the highly expensive task of cleaning up toxic waste
| burn, incinerate an incinerator for burning hospital waste
| bury, store | process, treat facilities for processing radioactive waste
| recycle, reprocess | deal with, handle, manage the best solutions for managing waste
| cut down on, reduce | eliminate | export, import Industrialized countries continue to export their waste.
WASTE + VERB contaminate sth, pollute sth areas contaminated by industrial waste
WASTE + NOUN collection | burial, disposal, incineration | storage | processing, recycling, reprocessing, treatment a waste reprocessing plant
| management | minimization, reduction | bin | dump, site, tip The river was used for years as an industrial waste dump.
| outlet, pipe | imports a ban on waste imports
ADJ. frozen, icy the frozen wastes of Antarctica
ADV. (not) entirely, (not) totally In the end her efforts were not entirely wasted.
| just, simply You're just wasting your breath. She never listens.
| largely
VERB + WASTE can't afford to, not want to He didn't want to waste valuable time in idle gossip.
| be/seem a shame to It seems a shame to waste this good food.
| not be going to I'm not going to waste any more time on the problem.
PREP. on Don't waste your money on a hotel room.
PHRASES no time to waste Hurry up?there's no time to waste!
ADJ. hot, warm | cold, cool | mild | extreme, harsh, inhospitable, severe the severe northern climate
| damp, humid, wet | arid, dry | equatorial, Mediterranean, subtropical, temperate, tropical | northern, southern, etc. | global global climate change
VERB + CLIMATE have The city has a warm climate.
CLIMATE + NOUN change
PREP. in a/the ~ Little grows in such a dry climate.
ADJ. favourable | hostile, unfavourable | current, present, prevailing | changed, changing | business, economic, emotional, financial, ideological, intellectual, moral, political, social
VERB + CLIMATE create
PREP. in a/the ~ His ideas on equality are viewed as utopian in the current political climate.
| ~ for a climate for economic recovery
| ~ of The new policies have created a climate of fear.
PHRASES a climate of opinion
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "lmnEk6WmAk", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "377.1", "differ", @@ -4582,14 +4029,12 @@ " ADV. considerably, enormously, fundamentally, greatly, markedly, radically, sharply, significantly, substantially, widely The two approaches differ markedly Opinions differ widely on this issue.
| little | slightly, somewhat | clearly
PREP. according to Conditions of employment differ according to the type of company you are working for.
| between Social organization differs significantly between the different groups.
| from His ideas differ little from those of his father.
| in The models differ in size and shape.
VERB + DIFFER agree to In the end we agreed to differ.
| beg to I beg to differ
(= I disagree with you).
PREP. about/over The two sides still differ over details of the plan.
| on The two parties differ on all the major issues.
| with It didn't seem right that I should differ with him.
VERBS be, sound | become, get The conversation was getting a bit technical for me, so I left them to it.
ADV. extremely, highly, very A lot of the discussions were highly technical.
| purely This is a purely technical problem.
| a bit, quite, rather, somewhat
ADJ. firing, locking, steering, trigger, winding
MECHANISM + VERB operate, work The door locking mechanism doesn't work.
| jam
ADJ. effective, precise an effective mechanism for enforcing the rules
| underlying | complex | social
VERB + MECHANISM provide The system provides a mechanism whereby information is channelled into the market.
MECHANISM + VERB operate, work | allow sth, ensure sth
PREP. by/through the ~ of The government is held accountable through the mechanism of regular general elections.
| ~ for a mechanism for dealing with complaints
ADJ. avoidance, control, defence, escape, survival The body has defence mechanisms against many diseases.
| cellular, genetic, immunological, molecular, neural, physiological, psychological, etc.
PREP. ~ for
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "pdQ])Oe-qp", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "380", "description", @@ -4678,14 +4113,12 @@ " ADJ. complete, comprehensive, detailed, full The catalogue gives a full description of each product.
| accurate, apt, exact, excellent, fair, fitting, good, perfect ‘Like a fish out of water’ was an apt description of how I felt in my new job.
| vivid a vivid description of life in Ancient Rome
| graphic, lurid She gave us a lurid description of the birth.
| lengthy, long | brief, short | basic, simple | vague | objective A report is generally an objective description rather than a statement of opinion.
| physical | job There was no mention of any cleaning in my job description.
VERB + DESCRIPTION give (sb), issue, provide (sb with) Police have issued a description of the gunman. She was able to provide a description of the intruder.
| fit A man fitting your description was seen entering the building.
| beggar, defy His face was so odd that it defies description.
DESCRIPTION + VERB apply to sb, fit sb I realized to my horror that the description of the killer fitted me.
ADV. boldly, confidently, emphatically, forcefully, strongly The report asserts confidently that the industry will grow.
| directly, explicitly | simply He had no real evidence?he simply asserted that what he said was true.
| repeatedly | rightly
ADJ. considerable, great, real, substantial | limited | invaluable, valuable | practical | special | direct, emergency, immediate People in the flooded areas are in need of direct assistance.
| mutual The treaty pledged mutual assistance in the event of an attack on either country.
| expert, professional | external, outside | foreign, international | government, national They argued the case for extra government assistance for the poorest regions.
| public, social, welfare the stigma attached to receiving social assistance
| personal disabled people who need personal assistance to enable them to live in their own homes
| humanitarian | economic, financial, legal, material, medical, military, technical
VERB + ASSISTANCE give sb, offer (sb), provide, render We provide assistance if your car breaks down.
| get, receive Did you receive any assistance from the authorities?
| pledge, promise (sb) The World Bank promised assistance to the value of $5 million.
| be in need of, need, require | expect | ask for, call for, seek I advise you to seek assistance from the police.
| turn to sb for She had no one to turn to for assistance.
| be of, come to sb's Do let us know if we can be of any assistance to you. A sympathetic neighbour came to his assistance.
| welcome
PREP. with/without ~ The work was completed with the assistance of local carpenters.
| ~ for humanitarian assistance for refugees
| ~ from assistance from friends and family
| ~ in assistance in finding suitable accommodation
| ~ with assistance with rent for people on a low income
ADV. considerably, drastically, greatly, heavily, profoundly, radically, significantly, substantially The original text has been modified so radically that it is barely recognizable.
| a little, partially, partly, slightly, somewhat | gradually | constantly | specially | appropriately, suitably | accordingly | chemically, genetically genetically modified organisms
VERB + MODIFY have to, need to You may need to modify your plans a little.
PHRASES highly modified, in a modified form These ideas are still used today, though in a slightly modified form.
| a modified version using a highly modified version of the program
ADJ. complete, total | enforced the enforced isolation of life in an Arctic weather station
| diplomatic, geographical, political | international The country could face international isolation if it does not withdraw its troops.
| emotional, social the social isolation of single mothers at home with their babies
VERB + ISOLATION experience, suffer (from) Many immigrants experience isolation.
ISOLATION + NOUN hospital, ward
PREP. in ~ The figures should not be looked at in isolation but as part of a pattern.
PHRASES in splendid isolation The tower stands in splendid isolation on the cliff edge.
ADJ. vast | new The explorers set off to conquer new territories.
| former former French territories
| neighbouring, surrounding | home, national | alien, foreign, overseas | enemy, hostile | neutral | colonial, dependent | sovereign Troops were stationed on sovereign German territory.
| conquered, lost, occupied a town in British-occupied territory
| unoccupied | disputed | familiar | uncharted, unexplored, unknown, virgin | dangerous
VERB + TERRITORY hold | annex, capture, conquer, invade, occupy, recapture, take | control, govern, rule The territory had been controlled by Azerbaijan for many years.
| cede, surrender | explore (often figurative) Tired of writing detective novels, she began to explore new territory.
| settle The territory was never densely settled.
| enter | leave | overfly The plane was shot down while overflying enemy territory.
| stray into The soldiers strayed into hostile territory.
ADJ. breeding
VERB + TERRITORY defend, patrol | mark (out), scent-mark
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| true | ancient, early, primitive | recent The term ‘black hole’ is of very recent origin.
| immediate The development had its immediate origins in discussions with management.
| African, English, etc. | foreign | local | mixed | natural | supernatural | environmental, geographical, historical, intellectual | animal, human, mineral, plant, vegetable foods of animal origin We shouldn't forget our animal origins.
VERB + ORIGIN have, share The vases share common origins.
| investigate, trace | owe Population genetics owes its origin to Francis Galton.
| explain | reflect
ORIGIN + VERB go back to sth, lie in sth The origins of Gdansk go back to the tenth century.
PREP. in ~ The rock is volcanic in origin.
| of … ~ a painting of unknown origin
PHRASES sth's country of origin Bottles are labelled by country of origin.
| have its origin in sth The dispute had its origin in the Battle of Wakefield.
ADJ. African, English, etc. | foreign | mixed | class, ethnic, national, racial, social | middle-class, noble, peasant, slave, working-class | humble, lowly He had risen from humble origins through hard work.
VERB + ORIGIN trace Their family can trace its origins back to the Norman Conquest.
| betray Her accent betrayed her working-class origins.
PREP. by ~ He is a Londoner by origin.
| in ~ Her family is Portuguese in origin.
| of … ~ He was of lowly origins.
PHRASES sb's country of origin
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| definitive
VERB + JUDGEMENT form, make It's difficult to form a judgement when you don't have all the facts.
| express Remember to be tactful when expressing a personal judgement.
| confirm This latest case confirms my earlier judgement.
| come to, reach It is too soon to reach any definitive judgement.
| deliver, give, pass, pronounce The school inspector's function is not merely to pronounce judgement, but also to suggest improvements.
| reserve, suspend The court reserved judgement on the two appeals.
| obtain, win They obtained a judgement in their favour.
| reverse They are trying to get the judgement reversed.
| abide by
PREP. in sb's ~ What, in your judgement, would be the best way to deal with the problem?
| ~ about She must make her own judgement about when to go.
| ~ against The sacked workers won a judgement against the company.
| ~ as to Experience helps us to form judgements as to the best course of action in given circumstances.
| ~ on I'm not equipped to pass judgement on such matters.
ADJ. fine, good, remarkable, shrewd, sound Landing a plane requires fine judgement.
| impartial, independent | impaired, weak | aesthetic, artistic, critical, ethical, moral, political, professional She has a reputation for sound professional judgement.
VERB + JUDGEMENT display, show | rely on | respect, trust He trusted his wife's judgement.
| doubt | back The company backed her judgement and implemented all her recommendations.
| exercise, use | colour, influence He never allows any prejudices to colour his judgement.
| sit in He felt he had no right to sit in judgement on someone he had only just met.
PREP. ~ about You will need to exercise your own judgement about what clothes to wear.
| ~ in The speaker showed good judgement in his choice of topic.
PHRASES an error of judgement Accepting the gift was an error of judgement on the part of the party chairman.
| a lack of judgement, a matter of judgement How much money you should invest is a matter of judgement.
VERB + CYCLE go through The European market is simply going through an economic cycle.
| complete To complete the cycle, oxygen is necessary.
| repeat
CYCLE + VERB begin again Male and female adults mate, the female lays eggs, and the cycle begins all over again.
| repeat (itself) This cycle of events continually repeats itself.
CYCLE + NOUN length, time
PREP. in a/the ~ at this point in the cycle
| per ~ The number of young produced per breeding cycle varies from species to species.
PHRASES part of the cycle (of sth) part of the cycle of birth and death
ADJ. motor (also motorcycle), pedal
VERB + CYCLE ride
CYCLE + NOUN ride, tour We're going for a cycle ride this afternoon.
| helmet | lane, path, route, track Cars are not allowed in the cycle lanes.
| race
PREP. by ~ They completed their journey by cycle.
| on a/the ~ lots of people in cars or on cycles
ADJ. basic, fundamental, hidden, implicit, tacit, underlying, unspoken | common, conventional, general, shared, widespread shared assumptions between teachers and parents
| correct, reasonable, valid | erroneous, false, flawed, incorrect, mistaken, questionable, wrong
QUANT. number, series, set Your argument is based on a set of questionable assumptions.
VERB + ASSUMPTION make She's always making assumptions about how much money people have.
| base sth on, start from, work on We are working on the assumption that the techniques are safe.
| accept | challenge, disprove, question, test
ASSUMPTION + VERB underly sth, underpin sth the assumptions underlying their beliefs
PREP. on the ~ that I set the table for eight people, on the assumption that Jo would come.
| ~ about assumptions about how women should behave
ADV. heavily, lavishly, richly | fully | attractively, beautifully, delightfully, handsomely, superbly
PREP. with The new edition is heavily illustrated with photographs of aircraft.
ADV. amply | admirably, aptly, neatly, nicely, well The dire consequences of chronic underfunding are nowhere better illustrated than in the nation's schools.
| perfectly | merely, simply His question merely illustrates his ignorance of the subject.
| clearly, dramatically, graphically, strikingly, vividly | brutally, starkly, tragically The case tragically illustrates the dangers of fireworks.
VERB + ILLUSTRATE serve to Two examples serve to illustrate this point.
| be chosen to, be designed to, be intended to
PREP. to a way of illustrating to the chairman the folly of his decision
ADV. really, truly Can you really justify the destruction of such a fine old building?
| hardly The meagre result hardly justified the risks they took to get it.
VERB + JUSTIFY can/could | attempt to, seek to, try to | need to | be difficult to, be hard to He found it very difficult to justify his decision.
PREP. on the grounds of/that The decision is justified on the grounds that there is no realistic alternative.
| to How will you justify this pay cut to your employees?
ADJ. conventional, customary, normal, standard, time-honoured, traditional, usual | correct You are not approaching the problem in the correct manner.
| appropriate, satisfactory I did my best to behave in the appropriate manner.
| prudent, reasonable, responsible, safe, sensible Chemical waste must be disposed of in an environmentally-responsible manner.
| efficient, productive, profitable | logical, methodical, orderly, rational, systematic | consistent, uniform | objective | arbitrary, haphazard Files have been stored in such a haphazard manner that they are impossible to find.
| professional | constructive, positive The dispute could have been handled in a more constructive manner.
| non-violent, peaceful | straightforward | suspicious He was behaving in a highly suspicious manner.
| light-hearted | casual, easy, informal, leisurely, relaxed | formal | calm | off-hand He answered in such an off-hand manner that I wondered if he'd misheard me.
| confident, decisive | dignified | diffident, mild, quiet, shy | charming, cheerful, friendly, jovial, kindly, pleasant, sympathetic | abrasive, aggressive, arrogant, unfriendly, unpleasant | forthright | brusque, cold | businesslike, no-nonsense His no-nonsense manner gave him the reputation of being a good doctor.
| authoritarian, autocratic, high-handed | condescending, dismissive | authoritative The authoritative manner in which he talked concealed his ignorance.
| bedside, telephone He's a good doctor with a sympathetic bedside manner. She has a very pleasant telephone manner.
VERB + MANNER have | adopt He tends to adopt a condescending manner when talking to young women.
| act in She accused the teacher of not acting in a professional manner.
MANNER + VERB change His manner changed abruptly when he heard how much I wanted.
| conceal sth Her brusque m
| suggest sth He was not as loutish as his manner suggested.
PREP. in a/the ~ The inspection was conducted in a thoroughly professional manner.
| in the ~ of He lectured us in the manner of a headmaster.
| in your ~ There was something in his manner that I found very irritating.
PHRASES in a timely manner All claims must be settled in a professional and timely manner.
| in no uncertain manner He told her in no uncertain manner that her behaviour was unacceptable.
ADJ. beautiful, charming, excellent, good, impeccable, nice, perfect It's not good manners to stare at people.
| bad | table His children have no table manners.
VERB + MANNER have | teach sb Didn't your parents teach you any manners?
| learn | forget I'm sorry, I was forgetting my manners. Can I offer you a drink?
PHRASES have the (good) manners to do sth He could at least have had the manners to answer my letter.
| a lack of manners Her lack of manners is quite appalling.
ADJ. common, universal, widespread | isolated, rare, unique | new, recent | natural | curious, inexplicable, remarkable, strange | complex | observable | cultural, historical, linguistic, mental, physical, political, psychological, social, supernatural, urban
VERB + PHENOMENON investigate His job is to investigate supernatural phenomena.
PHENOMENON + VERB emerge, occur The phenomenon occurs during early foetal development.
VERBS be, seem | become | consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as
ADV. especially, extremely, highly, particularly, specially, very | barely, hardly, not really, scarcely Past imperial glories are hardly relevant to the present day.
| (only) marginally, partially | not necessarily, not strictly Resist the temptation to discuss topics that are not strictly relevant to the essay question.
| directly | only indirectly | immediately | no longer | potentially | apparently | clearly, obviously | universally | morally, politically, socially Is there a morally relevant difference between human life and animal life?
| vocationally vocationally relevant qualifications
PREP. to information relevant to this case
ADV. closely | directly, exactly, precisely | approximately, broadly, roughly
PREP. to Their nursery schools correspond roughly to our infant schools.
| with The movement of the dot on the screen corresponds exactly with the movement of the control lever.
ADV. regularly
PREP. with She corresponded regularly with her former music teacher.
VERBS be
ADV. purely, strictly He insisted that his relationship with the duchess was purely professional.
VERBS be, look Their designs look very professional.
ADV. extremely, highly, really, truly, very He dealt with the problem in a highly professional way.
| thoroughly | increasingly | almost | quite, rather
VERBS be | become, turn
ADV. fully He wants to turn fully professional.
conventional adj
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| characteristic, distinctive I recognized the distinctive shape of a Boeing-747.
| curious, interesting, unusual, weird | awkward The desk was an awkward shape and wouldn't fit through the door.
| original | geometric/geometrical, regular, symmetrical | complex | asymmetrical, irregular | odd, random tiles of random shape
| solid, three-dimensional | aerodynamic | angular, arch, circular, cone/conical, cylindrical, diamond, dome, egg, elliptical, elongated, hemispherical, hexagonal, oblong, pentagonal, pointed, pyramid/pyramidal, rectangular, round, spherical, triangular, wedge | rounded, smooth | arrow, banana, cross, pear, star, T, etc. The road forms an L shape. The bruise was a sort of mushroom shape.
| blurred, ghostly, shadowy, vague | huge, massive | black, dark, grey | human | body You can't change your natural body shape.
VERB + SHAPE cut out, draw, make, trace First draw the rough shape of your chosen animal. Fold the paper to make the shape of a cone.
| cut sth into, make sth in, produce sth in a cheese similar to Brie but produced in a different shape
| come in, have Tables come in various shapes.
| assume, make, take on Ordinary things assumed different shapes in the mist.
| keep, retain These garments will retain their shape even with repeated washing.
| regain | change | lose | distort The wide-angle lens distorts shapes.
| distinguish, make out, see I could just make out the shapes of animals in the field.
SHAPE + VERB appear, emerge, loom Ghostly shapes loomed out of the fog.
PREP. in the ~ of a doormat in the shape of a cat
PHRASES out of shape The bicycle had been battered out of shape.
| oblong/rectangular/hexagonal, etc. in shape The island is roughly circular in shape.
VERB + SHAPE get sb/sth into, knock/lick/whip sb/sth into Get your body into shape for the summer! Leave the boy with me?I'll soon knock him into shape!
| be in, keep in, stay in You are in pretty good shape for your age. She likes to stay in shape.
| be out of
ADJ. tour, tourist Our tour guide showed us around the old town.
VERB + GUIDE act as, be He agreed to go with them and act as their guide.
ADV. gently He took her arm, gently guiding her.
PREP. across, along, etc. She guided him across the busy road.
| to/towards He guided her hand to his face.
ADJ. big, considerable, enormous, great, huge, major, massive, significant, substantial, vast The company was now set for major expansion.
| maximum | dramatic, marked, remarkable, unprecedented an unprecedented expansion in linguistic studies at British universities
| rapid | gradual | steady | continued, further, sustained | eastward, westward, etc. | global, international, overseas, worldwide | successful | aggressive The board decided to embark on aggressive overseas expansion.
| healthy | planned, proposed | uncontrolled | business, commercial, company | economic, industrial | colonial, imperial, territorial | population | urban
VERB + EXPANSION show The economy is still showing healthy expansion.
| allow (for), provide for The design of the front pockets allows for expansion.
| be ripe for a ready-made hotel chain ripe for further expansion
| be set for The company is set for further expansion into niche areas.
| call for | go for, look for We are going for maximum expansion.
| encourage, facilitate, promote | impede, limit, restrict | halt, stop | prevent | embark on | finance, fund In order to finance expansion on this scale, the government has relied heavily on borrowing.
EXPANSION + VERB occur, take place
EXPANSION + NOUN plan, programme
PREP. ~ into expansion into the luxury car market
| ~ in a great age of expansion in trade and science
PHRASES a period of expansion a period of rapid economic expansion
| the rate of expansion The rate of expansion of our overseas trade has been spectacular.
| potential/room/scope/space for expansion The company believes there is scope for expansion in this sector.
ADV. considerably, enormously, greatly, immeasurably, significantly, substantially The success in the election strengthened the party's position considerably.
| further This merger will further strengthen the company and ensure its continued success.
| merely This temporary setback merely strengthened her resolve.
| gradually
VERB + STRENGTHEN help (to), serve to | be designed to These exercises are designed to strengthen your stomach muscles.
PREP. against The euro has strengthened against the dollar.
PHRASES an attempt/effort to strengthen sth, be aimed at strengthening sth The new law is aimed at strengthening protective measures for workers.
| measures to strengthen sth
VERB + INCENTIVE act as, be He argues that the free supply of skilled labour will act as an incentive for employees to be more diligent.
| have She had the added incentive of being within reach of the world record.
| need | give (sb/sth), offer (sb/sth), provide (sb/sth with) | create The government has created tax incentives to encourage investment.
| increase | reduce | undermine High taxation rates have undermined work incentives.
| remove
INCENTIVE + NOUN programme, scheme, system The company operates a share incentive scheme for its workers.
| payment
PREP. ~ to an incentive to investment
PHRASES have every incentive The absence of penalties for anti-competitive behaviour means that firms have every incentive to engage in price-fixing.
| a lack of incentive Low levels of profitability mean there is a lack of incentive to undertake new investment.
VERBS be
\nADV. very | purely | merely | essentially
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ADV. enormously, especially, exceedingly, exceptionally, extraordinarily, extremely, highly, hugely, immensely, incredibly, infinitely, particularly, very This is a highly complex matter.
| increasingly | fairly, quite, rather, relatively, somewhat | surprisingly | unnecessarily | technically technically complex surgery
ADJ. official, unofficial | current, recent Current estimates suggest that supplies will run out within six months.
| early, initial, preliminary | accurate, fair, good, realistic, reasonable, reliable | best Flight times in the brochure are based on our best estimate, and will be confirmed as soon as possible.
| approximate, rough | conservative, low I think 15,000 will turn out to be a very low estimate.
| high According to the highest estimate, over 100,000 men died in the battle.
| optimistic, pessimistic | cost
VERB + ESTIMATE make Can you make an estimate of the numbers involved?
| give (sb), provide (sb with), submit Three firms submitted estimates for the work.
| revise
ESTIMATE + VERB be based on sth | indicate sth, predict sth, show sth, suggest sth One estimate suggests that 30,000 jobs may be lost.
| put sth at Some estimates put the figure as high as 50%.
| range, vary Cost estimates vary from $50,000 to $200,000.
PREP. according to an/the ~ According to the revised estimate, four million people will be without homes.
| at an ~ Even at a conservative estimate, there is a lot of work to be done.
| in an/the ~ In his first estimate, he suggested a figure of £5,000.
| ~ by, ~ from According to an estimate by a leading newspaper, she earns £40 million a year.
| ~ for We will send you an estimate for the repairs.
| ~ of an estimate of profits an estimate of £300
VERBS be, feel, seem, sound | become | remain
ADV. distinctly, extremely, strongly, terribly, very the strongly negative implications of these survey results. Their attitude was terribly negative.
| completely, entirely, exclusively, purely, totally, wholly She spoke in entirely negative terms.
| largely, mainly, overwhelmingly | fairly, rather, slightly, somewhat | apparently | essentially Critical thinking is essentially negative as it seeks to dissect and not to build.
| generally
PREP. about He's been rather negative about the idea.
VERBS be, prove, test The breathalyser test proved negative. He tested negative for HIV infection.
PREP. for The urine tests were negative for protein.
ADJ. leadership, title his title challenge to the heavyweight champion
VERB + CHALLENGE issue, mount plans to mount a leadership challenge within the party
| accept, take up I accepted his challenge to a game of chess.
| beat off, fight off Our team will have to fight off the challenge from better trained teams.
PREP. ~ from a challenge from the other political party
ADJ. basic, broad, central, fundamental, general the basic principles of car maintenance
| cardinal, essential, key | universal | democratic, legal, market, political, scientific, theoretical
VERB + PRINCIPLE establish, formulate, lay down | apply | explain
PRINCIPLE + VERB apply This principle applies to all kinds of selling.
| underlie sth, underpin sth the principles underlying Western philosophy
PREP. in ~ I agree with you in principle, but we'll need to discuss the details.
| ~ behind She went on to explain the principles behind what she was doing.
ADV. crucially, greatly, very much The future of the company will depend crucially on how consumers respond.
| entirely, solely | largely, mainly | partly, rather, to some extent | ultimately Whether or not we can go ultimately depends on the weather.
VERB + DEPEND seem to The outcome seems to depend on the type of soil used.
ADV. heavily | entirely, solely
PREP. for She depends entirely on her parents for money.
ADJ. true | complete, full | close, seamless | further, greater, improved, increased | rapid | economic, monetary, political, racial, social We are working to bring about closer political integration in the EU.
| internal | systems (computing)
QUANT. degree, level
VERB + INTEGRATION achieve, bring about | accelerate, encourage, facilitate, promote, speed up, stimulate measures to promote the social integration of mentally handicapped people
| require | lead to
PREP. ~ between integration between research and higher education
| ~ into the integration of disabled pupils into the general education system
| ~ with He called for greater integration with Europe.
| ~ within economic integration within the three communities
PHRASES a move towards integration a move towards greater internal integration in Europe
| a need for integration, a process of integration
VERB + EXPLORE be keen to, want to, wish to | be free to In the afternoon you'll be free to explore a little on your own.
PREP. for exploring for oil
ADJ. whole
PREP. on the ~ of We made our decision on the basis of the information we had.
| ~ for The whole basis for your argument is false.
ADJ. regular | daily, monthly, weekly, etc. Staff are employed on a monthly basis.
| permanent, temporary | casual, part-time, voluntary | commercial
PREP. on a … ~
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PREP. on the ~ of We made our decision on the basis of the information we had.
| ~ for The whole basis for your argument is false.
ADJ. regular | daily, monthly, weekly, etc. Staff are employed on a monthly basis.
| permanent, temporary | casual, part-time, voluntary | commercial
PREP. on a … ~
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| actively, positively The government must actively encourage investment in these areas.
VERB + ENCOURAGE aim to | try to | be designed to These questions are designed to encourage debate.
| be likely to Newspapers should not publish material that is likely to encourage discrimination on the grounds of race or colour.
PREP. in Her head of department encouraged her in her research work.
ADJ. big, considerable, dramatic, enormous, great, spectacular, substantial, tremendous | important, major, notable, remarkable, significant | rapid, steady rapid advances in science and technology
| recent | economic, educational, medical, political, scientific, social, technical, technological | theoretical
VERB + ADVANCE make We need more money if we are to make any further advances in this area of science.
PREP. in ~ two major advances in orthopaedic medicine
| on ~ an advance on the existing techniques
| towards ~ an advance towards a better understanding of God
ADJ. large | cash
VERB + ADVANCE give, pay The publishers have paid me an advance.
| get, receive
PREP. ~ of an advance of
£10,000
| ~ on He was paid
£5,000 as an advance on royalties.
ADV. considerably, greatly, significantly | rapidly
PREP. beyond Society needs to advance beyond prejudice and superstition.
VERBS appear, be, feel, seem
\n ADV. perfectly, quite, utterly I'm perfectly content just to lie in the sun.
| fairly, reasonably, relatively | apparently | curiously, strangely She felt curiously content.
PREP. with She seemed quite content with the idea.
VERBS be, look, prove, seem, sound | become, get It is getting more and more difficult to find a job.
| make sth The fog made driving very difficult.
| find sth
ADV. exceedingly, extraordinarily, extremely, incredibly, particularly, really, very | doubly Her disability made taking care of the home and raising a family doubly difficult.
| increasingly | a bit, quite, rather | notoriously Birth rates are notoriously difficult to predict.
ADJ. considerable, enormous, grave, great, major, real, serious, severe We had enormous difficulty in getting hold of the right equipment.
| insurmountable | increasing questions of increasing difficulty
| inherent the difficulties inherent in treating overdose patients
| particular, special English spelling presents special difficulties for foreign learners.
| economic, financial | practical, technical I think we've managed to overcome most of the practical difficulties.
| behavioural, emotional, learning children with learning difficulties
QUANT. level The games have various different levels of difficulty.
VERB + DIFFICULTY encounter, experience, face, get into, have, run into Among the difficulties encountered was a lack of cooperation on the part of the authorities. Anyone experiencing difficulty with radio reception should call us on the new helpline. Let me know if you have any difficulties. I had little difficulty in persuading the others to come. The scheme has run into serious difficulties.
| cause, create, make, present Will it cause any difficulties if I go early? She is always making difficulties for herself.
| cope with, deal with, overcome, resolve, solve, surmount | avoid how to avoid technical difficulties
| be fraught with The situation was fraught with difficulty.
DIFFICULTY + VERB arise, crop up Difficulties arise when people fail to consult their colleagues.
| lie (in sth) The difficulty lies in identifying the precise nature of the problem.
PREP. despite a/the ~ Despite all the difficulties, he still remains optimistic.
| in ~ We could see that the swimmer was in difficulties.
| with/without ~ We crossed the border without any difficulty. Life in the city was not without its difficulties.
| ~ in She had difficulty in starting her car.
| ~ of the difficulty of finding affordable accommodation
| ~ with having difficulty with the engine
ADJ. continuing | unlawful
VERB + INDUSTRIAL ACTION take | threaten | call for | vote for | start | step up The union is considering stepping up its industrial action.
| suspend | stop | take part in, be/become involved in His research indicates an increase in the number of women involved in industrial action.
| support
PREP. ~ against The union is threatening industrial action against the company.
| ~ by industrial action by railway workers
| ~ in support of industrial action in support of demands for a ten per cent salary adjustment
| ~ over to take industrial action over pay
ADJ. complete, full One full revolution of the knob will open the hatch.
VERB + REVOLUTION make
PREP. through a ~ The earth turns through one complete revolution approximately every twenty-four hours.
| ~ about/around/round How long does it take for the planet Jupiter to make a complete revolution around the sun?
PHRASES revolutions a/per minute
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ADV. truly, very | absolutely, quite This principle is clear and absolutely fundamental.
| fairly, rather
PREP. to Improved funding is fundamental to the success of the project.
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VERB + FUNDAMENTALS teach | grasp, learn, master We quickly mastered the basic fundamentals of navigation.
| go back to, return to The government went back to fundamentals, concentrating on avoiding food shortages.
VERBS appear, be, seem | become It is becoming almost essential for students to have a second language.
| remain | make sth Increased competition makes it essential for the business to innovate.
| consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as, think sth Do you consider these textbooks essential for the course?
ADV. really | absolutely | almost, virtually | fairly | by no means Although useful, the accessories are by no means essential.
PREP. for the skills essential for success
| to He believed that some form of religion was essential to human life.
ADJ. bare, basic the bare essentials for existence
VERB + ESSENTIALS grasp Just try and grasp the essentials of the argument.
| provide The relief agencies are trying to provide food and other basic essentials.
| concentrate on Don't let's worry about the details at this stage. Let's concentrate on the essentials.
PHRASES do not hesitate to contact sb Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions.
ADV. fully The increase can be fully accounted for.
| partly The differences in achievement between the pupils are partly accounted for by differences in age.
ADJ. ancient, classical | contemporary, modern | Eastern, Western | experimental, moral, natural (historical)
, political, religious, social
PHRASES the philosophy of history/religion/science
More information about SUBJECT
ADV. successfully They successfully asserted their right to protect their homes.
VERB + ASSERT need to | be determined to, wish to She wished to assert her independence from her parents.
| seek to, try to | be able to, manage to He managed to assert his power over the media.
| be unable to, fail to
ADJ. careful, detailed, meticulous, thoughtful | initial the initial planning stage
| advance, forward The trip calls for careful advance planning.
| pre-match, pre-retirement, etc. Deciding the agenda is the most vital aspect of pre-meeting planning.
| long-range, long-term | short-range, short-term | corporate | family They give free advice on contraception at the family planning clinic.
| town, urban | economic, educational, environmental, financial, military, strategic
VERB + PLANNING call for, demand, need, require | do The industry needs to do some long-term planning.
PLANNING + NOUN phase, stage The scheme is still at the planning stage.
| process | decisions | meeting | application | approval, consent, permission We've applied for planning permission to build an extension to the house.
| authority, committee, department
PREP. in the ~ The festival was four years in the planning.
| ~ for Planning for future development is vital for the community.
ADJ. fundamental, glaring, grave, great, major, monumental, serious The report contained some glaring errors.
| fatal He made the fatal error of borrowing more than he could pay back.
| minor, small | embarrassing, unfortunate | past The ability to learn from past errors is vital in business.
| common | grammatical, spelling, typing | factual | tactical The Kenyan athlete made a tactical error in starting too fast.
| administrative, clerical | human, pilot The plane crash was caused by human error, not mechanical failure.
VERB + ERROR commit, make He had committed a grave error in letting them see the document. She made several serious errors during the race.
| contain The document contained a lot of typing errors.
| detect, discover, find, spot I found several factual errors in the report.
| point out The error was pointed out to her by one of her colleagues.
| realize I only realized my error when it was too late.
| avoid She has avoided the common error of writing too much.
| correct, rectify Glasses can correct most errors in your vision.
| compound The paper accidentally printed the victim's address, then compounded their error by printing her name the next day.
ERROR + VERB arise (from sth), occur errors arising from inadequate information
ERROR + NOUN detection | correction | message An error message comes up when I try to open the program.
PREP. in ~ The machine had been switched off in error
(= by mistake).
| ~ in He checked his letter for errors in spelling. He realized his error in not attending the funeral.
| ~ of The speech contained many errors of fact.
PHRASES a comedy of errors His attempts to arrange a party ended up as a comedy of errors.
| an error of judgement The minister had made an amazing error of judgement.
| a margin of error The margin of error for a racing driver is tiny.
ADJ. average The average household pays 27p a day in water rates.
| domestic, private, etc. | rural, urban | middle-class, working-class | high-income, low-income, poor, etc. | family, married-couple, single-person, etc.
VERB + HOUSEHOLD manage, run | set up Becoming an adult and setting up a household no longer mean the same thing.
HOUSEHOLD + NOUN appliance, contents, furniture, goods, item, product The household contents are covered by a separate insurance policy.
| bills, budget, expenditure, expenses, income | chore, duties, task | rubbish, waste
PHRASES the head of the household The head of the household is responsible for completing the council tax form.
VERBS be, seem, sound | become
ADV. eminently, extremely, highly, intensely, very | entirely, purely, strictly For entirely practical reasons, children are not invited.
| hardly | quite, reasonably | essentially | severely She always adopted a severely practical tone.
VERB + PRACTICAL sit, take | pass | fail I passed the written exam but failed the practical.
ADJ. committed, dedicated, experienced | real, true This is the work of a real professional.
| leading, senior, top a top golf professional
| independent The survey should be performed by an independent professional.
| fellow an actor revered by his fellow professionals
| computer, health (care), medical | golf, tennis, etc.
ADJ. chosen | legal, medical, teaching, etc.
VERB + PROFESSION practise In the 1930s he was forbidden to practise his profession.
| enter, go into, join She entered the legal profession after university.
PREP. by ~ He was a consultant physician by profession.
| in a/sb's/the ~ making an impact in her chosen profession
PHRASES a choice of profession She was shocked at her daughter's choice of profession.
| the top of sb's profession He reached the top of his profession in very little time.
ADJ. committed, dedicated, experienced | real, true This is the work of a real professional.
| leading, senior, top a top golf professional
| independent The survey should be performed by an independent professional.
| fellow an actor revered by his fellow professionals
| computer, health (care), medical | golf, tennis, etc.
ADJ. chosen | legal, medical, teaching, etc.
VERB + PROFESSION practise In the 1930s he was forbidden to practise his profession.
| enter, go into, join She entered the legal profession after university.
PREP. by ~ He was a consultant physician by profession.
| in a/sb's/the ~ making an impact in her chosen profession
PHRASES a choice of profession She was shocked at her daughter's choice of profession.
| the top of sb's profession He reached the top of his profession in very little time.
VERBS be | remain
ADV. highly | purely This research is purely theoretical.
| largely | rather
ADJ. accurate, apt, clear, excellent, fair, good, useful Is that a fair summary of the situation?
| comprehensive, detailed, full | general, overall | brief, concise, quick, short | bald, crude | financial, statistical | news, plot Details of new titles, with plot summaries, are included in the catalogue.
VERB + SUMMARY make, prepare, write Could you make a short summary of this article for me?
| give (sb), provide (sb with), supply (sb with) He has provided a useful summary of the main categories.
SUMMARY + NOUN sheet, table | report, statement
PREP. in ~ In summary, his views are out of date.
| in a/the ~ She decided not to include this incident in her summary of the day's events.
PHRASES in summary form The information is shown in summary form in the following tables.
ADJ. black, deep, serious, severe | acute, chronic | mild | clinical | manic | post-natal
QUANT. bout, fit, period The actor says he suffers frequent bouts of depression. In a fit of depression, she threw away all her favourite books. A period of acute depression can sometimes follow childbirth.
VERB + DEPRESSION develop, fall into, go into, succumb to She fell into a black depression and refused to leave her room.
| experience, have, suffer (from) She was diagnosed as having clinical depression.
| be treated for His wife had left him and he was being treated for depression.
| come out of, get over She was gradually coming out of her depression.
| cause, lead to Bereavement can often lead to depression.
| relieve, treat a new drug used to treat depression
DEPRESSION + VERB deepen | lift Her depression has lifted now.
PREP. in ~ He may have killed himself in depression.
| with ~ He's been off work for months with depression.
PHRASES (a) cause for depression These results should not be a cause for depression.
| the depths of depression I was in the depths of depression after receiving my exam results.
| feelings of depression, the onset of depression The onset of depression often follows a traumatic event.
| a state of depression He was in a state of acute depression.
| symptoms of depression, treatment for depression She had been receiving medical treatment for depression.
> Special page at ILLNESS
ADJ. great, major, serious, severe | economic The country is experiencing a severe economic depression.
VERB + DEPRESSION be in the grip of, experience | go into The housing market has gone into depression.
| face
DEPRESSION + VERB deepen The depression seems to be deepening.
| end
PREP. during/in a/the ~ Many people lost their jobs in the great depression of the 1930s.
PHRASES the depths of a depression, a period of depression periods of severe economic depression
ADJ. shallow, slight | deep
PREP. ~ in, ~ on From the air, the photos show a shallow depression on the planet's surface.
ADJ. complete, whole | continuous | complex | correct | opening | closing | alphabetical, chronological, logical, natural, random The article describes the chronological sequence of events.
| action, dance, dream, film | DNA, gene
VERB + SEQUENCE complete Complete the following sequence: 1, 4, 8, 13 …
| follow We had to follow a complex sequence of movements.
PREP. in ~ The book is more satisfying if you read each chapter in sequence.
| in a/the ~ The heroine dies in the closing sequence of the film.
| ~ of
PHRASES a sequence of events
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VERB + CONSIDERATION give sth, take sth into We will give your proposals serious consideration. You must take the size of the room into consideration.
| deserve, need, require | receive
PREP. after ~ After due consideration, it was decided not to offer her the job.
| for sb's ~ I enclose the report for your consideration.
| in ~ of (formal)
(= as payment for sth), on ~ On consideration, we have decided not to come.
| under ~ proposals under active consideration
VERB + CONSIDERATION have Have some consideration for those without a job.
| show sb, treat sb with She showed little consideration for the beginners.
PREP. out of ~ He did it out of consideration for his daughter.
| ~ for
ADJ. main, major, important, prime | overriding, paramount | minor | aesthetic, commercial, economic, environmental, ethical, financial, health, legal, moral, personal, political, practical, safety, security
VERB + CONSIDERATION take account of, take into account There are several important safety considerations that must be taken into account.
ADV. clearly Females and cubs clearly derive some benefit from living in groups.
| largely, mainly, primarily | partly | solely | directly This income was derived directly from his writing.
| originally, ultimately
PREP. from We can derive some comfort from this fact.
ADV. naturally, spontaneously | directly
VERB + ARISE may, might | be likely/unlikely to
PREP. from Some learning difficulties arise from the way children are taught at school.
| out of The current debate arose out of the concerns of parents.
VERBS be, seem, sound | become
ADV. really, very | increasingly | fairly, quite, somewhat | genuinely, truly a truly radical concept
| apparently | potentially | politically, socially
ADJ. immediate, instant | early the early recognition of a disease
| dawning | character, face, handwriting, speech, text (computing)
| automatic, computer the automatic recognition of handwriting by computer
QUANT. flicker, sign She stared directly at the witness but he did not show a flicker of recognition
(= he did not show that he recognized her).
VERB + RECOGNITION show | avoid He pulled the hood of his cloak over his head to avoid recognition.
| allow The monitoring system allows recognition of pollution hot spots.
RECOGNITION + VERB dawn Recognition slowly dawned, ‘Oh, it's you Mrs Foster!’
RECOGNITION + NOUN software, system
PREP. beyond (all) ~ (figurative) Many of those interviewed said their job had changed beyond recognition
(= changed completely) over the past five years.
| out of (all) ~ (figurative) The equipment and methods of production have improved out of all recognition
(= greatly improved).
| without ~ He looked up, glanced at them without recognition, and went on his way.
PHRASES recognition in sb's eyes There was no recognition in his eyes
(= he did not look as if he recognized her).
ADJ. full | appropriate, due, proper | insufficient | greater, growing, increasing There needs to be a greater recognition of corporate crime as a social problem.
| clear, explicit, overt | implicit | apparent | grudging | positive | equal equal recognition for the work women do
| mutual | immediate, instant | belated The award is being made in belated recognition of her services to the industry.
| individual, personal personal recognition for your achievements
| general, universal, wide, widespread The young talent at the club deserves wider recognition.
| international, national, worldwide | public, social | professional | diplomatic | formal, legal, legislative, official | de facto Twelve states have accorded de facto recognition to the new regime.
| government
VERB + RECOGNITION achieve, earn sb, gain, get, obtain, receive, win His recitals have earned him recognition as a talented performer.
| deserve | require Both of these perspectives are valid and require recognition.
| imply They claim that signature of the peace accord did not imply recognition of the state's sovereignty.
| ask for, call for, demand, request, seek | apply for | qualify for to qualify for UN recognition as an International Biosphere Reserve
| accord sb/sth, give sb/sth, grant sb/sth | refuse sb/sth
RECOGNITION + VERB come Official recognition of the change came fast.
PREP. in ~ of an award in recognition of his outstanding work
| without ~ She has worked actively but without recognition.
| ~ as a country that has long sought recognition as a major power
| ~ by/from recognition by his superiors of the service he had performed
| ~ for They received recognition for their 20-year commitment to safety at sea.
PHRASES a lack of recognition, recognition of the importance of sth, recognition of the need for sth, a struggle for recognition
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" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "xMz8)vS7EG", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "417", "mode", @@ -6294,14 +5527,12 @@ "ADJ. normal, traditional, usual | effective
VERB + MODE use Try using some other mode of organization.
| change, switch to He had no intention of changing his mode of attire. Switch from ‘receive’ mode to ‘transmit’ mode.
PREP. in … ~ The machine is in its ‘suspend’ mode.
| ~ of Their main mode of subsistence is hunting.
PHRASES a mode of address, a mode of communication/expression, a mode of transport
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VERB + RESISTANCE mount, offer, put up They mounted stiff resistance to the proposal.
| encounter, meet (with), run into The advancing army met with little resistance.
| break (down), crush, overcome
RESISTANCE + VERB stiffen | collapse, crumble
RESISTANCE + NOUN movement | fighter, forces, group, leader, worker
PREP. without ~ The attacks did not take place without resistance.
| ~ against armed resistance against the Nazis
| ~ to There was fierce resistance to the new laws.
PHRASES the line/path of least resistance (= the easiest way of doing sth), a pocket of resistance (= an area of resistance)
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "hz*4+|*i@P", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "418.2", "resistance", @@ -6326,14 +5555,12 @@ "ADJ. high | low | disease | antibiotic, drug
VERB + RESISTANCE have | build up, develop You need to build up your resistance to colds.
| lower
PREP. ~ to Aids lowers the body's resistance to infection.
ADJ. considerable, enormous, extraordinary, great, immense, rich, wide There is need for greater diversity and choice in education. the rich diversity of the city's cultural life
| growing, increased, increasing | biological, genetic the need to preserve biological diversity
| cultural, ethnic, linguistic, political, regional
VERB + DIVERSITY create | encourage, promote Our party believes in encouraging cultural diversity, not division.
| maintain, preserve, protect The producer was under pressure to maintain a diversity in his output.
| decrease, increase | allow (for) Tyrannies do not allow diversity and disagreement.
PREP. ~ in diversity in the style of the reports
| ~ of There is a wide diversity of views on this subject.
ADJ. acute, considerable, deep, great | chronic, constant, nagging | growing, increasing, mounting | natural, understandable | needless, unnecessary | public
QUANT. level the high level of anxiety created by entering a new environment
VERB + ANXIETY arouse, bring, cause, create, provoke | lead to | experience, feel, suffer from She felt a nagging anxiety that could not be relieved.
| express, share The mothers were able to share their anxieties with each other.
| cope with, deal with skills to cope with anxiety
| allay, alleviate, dispel, reduce, relieve The aim is to reduce anxiety and help the patients relax.
| aggravate, increase
ANXIETY + VERB grow The more reports I study the more my anxiety grows.
| arise (from/out of sth), surface A few anxieties surfaced during the meeting.
ANXIETY + NOUN attack | level
PREP. ~ about her growing anxiety about her health
| ~ at anxiety at the deterioration of relations between the powers
| ~ for deep anxiety for the whole family
| ~ over There are anxieties over the effects of unemployment.
PHRASES fear and anxiety They were encouraged to express their fears and anxieties.
ADJ. formal | deductive, inductive
VERB + LOGIC apply, use Philosophers use logic to prove their arguments.
ADJ. compelling, exquisite, impeccable, inexorable There is a compelling logic to his main theory.
| strict | internal, underlying | commercial, economic, political, scientific There is sound commercial logic in never giving credit to retailers.
VERB + LOGIC accept, follow, understand I can't follow the logic of what you are saying.
| defy It's a stupid decision that completely defies logic.
| apply, use You can't use the same logic in dealing with children.
PREP. ~ behind What's the logic behind this decision?
| ~ in There doesn't seem to be any logic in the move.
VERB + WHOLE cover, embrace, encompass, involve, span The project involved the whole of the university.
| fill, occupy, take up The library takes up the whole of the first floor.
| permeate, pervade Technology permeates the whole of our lives.
ADJ. coherent, cohesive, harmonious, homogeneous, integrated, organized, seamless She was struggling to organize her ideas into a coherent whole.
| single | complex The author examines each aspect of Roman society, then attempts to summarize the complex whole.
| meaningful At this age, babies do not yet combine sounds into a meaningful whole.
| organic
VERB + WHOLE form, make (up) He tried to fit the pieces of evidence together to make a coherent whole.
PHRASES as a whole Unemployment is higher in the north than in the country as a whole.
VERB + COOPERATION need, require | ask for, call for, demand, seek She called for closer cooperation on drugs control. They are seeking the cooperation of senior medical staff.
| enlist, get We are hoping to enlist the cooperation of women's groups.
| give (sb), offer (sb) | encourage, promote promoting cooperation between universities and industry
| ensure
PREP. in ~ with The film was made in cooperation with the Sports Council.
| with/without sb's ~ With the cooperation of the public, the police may be able to catch this man.
| ~ among increased technical cooperation among large companies
| ~ between political cooperation between the two groups
| ~ from You will need a bit of cooperation from your family.
| ~ in We asked for their cooperation in the collection of data.
| ~ on They offered their cooperation on the project.
| ~ with We should like to thank you for your cooperation with us.
PHRASES a lack of cooperation, a need for cooperation There is a need for greater economic cooperation.
ADV. completely, entirely, totally She completely dominated the conversation.
| increasingly His work increasingly dominates his life.
| largely | overwhelmingly
ADJ. effective, successful | complete, full | detailed Detailed implementation of the plans was left to the regional offices.
| strict | smooth We will consult widely to ensure smooth implementation.
| practical The practical implementation of the regulations proved difficult.
| early, immediate | gradual | policy
VERB + IMPLEMENTATION achieve, ensure, secure To achieve implementation of the programme is a long, slow task.
| monitor, oversee, supervise The UN is to supervise the implementation of the peace treaty.
| consider, discuss
IMPLEMENTATION + NOUN plan | process The restructuring will take place in phases, to simplify the implementation process.
| problem
VERBS be, seem | become | remain
ADV. truly | by no means, far from Some of the teachers are technical specialists, but this is far from universal.
| almost, near, nearly, virtually | pretty | apparently | supposedly supposedly universal standards
PREP. among These practices remain universal among the islanders.
| in a scheme that is universal in scope
ADJ. considerable, criminal, deep, enormous, great, immense, major, profound, real | full, general, wider The scientists are cautious about the wider significance of their findings.
| limited, minor | particular, special | real, true They failed to appreciate the true significance of these discoveries.
| functional, practical, statistical, strategic, symbolic, theoretical | constitutional, cultural, economic, moral, historical, political, religious, social
VERB + SIGNIFICANCE have The ceremony has great symbolic significance.
| acquire, assume, gain, take on Suddenly his son's relationship with the girl took on a new significance.
| attach Let us not attach too much significance to these meetings.
| assess | appreciate, be aware of, grasp, understand | exaggerate | minimize, play down, underestimate
SIGNIFICANCE + VERB lie in sth The significance of this lies in the fact that he had previously denied all knowledge of the fund.
| attach to sth Does any significance attach to the use of the technical terms?
PREP. ~ for/to a meal that has particular significance for a Jewish family
| of ~ a policy of special significance to women
PHRASES be of little, no, etc. significance
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "gnCwoTo6y}", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "430.1", "resolution", @@ -6550,14 +5751,12 @@ " ADJ. draft | formal | joint a joint US-British resolution
| unanimous | ordinary | emergency, special | compromise | affirmative, negative (both law) An affirmative resolution of both Houses of Parliament is needed.
| Security Council, UN, etc.
VERB + RESOLUTION draft | propose, put forward, table | vote on | adopt, agree, approve, carry, pass The resolution was carried unanimously.
| block, reject
RESOLUTION + VERB be aimed at sth, call for sth The resolution called for the resumption of negotiations.
| declare sth, proclaim sth a resolution declaring independence
| approve sth, authorize sth The assembly adopted a resolution approving the scheme.
| condemn sth a resolution condemning the invasion
PREP. under (a/the) ~ weapons banned under Resolution 687
| ~ on The General Assembly rejected the resolution on the subject of arms control.
> Special page at MEETING
ADJ. early, quick, rapid | final, ultimate | peaceful Hopes of a peaceful resolution to the conflict were fading.
| satisfactory, successful | conflict, dispute methods of conflict resolution
VERB + RESOLUTION require | press for The government is pressing for an early resolution of the hostage crisis.
| achieve, reach
PREP. ~ to the likelihood of achieving a satisfactory resolution to the problem
ADJ. great
VERB + RESOLUTION have | show She showed great resolution in her dealings with management.
| lack
ADJ. firm, good | New Year/New Year's
VERB + RESOLUTION make I made a New Year resolution to give up smoking.
| keep
ADJ. high high-resolution graphics
| low | maximum | screen | pixel a monitor capable of a 1,024 by 768 pixel resolution
VERBS be | become
ADV. especially, particularly, very | increasingly | reasonably, relatively | enough, sufficiently By the mid-twelfth century pilgrims were numerous enough to merit a guidebook.
PHRASES too numerous to list/mention The related publications are far too numerous to list individually.
ADJ. attractive, beautiful, colourful, dazzling, excellent, eye-catching, fascinating, fine, good, interesting, stunning | special | public | permanent, temporary | static The locomotive is normally kept on static display in the National Railway Museum.
| audio-visual, visual An audio-visual display gives visitors an idea of what life was like aboard a sailing ship.
| floral, photographic a beautiful floral display outside the Town Hall
| in-store, wall, window | museum, shop
VERB + DISPLAY have The museum has a fine display of old medical instruments.
| mount We plan to mount a display of the children's work in the lobby area.
| go on Examples of her work will go on permanent display in the new museum.
| put sth on The birds were put on display at the zoological society.
DISPLAY + VERB illustrate sth, show sth The display illustrates the traditional industries of the town.
DISPLAY + NOUN board, cabinet, case, stand a glass-fronted display cabinet
PREP. on ~ Designs for the new sports hall are on public display in the library. On display are earrings, necklaces and bracelets made from jade, amber and amethyst.
| ~ of a display of Roman coins
More information about ART WORKS
of art a piece/work of art Michelangelo's Pietà is a magnificent work of art.
collect ~ She collects Jacobean portraits.
display, exhibit, show ~ The works will be displayed in the new wing of the museum.
~ be (put) on display/exhibition/show ~ go on display/exhibition/show paintings put on show for the first time The photographs are on exhibition until the end of September.
house ~ An annexe was built to house the sculptures.
a series of ~ a series of paintings by Van Gogh
a collection/exhibition of ~ an exhibition of early 20th century French masterpieces
an art/photographic/photography exhibition The open art exhibition will allow new artists to exhibit their work.
by ~ a sculpture by Barbara Hepworth
ADJ. astonishing, awesome, breathtaking, brilliant, devastating, flamboyant, great, impressive, magnificent, outstanding, spectacular, spirited, superb, virtuoso a flamboyant display of footballing skills
| disappointing, lacklustre, poor | firework | pyrotechnic The sun set in a pyrotechnic display that burnt up the whole western sky.
| aerial, aerobatic, air, flying, parachute | courtship, mating, sexual
VERB + DISPLAY give, perform, put on The male performs a magnificent courtship display. They put on a spectacular firework display.
| treat sb to The crowd was treated to an impressive display of power tennis.
| watch
DISPLAY + NOUN team an aerobatic display team
PREP. ~ of They gave a virtuoso display of disco dancing.
ADJ. brief | rare | impressive, incredible, striking Members of the community closed ranks in an impressive display of unity.
| open, public an open display of affection for her husband
| outward Despite his outward display of friendliness, I sensed he was concealing something.
| ostentatious, overt an ostentatious display of wealth
| aggressive There may be specific events which trigger aggressive displays in your dog.
PREP. ~ of She slammed the door behind her in a display of ill-temper.
ADJ. computer, screen | data, graphics, video, visual | colour, mono/monochrome | high resolution, low resolution a high resolution colour display
| LCD/liquid crystal | analogue, digital | Windows
DISPLAY + NOUN screen, terminal, unit display screen equipment a visual display unit
PREP. to She proudly displayed her degree certificate to her parents.
VERB + PUBLICATION begin | cease, stop | prepare sth for | be due/scheduled for The book is scheduled for publication in the autumn.
| accept sth for
PUBLICATION + VERB be due/scheduled The publication of her memoirs is scheduled for the autumn.
PUBLICATION + NOUN date
PHRASES the date/time of publication
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| government, official | specialist | academic, business, scientific, trade
PUBLICATION + NOUN publications catalogue/list
PREP. ~ about specialist publications about bees
| ~ on She has several publications to her name on local history.
ADJ. government, official | export, import | residence, residency | work | travel | resident's, visitor's | building, filming, fishing, landing, parking
VERB + PERMIT have | give (sb), grant (sb), issue | get, obtain, receive | revoke | renew | apply for | need, require
PERMIT + VERB expire, run out
PERMIT + NOUN holder
PREP. by ~ Entry is by permit only.
| with/without a ~ You can't park here without a permit.
| ~ for They applied for a permit for a street demonstration against university fees.
ADV. legally | generally, normally Development is not normally permitted in conservation areas.
VERB + PERMIT refuse to | be designed to The bill was designed to permit workers to take up to twelve weeks' unpaid leave annually for family reasons.
ADJ. elbow, hip, knee, etc. | inflamed, painful, rheumatic, stiff, swollen | artificial
VERB + JOINT replace He's going to have his hip joint replaced.
JOINT + VERB ache | move The joint should be able to move freely.
PREP. in a/the ~ You've got fluid in the joint.
| ~ between the joint between the lower and upper parts of the arm
PHRASES put sth out of joint She fell and put her knee out of joint.
ADJ. airtight, watertight | leaking
VERB + JOINT make, seal
PREP. ~ between a joint between two lengths of copper
ADJ. bacon
VERB + JOINT cook, roast | carve
PREP. ~ of a joint of beef/lamb/pork
VERBS be
ADV. extremely, very | fully, totally fully comprehensive insurance
| increasingly | fairly, pretty, quite, reasonably The list is fairly comprehensive.
| truly
ADV. considerably, dramatically, drastically, fundamentally, greatly, radically, significantly, substantially He had not altered greatly in the last ten years.
| slightly
PHRASES not alter the fact that Unemployment has come down slightly but this does not alter the fact that it is still a major problem.
ADJ. considerable, great, real, significant | deep | detailed | brief | good, remarkable The objective of the research is to gain a better insight into labour market processes.
| penetrating, profound, revealing, illuminating | crucial, important, invaluable, valuable | useful | fascinating, interesting | startling | fresh, new | original, unique Freud's original insights into the working of the mind
| rare | clear | basic | direct The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms.
| further | sufficient | individual, personal | critical, historical, theoretical
QUANT. flash With a flash of insight, she found the solution to the problem.
| degree
VERB + INSIGHT have The experienced specialist has professional skills and insight.
| be lacking in, lack | show | allow (sb), afford (sb), give (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with), produce, yield | gain, get, obtain | apply Teachers have to apply in the classroom the insights that they gain in educational courses.
PREP. ~ about Schopenhauer's insight about music
| ~ into a fresh insight into Picasso's mind
| ~ (as) to an insight as to how the gene works
PHRASES a lack of insight
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| relevant | large, lengthy, long, weighty | brief, short | 10-page, etc. | complete, entire, whole This statement must be understood in the context of the entire document.
| summary | detailed | draft | revised | final | original The original document has been lost or destroyed.
| electronic, paper, printed, written | published, unpublished | enclosed Please sign the enclosed document and return it to me.
| single A constitution need not be a single document.
| classified, confidential, privileged (law)
, (top) secret | private | public | available Documents will be available at the news conference.
| internal details of internal UN documents
| approved, signed | unsigned | authentic, genuine | forged | disclosed, leaked | government, legal, official | policy, strategy | travel Keep your travel documents in a secure place.
| registration a car's registration document
| contract, offer, tender (all business) He has promised to post a formal offer document to shareholders by Monday.
| briefing | consultation, consultative, discussion, proposal, working a working document in the discussions for a final treaty
| basic, framework | guidance | supporting | (legally) binding A document signed abroad is as legally binding as one signed at home.
| constitutional, contractual | historical
QUANT. copy
VERB + DOCUMENT draft, draw up, prepare, produce, publish, type, write The government has produced an important new policy document.
| revise | disclose (law)
, issue a consultative document issued by the Department of Trade and Industry
| receive | obtain | file Copies of the relevant documents must be filed at court.
| hand over/sb, present, submit Supporting documents must be submitted to the supervisory authority.
| produce He was unable to produce the document that he claimed would prove his case.
| keep | circulate, send (out) | leak documents leaked from the government to the press
| read | go through, read through Go through the document checking for errors.
| search through, sort through I had to search through 4,000 documents to find the information I needed.
| consider, examine, study | accept, adopt, approve, endorse, execute (law)
, sign The conference adopted a document on minority rights.
| authenticate | forge | refer to | address | attach, enclose The relevant documents are enclosed for your information.
| scan Existing paper documents could be scanned into a computer.
DOCUMENT + VERB be concerned with sth, concern sth, deal with sth, focus on sth, relate to sth | contain sth, cover sth, include sth documents covering various points of concern
| refer to sth | acknowledge sth, describe sth, detail sth, explain sth, indicate sth, list sth, note sth, outline sth, record sth, say sth, set out sth, state sth, tell sb sth The document says they are against tax rebates.
| call for sth, propose sth, suggest sth a document calling for a ceasefire
| aim at sth, envisage sth, seek sth documents aimed at stimulating discussion
| reveal sth, show sth | purport sth Documents leaked to this newspaper purport to reveal that radioactive waste is being illegally dumped on the site.
| summarize sth | confirm sth | be agreed (on/upon) a document agreed with the District Council
| be called sth, be entitled sth, be headed sth, be known as sth a document entitled ‘Guidelines for Good Practice’
| be written The document is written in Chinese.
| exist No other genuine document exists.
| date back from/to … , be dated … documents dating back to the 1920s The document is dated 775.
PREP. according to a/the ~ According to leaked cabinet documents, no compensation would be paid.
| in a/the ~ He particularly criticized the terminology in the document.
| throughout a/the ~ There is a disclaimer throughout the official documents.
| ~ about/concerning a document concerning arbitration procedures in Cairo
| ~ of a document of 2,000 words a document of 1999 Her journal is an important document of Victorian rural life
| ~ on a government document on transport policy
PHRASES a draft/version of a document
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "n ADJ. active, current Highlight
a passage in the active documen
t and click on the print icon.
| printed
VERB + DOCUMENT open | close | display to display documents o
n screen
| retrieve | scroll through Scroll through the document usin
g the slider bar on the right of th
e window.
| search a software too
l for searching documents an
d retrieving information
| create T
o create a new document, selec
t New from the File menu.
| edit | save Save the document befor
e closing.
| format | spell check | send Send and receive document
s at the click of a button.
| receive | print (out)
PREP. in a/the ~ Cut and paste i
s used to move text to a new plac
e in the document
. > Special page at COMPUTER
ADV. clearly, heavily, strongly | simply | generally, normally, usually | automatically | not necessarily This does not necessarily imply that children achieve better results in private schools.
| in no way They believe that submission in no way implies inferiority.
VERB + IMPLY seem to The letter seems to imply that the minister knew about the business deals.
| intend to, mean to I never meant to imply any criticism.
| take sth to This statement should not be taken to imply that the government is exonerated of all blame.
PHRASES express or implied the express or implied terms of the contract
ADJ. lengthy, long, prolonged | brief, temporary | unauthorized
QUANT. period, spell You will not be paid for the full period of absence.
PREP. during/in sb's ~ (= while sb is not there) My father did all the cooking in my mother's absence.
| ~ from absence from work
PHRASES conspicuous/notable by your absence (= very obviously absent when you ought to be present) When it came to clearing up afterwards, Anne was conspicuous by her absence.
| leave of absence (= permission to be absent) He asked for leave of absence from the army.
ADJ. complete, total | virtual | conspicuous, notable a conspicuous absence of evidence
PREP. in the ~ of In the absence of stone, most houses in the area are built of wood.
ADJ. comprehensive, complete | detailed | general | alphabetical
VERB + INDEX appear in, be in Although the book was devoted to cancer, the word ‘cancer’ did not even appear in the index.
| consult, look (sth up) in Why don't you look up her name in the index?
| compile
INDEX + VERB give sth, list sth The index only gives the main towns.
PREP. in a/the ~ Is there any reference to it in the index?
| ~ to It's a general index to the whole work.
index noun
" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "GZT0+GCr27", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "448.2", "index", @@ -7062,14 +6199,12 @@ "ADJ. subject, title | card | computer, computerized
VERB + INDEX have, keep We keep a card index of all the titles on the shelves.
| compile, create | consult, look (sth up) in, search Look up ‘The Waste Land’ in the index. Search the index to find the address of the data file.
INDEX + NOUN card
PREP. in a/the ~ cards in a card index
index noun
" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "ewF#>7EN);", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "448.3", "index", @@ -7078,14 +6213,12 @@ " ADJ. good, reliable, sensitive | high | low | weighted | official | general a general index calculated from death and population information
| world The world index fell 3.1%.
| cost-of-living, market, retail price | futures, share, stock | Dow Jones, FT-SE 100, etc.
VERB + INDEX have Those who lived in the inner cities had a high index of deprivation.
| use (sth as) The test results were used as an index of language proficiency.
| compile, construct, create | calculate, compute The index was calculated with a computer.
| publish The retail price index is published monthly.
| drag, drive, push, take A wave of frenzied buying pushed the index up 136.2 points.
INDEX + VERB measure sth an index designed to measure monthly changes in the volume of industrial production
| be based on sth an index based on incidents causing a loss of production
| be linked to sth The increase in our standard rates will be linked to the retail price index.
| cover sth an index covering some 1,700 companies
| open | close, end The hundred shares index closed down 15 points.
PREP. in an/the ~ dividends on shares in the index
| on an/the ~ people dealing in options on the FT-SE 100 index
PHRASES a drop/fall in an index a 28.2 point drop in the FT-SE 100 index
| changes in an index, an increase in an index, as measured by an index Inflation, as measured by the retail price index, is expected to drop.
More information about PER CENT
indicators ~ be down/up With the share price down at 234p, it might be time to start buying. The CAC index was up 18.84 points.
~ reach sth, stand at sth Consumer confidence reached a 30-year high. Second quarter sales stood at £ 18 billion.
~ be/remain unchanged The 100 Share Index remained unchanged at 5297.
~ gain (sth) The share gained 19 cents to close at 4.38.
~ suffer (sth) Profit margins suffered when the company lowered prices to remain competitive.
~ climb, edge up, go up, increase ( ~ increase in value for currencies), jump, rise, rocket, shoot up, skyrocket, soar (+ by, from, to or no preposition
) Earnings per share climbed from 3.5p to 5.1p. The pound has increased in value relative to the euro. Profits have shot up by a staggering 25%. Oil prices have skyrocketed.
~ come/go down, crash, decline, decrease ( ~ decrease in value for currencies), dive, drop, fall, plummet, plunge, shrink, slip, slump (+ by, from, to or no preposition
) Banana exports crashed nearly 50%. The pound fell to a 14-year low against the dollar. Net income plummeted to USD 3.7 million.
index noun
" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "qz@3(c#~FJ", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "449", "nevertheless", @@ -7094,14 +6227,12 @@ "", "" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "Cy>6y|Qqp*", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "450", "facilitate", @@ -7110,14 +6241,12 @@ " ADV. greatly The use of computers has greatly facilitated the firm's ability to keep accurate records.
| further
VERB + FACILITATE be designed to, help (to)
", "verb" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "B%zIrYk1oM", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "451", "evolution", @@ -7126,14 +6255,12 @@ " ADJ. gradual | rapid | continuous | natural | peaceful the peaceful evolution to democracy
| biological, cultural, historical, political, social, technological | animal, human | Darwinian
VERB + EVOLUTION trace a book tracing the evolution of the English language
EVOLUTION + VERB occur, proceed, take place Evolution proceeds by a series of small changes.
PREP. ~ from … to … his evolution from comedian to serious actor
| ~ towards the country's gradual evolution towards democracy
PHRASES the theory of evolution people who reject the theory of evolution
ADV. well | directly The colony was governed directly from Paris.
VERB + GOVERN be fit/unfit to He accused the opposition party of being unfit to govern.
ADJ. clear, unmistakable | agreed, pre-arranged | conflicting, confusing, contradictory, mixed | wrong Laughing when you should be crying sends out the wrong signals to people.
| alarm, danger, distress, warning | hand, non-verbal, semaphore, smoke, verbal, visual
VERB + SIGNAL arrange He had arranged a signal for the band to begin.
| give (sb), make, send (out) When I give the signal, run!
| interpret (sth as), read, see sth as The remark was seen as a signal that their government was ready to return to the peace talks.
| pick up, respond to Interviewers quickly learn to pick up non-verbal signals.
| act as The insect's bright colours act as warning signals to its predators.
SIGNAL + VERB come from sth trying to read the signals coming from the patient
| indicate sth the signals that can indicate danger
PREP. at/on a ~ At a pre-arranged signal, everyone started cheering.
| ~ for She made a signal for the car to stop.
| ~ from/to Wait for the signal from the leader of your group.
ADJ. railway, traffic
VERB + SIGNAL operate
SIGNAL + VERB be (on) red/green The traffic signals were on red.
| fail
SIGNAL + NOUN box | failure
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "bvSlGgxcD-", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "454.1.3", "signal", @@ -7206,14 +6325,12 @@ "ADJ. faint, weak | strong | high-frequency, low-frequency | acoustic, analogue, audio, chemical, digital, electrical, electronic, light, radar, radio, sonar, sound, television/TV, video, wireless
VERB + SIGNAL carry, pass The nerves carry these signals to the brain.
| convert (sth into), scramble, unscramble The signal is scrambled into code before it is sent.
| emit, generate, send, transmit | detect, pick up, receive, respond to This equipment can detect very low frequency signals.
SIGNAL + VERB travel A light signal can travel well over 16km before it halves in intensity.
| fade
PREP. ~ from a faint signal from the satellite
| ~ to
PREP. for He raised his hand and signalled for the waiter.
| to She signalled to the bus driver to stop.
ADV. clearly These changes clearly signal the end of the welfare state as we know it.
| effectively | not necessarily A change of mind in one instance does not necessarily signal a change in overall policy.
ADJ. long, short | narrow, small | wide | twisting, winding | connecting, side | subterranean, underground | dark, secret
VERB + PASSAGE clear to clear a passage for ships through the ice
| force He forced a passage for the singer through the crowd.
PREP. along/down/through a/the~ We ran through the dark passage.
| in/into a/the ~ Someone was waiting outside in the passage.
| ~ between the passage between the cottage and the house
| ~ from There is an underground passage from the church to the house.
| ~ through a narrow passage through the bushes
| ~ to
PHRASES the end of a passage There was a door at the end of the passage.
| a maze of passages the maze of secret passages which wound their way under the building
ADJ. nasal | back (= rectum)
VERB + PASSAGE block, obstruct | clear
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "B:5Q7Hsh%L", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "455.3", "passage", @@ -7286,14 +6395,12 @@ "ADJ. lengthy, long | short | opening | famous, well-known | descriptive, purple
VERB + PASSAGE quote, read
PREP. in a/the ~ There's a lot of slang in this passage.
| ~ from a passage from the Bible
ADJ. lengthy, long | short | opening | fast, slow | loud | quiet, soft | solo
VERB + PASSAGE play, quote In the 15th symphony he quotes a passage from Rossini's ‘William Tell’ overture.
PREP. in a/the ~ | ~ from
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "eI4Dj>h{%;", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "455.5", "passage", @@ -7318,14 +6423,12 @@ " ADJ. rapid, speedy | slow | safe | smooth | free The UN Security Council has demanded free passage for families fleeing from the fighting.
VERB + PASSAGE deny sb, refuse sb
PREP. ~ across the slow passage of a snail across the veranda
| ~ down Steps cut in the hillside give walkers an easy passage down the mountain.
| ~ from … to … We are not aware of our passage from consciousness to sleep.
| ~ into Portugal's passage into the next round of the tournament
| ~ out of a safe passage out of the war zone
| ~ over State-of-the-art suspension guarantees a smooth passage over the bumpiest road.
| ~ through They denied him passage through the territory.
PHRASES the passage of time The problems only got worse with the passage of time.
| a rite of passage Marriage is seen as a rite of passage.
ADJ. long, short | rough, stormy | homeward, outward | sea
VERB + PASSAGE have | book | work He worked his passage
(= he worked to pay for his journey) to Australia.
PREP. during a/the ~ During the passage, she taught herself basic Arabic.
| on sb's/the ~ We met him on our outward passage.
| ~ across a rough passage across the Atlantic
| ~ to We had a stormy passage to India.
VERB + PASSAGE begin, complete The bill will complete its passage in November.
PREP. during the ~ There was much controversy during the passage of the bill.
| ~ through a strategy to ensure the bill's smooth passage through Parliament
ADJ. amazing, big, exciting, great, important, major, remarkable, significant, startling, surprising, unexpected potentially the biggest archaeological discovery in Norway for fifty years
| awful, chilling, grim, terrible the awful discovery that he had been deceiving her
| latest, new, recent | accidental, chance All these were chance discoveries made by scientists engaged in other investigations.
| archaeological, medical, scientific | personal The story tells of a man's journey of personal discovery up an African river.
VERB + DISCOVERY make New scientific discoveries are being made all the time.
| lead to Their work led to some important medical discoveries.
| await There may be many unexpected treasures awaiting discovery.
PREP. ~ by a discovery by a French scientist
| ~ of the discovery of oil in the North Sea
PHRASES a process of discovery, a journey/voyage of discovery (figurative) To tour Sri Lanka is to take a voyage of discovery through a land of endless variety.
ADJ. early, gradual, recent, widespread
PREP. ~ into the gradual introduction of modern farming methods into traditional societies
ADJ. brief, short He began with a brief introduction.
PREP. in an/the ~ His mother is mentioned in the introduction.
| ~ to the introduction to her latest book
ADJ. excellent, general, useful It serves as an excellent introduction to 19th-century painting.
PREP. ~ to
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "m/.L-iS}*Z", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "457.4", "introduction", @@ -7446,14 +6535,12 @@ "ADJ. formal
VERB + INTRODUCTION make I can never remember names, so I don't like to make the introductions.
PHRASES a letter of introduction He gave me a letter of introduction to the manager.
ADJ. common | northern, southern, etc. | national, state | district, parish
VERB + BOUNDARY have | form, mark The river forms the boundary.
| share | draw, establish, fix, set The boundary was fixed just south of the farm.
| redraw | cross We've just crossed the boundary into Sussex.
| extend
BOUNDARY + NOUN fence, hedge, line, wall | dispute a boundary dispute with their neighbours
PREP. across/over the ~ They drove across the boundary.
| along the ~ We continued along the southern boundary of the county.
| at/on the ~ We had to stop at the boundary. on the boundary of the two countries
| beyond the ~ She had never strayed beyond the city boundaries.
| within the ~s within the boundaries of the old city walls
| ~ between the boundary between Sussex and Surrey
| ~ with The state has a boundary with Ontario.
ADJ. traditional
VERB + BOUNDARY cross This job crosses the traditional boundary between social work and health care.
| extend, push back research which extends the boundaries of human knowledge
| overstep
PREP. across ~s His policies appeal across party political boundaries.
| beyond the ~s going beyond the boundaries of accepted behaviour
| on the ~ on the boundary of physics and chemistry
| within the ~s keeping within the boundaries of the law
| ~ between the boundary between sanity and insanity
PHRASES the boundaries of taste In her performance she had clearly overstepped the boundaries of good taste.
ADJ. big, considerable, huge, major, real, significant, substantial This change in the tax system will mean big gains for some companies.
| modest, small | long-term, short-term | potential | pre-tax | net, overall Labour made an overall gain of 39 seats.
| ill-gotten She tucked her ill-gotten gains into her purse and left.
| personal, private using the investments for their private gain
| commercial, economic, financial, material There will be no financial gain for mothers from this new system.
| electoral, political the far right made huge electoral gains
| military, territorial | weight She was most upset by her recent weight gain.
| efficiency, productivity There is still scope for efficiency gains
(= gains to be made by being more efficient).
VERB + GAIN make | bring (sb) Better workplace design can bring real gains in productivity.
PREP. for ~ It's amazing what some people will do for gain.
| ~ from £3.9 million gains from the sale of stock
| ~ in Last year there was only a modest gain in earnings.
ADJ. good, high This method of cultivation produces higher yield.
| low, poor Yields are quite poor this year.
VERB + YIELD produce
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "P0Y!lRT@Gx", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "461.1", "decline", @@ -7526,14 +6605,12 @@ " ADJ. catastrophic, considerable, dramatic, drastic, massive, marked, precipitate, precipitous, rapid, serious, sharp, significant, steep, substantial | gentle, gradual, modest, slight, slow | continuing, progressive, steady a steady decline in manufacturing
| general, long-term, overall | absolute, inevitable, inexorable, irreversible, terminal an industry in terminal decline
| economic, industrial, moral, political, urban the moral decline of the nation
| national
VERB + DECLINE fall into, go into, suffer The cloth trade went into gradual decline.
| cause, lead to The increased gold price lead to the decline of his jewellery business.
| arrest, halt, stop We must halt this decline in health services.
| prevent | accelerate | see We have seen a sharp decline in educational standards over recent years.
PREP. in ~ The motor industry is still in decline.
| on the ~ This area has been on the decline for some years now.
| ~ in a steep decline in sales
| ~ of the decline of British farming
PHRASES the decline and fall of sth the decline and fall of a great civilization
ADV. politely | absolutely I absolutely decline to discuss my dealings with him or anyone.
ADV. considerably, dramatically, drastically, markedly, sharply, significantly, steeply The economy has declined sharply in recent years.
| a little, slightly | fast, rapidly The market for these products is declining fast.
| steadily | gradually, slowly | further
PREP. by Profits declined by 6% this year.
| from, to The number of full-time staff has declined from 300 to just 50.
PHRASES decline in importance/numbers/size This section of the market has slowly declined in importance.
ADJ. high, low | male/female, pupil/teacher, etc. | benefit-to-risk, power-to-weight, etc.
VERB + RATIO achieve, have They have a high ratio of imports to exports.
| improve, increase The hospital is trying to improve its staff/patient ratio.
| reduce | calculate, find, work out
RATIO + VERB improve | worsen the worsening pupil/teacher ratio in our schools
PREP. in a/the ~ We mixed the oil and water in a ratio of one to five.
| ~ between the ratio between the amount of time spent on the work and the profit produced
| ~ of sth to sth the ratio of house prices to incomes
PHRASES in direct ratio to sth Their sales rose in direct ration to the amount they spent on advertising.
ADV. strictly These foods had to be strictly rationed.
PREP. to The soldiers were rationed to one litre of water each per day.
ADJ. high, low | male/female, pupil/teacher, etc. | benefit-to-risk, power-to-weight, etc.
VERB + RATIO achieve, have They have a high ratio of imports to exports.
| improve, increase The hospital is trying to improve its staff/patient ratio.
| reduce | calculate, find, work out
RATIO + VERB improve | worsen the worsening pupil/teacher ratio in our schools
PREP. in a/the ~ We mixed the oil and water in a ratio of one to five.
| ~ between the ratio between the amount of time spent on the work and the profit produced
| ~ of sth to sth the ratio of house prices to incomes
PHRASES in direct ratio to sth Their sales rose in direct ration to the amount they spent on advertising.
ADV. strictly These foods had to be strictly rationed.
PREP. to The soldiers were rationed to one litre of water each per day.
VERBS be, prove | become | remain | consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as
ADV. really | absolutely It's absolutely crucial that we get this right.
| fairly, quite | hardly | clearly, obviously
PREP. for The talks are crucial for the success of the plan.
| to Secrecy is crucial to this police operation.
ADJ. early, speedy | final | lasting, long-term | temporary | amicable, friendly, peaceful | just, reasonable, satisfactory | compromise | negotiated | constitutional, diplomatic, financial, political | compensation, divorce, marriage | out-of-court | peace | pay, wage Nurses refused to accept a pay settlement less than the rate of inflation.
| dispute
VERB + SETTLEMENT agree, reach Both parties hope to reach an amicable settlement.
| negotiate, produce The union has negotiated a temporary settlement.
| seek Lawyers are seeking an out-of-court settlement.
| offer
PHRASES the terms of the settlement
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "OQE.BXPnm>", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "465.2", "settlement", @@ -7670,14 +6731,12 @@ " ADJ. prompt, speedy | early | full full settlement of a debt
| cash | debt
PREP. in ~ of a cheque in settlement of the amount owing
| under a/the ~ a beneficiary under the settlement
ADJ. ancient, early | land | agricultural, rural
VERB + SETTLEMENT establish, found The Romans established a settlement on the south shore.
SETTLEMENT + VERB grow up A settlement grew up around the castle.
SETTLEMENT + NOUN site
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "E0ss{AY8gr", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "466", "resolve", @@ -7702,14 +6759,12 @@ " ADV. completely, fully The matter is not yet fully resolved.
| successfully | adequately, satisfactorily | amicably, peacefully We hope that the dispute can be resolved peacefully.
| easily, readily | quickly, rapidly, speedily | immediately | eventually, finally, ultimately
VERB + RESOLVE attempt to, take steps to, try to | be unable to, fail to The two countries have failed to resolve their differences on this.
| help (to) | be difficult to
PREP. by/through The crisis was finally resolved through high-level negotiations.
PHRASES an attempt/effort to resolve sth They met in a last-ditch attempt to resolve their differences.
| a means/method/way of resolving sth
ADV. clearly, sharply | carefully | easily, readily The adult can b
e readily distinguished by its orang
e bill
.
VERB + DISTINGUISH be able to, can/could | be unable to | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to, be possible to | be important to, be necessary to It is important to distinguish between cause and effect.
PREP. between It is often difficul
t to distinguish clearly between fac
t and fiction in this book.
| from She could not distinguish one chil
d from another
.
ADJ. considerable, great | complete, full, total | relative The council's relative independence of the government means it can negotiate its own agreements.
| nominal | genuine, real, true | de facto Aquitaine's de facto independence from the king of France
| continued/continuing, growing | hard-won | local, national | academic, economic, editorial, financial, judicial, personal, political, professional
QUANT. degree, measure
VERB + INDEPENDENCE have Young people have more independence these days.
| lack | enjoy, value I value my independence too much to get married.
| display, show She displayed independence of judgement in choosing a career quite different from that of her parents.
| assert Edward III tried to assert his independence of the regime at court.
| achieve, gain, win Mexico achieved independence from Spain in 1821.
| bring (about) the need to bring independence to the country a colonial crisis which brought about independence
| declare, proclaim | ensure, maintain, preserve, retain, sustain The army is committed to ensuring the independence of the country.
| give up, lose She doesn't want to lose her hard-won independence.
| regain, restore | encourage, promote Parents should encourage independence in their children.
| undermine Economic aid tends to undermine the national independence of third world countries.
| seek | call for, demand | vote for | give sb/sth, grant sb/sth | recognize They have agreed to recognize the breakaway republic's independence.
INDEPENDENCE + VERB come Independence came to the British colonial territories in Africa in the late fifties and early sixties.
INDEPENDENCE + NOUN day | celebrations | movement | struggle
PREP. at ~ Namibia became a full member of the UN at independence.
| ~ from independence from Spain
| ~ of the church's independence of the state independence of mind
PHRASES a declaration of independence, a lack of independence, the loss of independence, a sign/symbol of independence The car became a symbol of independence.
| the struggle for independence, a war of independence the American War of Independence
ADJ. policy the top civil servants who are responsible for policy formation
VERB + FORMATION lead to, result in This dispute led to the formation of a new breakaway group.
ADJ. close, tight | battle The troops advanced in battle formation.
| family, household, social changing patterns of marriage and family formation
FORMATION + NOUN dancing, flying
PREP. in a … ~ The men were grouped in a close formation.
| in ~ a squadron of planes flying in formation
ADJ. cloud, geological, rock | military, political
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "EV].CfMPFM", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "470.1", "transmission", @@ -7798,14 +6843,12 @@ " ADJ. direct, indirect | one-way Classes are based on discussion rather than on the one-way transmission of knowledge.
| onward, outward An extra copy of each document was supplied for onward transmission to head office.
| data, information, voice | facsimile/fax | light, power | money | gas | cable, radio, satellite, television | analogue, digital | live, simultaneous There will be simultaneous transmission of the concert on TV and radio.
| genetic, oral, person-to-person, sexual | herpes, HIV, malaria | cultural
VERB + TRANSMISSION prevent
TRANSMISSION + NOUN equipment, line, technology | mechanism, network, system | route The virus's usual transmission route is by sneezing.
PREP. ~ among HIV transmission among homosexual men
| ~ between transmission between patients
| ~ by transmission by satellite
| ~ from, ~ to transmission from one aircraft to another
| ~ through HIV transmission through blood transfusion
PHRASES a mode of transmission, a risk of transmission There is a risk of transmission of the virus between hypodermic users.
ADJ. radio, television/TV | FM, long-wave, medium-wave, short-wave, UHF, VHF | live, satellite, stereo | test
VERB + TRANSMISSION receive
PREP. ~ from a live transmission from Sydney
ADJ. automatic, manual | 4-speed, 5-speed
TRANSMISSION + NOUN system
", "noun" ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "npZDgu4H~0", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "471.1", "shape", @@ -7846,14 +6885,12 @@ "", "adj." ], - "flags": 0, "guid": "yP[yo4!oxc", "note_model_uuid": "1d40ef02-c9ff-11ea-ab22-9cb6d013a4a3", "tags": [] }, { "__type__": "Note", - "data": "", "fields": [ "471.2.2", "shape", @@ -7862,14 +6899,12 @@ "ADJ. general | changing | final | future
VERB + SHAPE alter, change, determine, influence He did much to determine the shape of Europe's political map at that time.
| take A wonderful idea began to take shape in her brain.
| give the words we use to give a shape to our feelings
PHRASES in any shape or form I can't stand insects in any shape or form.
| the shape of things to come This revolutionary transport system could be the shape of things to come.
VERB + SHAPE help (to)
PHRASES a part/role in shaping sth
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| quickly | easily, readily Some substances can be detected fairly easily.
| accurately
VERB + DETECT be able to, be sensitive enough to, can a machine that is sensitive enough to detect tiny amounts of explosives
| be unable to | be designed to | fail to The test failed to detect any illegal substances.
| be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to | be easy to, be possible to | be used to
PHRASES be capable of detecting sth, a means/method/way of detecting sth
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VERB + POVERTY alleviate, combat, reduce | eliminate, eradicate hoping to eradicate urban poverty
POVERTY + NOUN trap Caught in the poverty trap, they are unable to save money for business ventures.
PREP. in ~ Most of the population lives in grinding poverty.
| ~ among the true extent of poverty among the unemployed
| ~ of His work displays a poverty of imagination.
PHRASES below/on the poverty line families living on incomes below the poverty line
ADJ. original My original intention was to study all morning, but this turned out to be impractical.
| declared, stated | firm | general | deliberate
VERB + INTENTION have I have no intention of changing jobs.
| announce, declare, state The council has announced its intention to crack down on parking offences.
PREP. with a/the ~ of I went to the bank with the intention of getting some traveller's cheques.
| ~ behind The general intention behind the project is a good one.
| ~ by The intention by the local authority to build 2,000 new houses is unrealistic.
| ~ in His intention in inviting us to dinner was to persuade us to back his project.
PHRASES good/the best intentions It was done with the best intentions, I assure you
| have every/no intention of doing sth We have every intention of winning the next election.
| make your intention clear He didn't make his intentions clear in his letter.
VERB + EVOLVE continue to
PREP. from More complex animals gradually evolved from these very simple creatures.
| into The protest movement has evolved into a well organized political party.
PHRASES fully/highly evolved These are very highly evolved animals.
ADJ. distinct, dramatic, fundamental, major, marked, profound, pronounced, radical, significant, substantial | discernible | slight, subtle | gradual | abrupt, sudden | decisive, irreversible, long-term | climate, cultural, demographic, ideological, policy, population
VERB + SHIFT be, represent These proposals represent a dramatic shift in policy.
| bring about, cause, lead to, produce, result in | mark, see The moment marked a significant shift in attitudes to the war.
| detect I detected a subtle shift towards our point of view.
| explain one factor which may explain the president's policy shift
SHIFT + VERB occur, take place These climate shifts occurred over less than a decade.
PREP. ~ between the many shifts between verse and prose that occur in Shakespeare
| ~ (away) from the shift away from direct taxation
| ~ in a shift in public opinion
| ~ to a sudden shift to the right in British politics
| ~ towards a shift towards part-time farming
ADJ. double, long, split I agreed to work double shifts for a few weeks.
| day, early, late, night | eight-hour, ten-hour, etc. | afternoon, evening, morning, weekend
VERB + SHIFT be/come/go on, do, work (in) ~s I'm doing the early shift this week. I didn't realize that I'd have to work shifts. The clinic is staffed by ten doctors who work in shifts.
| change (your) ~s It was 8.00 a.m. and the nurses were changing shifts. My husband has changed his shifts, from the afternoon shift to the night one.
| be/go/come off
SHIFT + NOUN work | supervisor, manager, worker | pattern, system They'd altered his shift pattern twice in the past fortnight.
PREP. on a/the ~ a decision for the chief nurse on each shift
ADV. slightly Julie shifted her position slightly and smiled.
| impatiently, restlessly, uncomfortably, uneasily She shifted uncomfortably in her chair.
| away
PREP. from She shifted her gaze away from the group of tourists.
| onto He shifted his weight onto his left foot.
| to Her eyes shifted to his face.
PHRASES shift from foot to foot
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| slightly | effectively | simply We cannot simply shift the responsibility onto someone else.
| gradually, slowly | rapidly | suddenly | constantly, continually constantly shifting alliances
VERB + SHIFT attempt to, try to trying to shift the blame onto the government
| tend to | begin to
PREP. (away) from I felt the advantage had suddenly shifted away from us.
| onto, to His sympathies rapidly shifted to the side of the workers.
| towards These changes will shift the balance in higher education more towards science subjects.
ADV. highly, very highly progressive in outlook
| relatively | politically
ADJ. considerable, enormous, great | added, additional, extra, increased, more | maximum, total | enough, sufficient | financial
QUANT. degree Police work involves a considerable degree of flexibility and discretion.
VERB + FLEXIBILITY have You have considerable flexibility in this job and can choose how to do things.
| show | obtain Flexibility of labour was obtained through the break up of old trade union structures.
| maintain, retain | restore She had physiotherapy to restore the flexibility of her muscles.
| bring (sb/sth), give (sb/sth), introduce, provide (sb/sth with) The new range of machines will bring flexibility to your business computing.
| allow (sb/sth), allow for, offer (sb/sth), permit (sb/sth) The courses are designed to allow maximum flexibility.
| build, create reforms to build flexibility into the system
| enhance, improve, increase | encourage an initiative to encourage greater flexibility in teaching and learning
| reduce | need, require
PREP. ~ in This will give schools greater flexibility in their use of resources.
| ~ over flexibility over the deadline
PHRASES a need for flexibility There is a need for greater flexibility in the way the network is managed.
ADJ. private, public | Internet
DOMAIN + NOUN name Register a domain name if you want people to find your website.
| registration
PREP. in a/the ~, within a/the ~ This information is all in the public domain.
| outside a/the ~ things that happen outside the domain of the home
ADJ. chosen | legal, medical, teaching, etc.
VERB + PROFESSION practise In the 1930s he was forbidden to practise his profession.
| enter, go into, join She entered the legal profession after university.
PREP. by ~ He was a consultant physician by profession.
| in a/sb's/the ~ making an impact in her chosen profession
PHRASES a choice of profession She was shocked at her daughter's choice of profession.
| the top of sb's profession He reached the top of his profession in very little time.
ADJ. chosen | legal, medical, teaching, etc.
VERB + PROFESSION practise In the 1930s he was forbidden to practise his profession.
| enter, go into, join She entered the legal profession after university.
PREP. by ~ He was a consultant physician by profession.
| in a/sb's/the ~ making an impact in her chosen profession
PHRASES a choice of profession She was shocked at her daughter's choice of profession.
| the top of sb's profession He reached the top of his profession in very little time.
VERBS be, seem | become It soon became apparent that the company was losing money.
| make sth He made it apparent that he was very annoyed.
ADV. glaringly, strongly, very | fully, quite | increasingly | all too His unhappiness was all too apparent.
| quickly, soon | immediately, instantly The extent of their injuries was not immediately apparent.
| easily, readily | clearly | painfully Local suspicion of the incomers was painfully apparent.
PREP. to His lack of experience was quite apparent to everyone.
ADV. carefully a carefully coordinated policy
PREP. with We try to coordinate our activities with those of other groups.
PHRASES a coordinated approach/policy/programme
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| budget, financial
VERB + CONSTRAINT impose, place, put | remove
PREP. within a/the ~ We have to work within severe constraints.
| without ~ I felt free to speak to her without constraint.
| ~ on/upon There are major financial constraints on all schools.
ADJ. high-tech, state-of-the-art | consumer, defence, medical
VERB + ELECTRONICS work in About 45,000 people worked in electronics in Scotland.
ELECTRONICS + NOUN company, firm, giant, group Their firm merged with a Japanese electronics giant.
| industry, manufacturer | market, sector | product | engineer, specialist ",
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@@ -8246,14 +7235,12 @@
"
ADJ. conspicuous, important, major, notable, obvious, significant, striking Most industries have suffered badly in the recession, but there have been a few notable exceptions.
| minor, rare | honourable With a few honourable exceptions, MPs kept quiet about the corruption.
VERB + EXCEPTION make No parking is allowed, but an exception is made for disabled drivers.
PREP. with the ~ of The whole of the island was flooded with the exception of a small area in the north.
| without ~ Without exception, all employees must carry their identity card with them at all times.
| ~ to Guide dogs are the one exception to the store's ban on dogs.
PHRASES be no exception The weather had been rainy for days, and the day of the race was no exception.
| be the exception rather than the rule Nowadays a job for life is very much the exception rather than the rule.
| be the exception to the rule Most of his family are sports enthusiasts, but he's the exception to the rule.
VERBS be | become | remain, stay The scars remained visible all her life.
| leave sth, make sth We cut the trees down to make the lake visible from the house.
ADV. all too, clearly, easily, highly, obviously, particularly, plainly, readily, very His relief was all too visible. The election poster was clearly visible from the street. Italy has a highly visible environmental movement.
| fully, quite The sea was now out, leaving the wreck fully visible. Ellie's quite visible embarrassment
| just The mountains were just visible, dusky and black.
| barely, hardly, scarcely The low, flat boats were barely visible.
| almost | half, partially She stood, half visible in the dim light.
| dimly, faintly A figure was dimly visible in the evening gloom.
| externally | immediately Women are advised to wait where they are not immediately visible to approaching traffic.
| still | no longer
PREP. to Its contents were visible to all of them.
PHRASES visible to the naked eye tiny spiders that are hardly visible to the naked eye
ADJ. accepted, established | ethical, moral | cultural, social | statistical | community, family, group
VERB + NORM conform to Their behaviour conforms to the group norm.
| break, challenge | deviate from, differ from
PREP. above the ~, below the ~, over the ~ They want to discourage pay settlements over the norm.
| ~ for On-screen editing has become the norm for all student work.
| ~ of accepted norms of behaviour
PHRASES a deviation/departure from the norm, an exception to the norm, the norm rather than the exception In the inner-city areas, poverty is the norm rather than the exception.
ADV. slightly | finely It is important to have equipment that can be finely adjusted.
| automatically | carefully | accordingly Children are sensitive to disapproval and adjust their behaviour accordingly.
| downwards, upwards This estimate may have to be adjusted downwards.
PREP. for Salaries are adjusted for inflation.
ADV. quickly, rapidly | gradually, slowly
VERB + ADJUST be difficult/hard to
VERB + ADJUST need/take time to It may take a little time to adjust to the climate here.
VERB + ADJUST try to
PREP. to She will gradually adjust to her new role.
ADJ. heavy, high the country with the highest fuel consumption in the world
| low | average | overall, total | excessive | conspicuous (= buying expensive goods in order to impress people and show how rich you are) | annual, daily Annual consumption of wine has risen from five to eleven litres per head.
| per capita | domestic, local, home It is important that the recovery be export-led rather than led by domestic consumption. Half the small crop was kept for home consumption.
| foreign, world | household | individual, personal | mass | public | private | future households that save for future consumption
| alcohol, beer, cigarette, food, meat, tobacco, water | electricity, energy, fuel, gas, oil, petrol, power
QUANT. level
VERB + CONSUMPTION boost, encourage, increase, stimulate Doctors say that children need to increase their consumption of fruit and vegetables. The industry faced a serious challenge in trying to stimulate consumption.
| cut down, reduce You need to reduce your alcohol consumption.
CONSUMPTION + VERB go up, increase, rise | decline, decrease, fall, go down
CONSUMPTION + NOUN expenditure, spending | figures, levels | habits, patterns
PREP. for sb's ~ (= intended to be read or heard by sb) The documents were for the committee rather than for public consumption.
PHRASES fit/unfit for human consumption (= safe/not safe to be eaten) meat that is unfit for human consumption
ADJ. clear, dramatic, perfect, potent, powerful, supreme, ultimate The Berlin wall was the supreme symbol of the Cold War.
| universal The dove is a universal symbol of peace.
| outward, physical, visual The company car is an outward symbol of the employee's status.
| ancient, traditional | national | cultural, military, political | divine, religious, sacred | Christian, Hindu, etc. | fertility, phallic, sexual, virility The villagers took fertility symbols into the fields to ensure a good harvest.
| sex (= a person famous for being attractive) He is not most people's idea of a sex symbol.
| status A stressful job can actually be a status symbol.
VERB + SYMBOL adopt sth as, regard sth as, see sth as, use sth as Eggs are seen as the symbol of new life.
ADJ. identifying All GM products carry an identifying symbol.
| abstract, geometric, geometrical | graphic, written | chemical, Chinese, linguistic, mathematical, musical, phonemic, phonetic, punctuation A list of phonetic symbols is given in the front of the dictionary.
VERB + SYMBOL bear, be marked with, have The coin bears a Jewish symbol. The bottle had a skull and crossbones symbol on it.
| display, show, use Hotels that show this symbol offer activities for children.
| look out for, see Always look out for the special ABTA symbol at your travel agent's. You can use your tokens wherever you see this symbol.
| decipher, interpret, understand
SYMBOL + VERB denote sth, indicate sth, mean sth, represent sth What does this little symbol mean?
PREP. in ~s a message written in symbols
| ~ for O is the chemical symbol for oxygen.
VERBS be, seem | become | remain
ADV. extremely, very | completely, overwhelmingly, totally | increasingly | fairly, relatively | economically, politically, socially the economically dominant class
ADJ. physical | crash, crush, flood, police, protective, security, ticket | sound (figurative) the first plane to break the sound barrier
VERB + BARRIER build, erect, install | break through The crowd managed to break through the barriers and get onto the pitch.
PREP. at a/the ~ Please show your ticket at the barrier.
| behind a/the ~ The police waited behind the barriers.
| through a/the ~ There was a slow trickle of people through the barriers.
ADJ. effective, formidable, major | class, cultural, language, racial, trade
VERB + BARRIER build, create, erect, put up, set up The old laws created barriers to free trade.
| break down, lift, lower, reduce, remove | cross They believe that sport can cross any barriers.
| be faced with, encounter, face | overcome, transcend
PREP. ~ against The country has set up barriers against imports.
| ~ between a class barrier between the two families
| ~ to a formidable barrier to communication
ADJ. impassable, impenetrable | natural
VERB + BARRIER form
PREP. ~ between The mountains form a natural barrier between the two countries.
ADJ. large, powerful | small | diesel, electric | outboard a boat with a powerful outboard motor
VERB + MOTOR start, turn on | turn off
MOTOR + VERB run, work He left the motor running.
| drive sth A powerful motor drives the mill wheel.
VERB + ENTRY apply for | gain | allow sb, grant sb They were later allowed entry into the country.
| refuse sb, restrict It has been necessary to restrict entry into the club.
| guarantee sb
ENTRY + NOUN criteria, qualifications, requirements, standard | visa | ticket Entry tickets to most attractions are included in the price of the holiday.
PREP. ~ into These qualifications will not guarantee you entry into the police force.
| ~ to She applied for entry to Nottingham University.
PHRASES right of entry The landlord had the right of entry to the flat with due warning.
ADJ. forced, forcible The house was quiet, and there were no signs of a forced entry.
| unauthorized The sign on the gates read ‘No Unauthorized Entry’.
| illegal | dramatic | triumphal Caesar's triumphal entry into Rome
VERB + ENTRY force, gain He found the door locked, but he forced an entry.
| make The champion made his usual dramatic entry into the arena.
ENTRY + NOUN point Drugs are believed to come into the country through five main entry points.
PREP. ~ into Hungary's entry into the EU
| ~ to She wondered how she could gain entry to the building.
ADJ. winning The winning entry will be published in next month's issue.
VERB + ENTRY post, send (in) Send in your entry as soon as possible!
| attract, get, have, receive The show attracted entries from all over the country. We have had a lot of entries this year.
| judge
ENTRY + NOUN coupon, form | fee
PREP. ~ for We had too many entries for this event.
| ~ in There were a record 2,000 entries in the under-17 section.
| ~ to one of the best entries to our competition
ADJ. diary | dictionary
VERB + ENTRY make, write
PREP. in an/the ~ Very little information is given in the diary entries.
| ~ for Look at the dictionary entry for ‘welcome’.
| ~ in the last entry she made in her diary
| ~ on First examine the entries on the marriage register.
ADV. heavily The word ‘not’ was heavily underlined.
ADV. clearly | just, merely, only, simply This disaster merely underlines the need for a consistent foreign policy.
| further
VERB + UNDERLINE serve to | seem to | be intended to a move intended to underline US concern over the issue
PHRASES underline the fact that …
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VERB + BIAS have The newspaper has a clear bias towards the Conservative Party.
| display, show | avoid, eliminate, reduce | correct We have now tried to correct the bias in our original report.
| be free from The newspaper was free from political bias.
BIAS + VERB creep in, exist Bias often creeps in through the wording of questions.
PREP. with/without ~ All material must be selected and presented without bias.
| with a ~ a newspaper with a strong left-wing bias
| ~ against a bias against women
| ~ in favour of/towards a bias in favour of small firms
PREP. against The present law discriminates unfairly against women.
| in favour of discriminating positively in favour of people from ethnic minorities
| on (the) grounds of Workers must avoid discriminating on the grounds of race or sex.
ADJ. approximate, rough | accurate
VERB + GUIDE give (sb), provide (sb with) | use sth as Use the table below as a guide to how much washing powder to use.
PREP. ~ as to These figures give a rough guide as to the sales we can expect.
| ~ to
ADJ. essential, good, helpful, informative, invaluable, practical, reliable, useful, valuable | brief, quick, short, simple | complete, comprehensive, definitive, in-depth This book is the definitive guide to world cuisine.
| step-by-step a step-by-step guide to creating your own website
| reference The book contains a quick reference guide to essential grammar at the back.
PREP. ~ to a guide to British birds
ADJ. holiday, travel | hotel | street
VERB + GUIDE consult We consulted our guides as we walked around the cathedral.
| write | publish
ADV. firmly
VERB + GUIDE help (to) the information and data which help guide the affairs of the business
| try to
PREP. into the ways in which young people are guided into employment
| on Schools were firmly guided on the details of the curriculum
ADV. carefully Their teacher Phil Bailey carefully guides them through rehearsals.
VERB + GUIDE help (to)
PREP. in He guided me in my research.
| on guiding teachers on how to maintain discipline
| through He guided us through the intricacies of the divorce law.
ADJ. close There needs to be a closer dialogue between management and staff.
| direct The government refused to engage in direct dialogue with the terrorists.
| constructive, serious | political a serious political dialogue
VERB + DIALOGUE engage in, have, hold Managers are willing to hold a dialogue with union leaders.
| begin, enter into, open | resume
PREP. ~ about dialogue about concrete issues
| ~ among The head encourages a climate of open dialogue among the teachers.
| ~ between the need for dialogue between the two sides in the dispute
| ~ on a constructive dialogue on pay and working conditions
| ~ with They have agreed to resume their dialogue with the teachers.
ADJ. large-scale, small-scale | commercial, industrial | local cotton ropes of local manufacture
| metal, steel, etc. | cloth, cotton, textile, woollen, etc. | car, vehicle, etc. | drug, food, etc.
VERB + MANUFACTURE commence, start They commenced large-scale commercial manufacture of the chairs in January.
| complete | be engaged in
MANUFACTURE + VERB start
PHRASES costs of manufacture, date of manufacture The date of manufacture of the jewellery has not been authenticated.
| the method/process of manufacture
ADJ. big, large, leading, major the world's largest computer manufacturer
| well-known | commercial | independent | foreign, overseas | car, chemical, computer, motor, textile, etc.
PHRASES the manufacturer's instructions The guarantee may be rendered invalid if the manufacturer's instructions are not followed.
ADJ. large-scale, small-scale | commercial, industrial | local cotton ropes of local manufacture
| metal, steel, etc. | cloth, cotton, textile, woollen, etc. | car, vehicle, etc. | drug, food, etc.
VERB + MANUFACTURE commence, start They commenced large-scale commercial manufacture of the chairs in January.
| complete | be engaged in
MANUFACTURE + VERB start
PHRASES costs of manufacture, date of manufacture The date of manufacture of the jewellery has not been authenticated.
| the method/process of manufacture
ADJ. big, large, leading, major the world's largest computer manufacturer
| well-known | commercial | independent | foreign, overseas | car, chemical, computer, motor, textile, etc.
PHRASES the manufacturer's instructions The guarantee may be rendered invalid if the manufacturer's instructions are not followed.
VERB + ENTERPRISE embark on/upon, start, undertake They are willing to undertake a new enterprise.
| abandon
ENTERPRISE + VERB fail, succeed
PREP. in an/the ~ The team leader will be the most important factor in this difficult enterprise.
ADJ. large, large-scale, medium-sized, small, small-scale | profitable, successful | family, private | public, state, state-owned | multinational | agricultural, business, commercial, economic, farming, industrial, manufacturing the complex organization of a business enterprise
VERB + ENTERPRISE control, manage, run He runs a successful small enterprise.
| invest in
ENTERPRISE + VERB expand, grow, succeed | fail
PREP. in/within an ~ something that affects all the workers in the enterprise
ADJ. free, private The Act will encourage private enterprise.
| local | corporate, individual, municipal
VERB + ENTERPRISE encourage, promote
ENTERPRISE + NOUN culture The government has promoted the small firm and the enterprise culture.
ADJ. great I thought she showed great enterprise.
VERB + ENTERPRISE show
PHRASES a spirit of enterprise
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| ample, considerable, enormous, great, tremendous | limited
VERB + SCOPE have | allow (sb), give sb, leave (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with) These courses give students more scope for developing their own ideas.
| increase | cut down, reduce
PREP. ~ for There is limited scope for creativity in my job.
ADJ. broad, wide | limited, narrow The scope of the exhibition is disappointingly narrow.
| geographical, territorial The geographical scope of product markets has widened since the war.
VERB + SCOPE broaden, expand, extend, increase, widen | limit, reduce, restrict | define, determine These criteria were used to determine the scope of the curriculum.
SCOPE + VERB broaden, expand, extend, increase, widen | narrow
PREP. beyond/outside the ~ of The subject lies outside the scope of this book.
| in (sth's) ~ The survey is too limited in (its) scope.
| within the ~ of These disputes fall within the scope of the local courts.
VERB + PROVINCE tour The show is currently touring the provinces.
PREP. from the ~ She's from the provinces and not familiar with Rome.
| in the ~ There are a number of press agencies based in London and in the provinces.
ADV. still | no longer | somehow Despite the decay the mosque somehow retained a profound grandeur.
VERB + RETAIN be keen to, hope to, want to, wish to | attempt to, seek to, struggle to, try to He struggled to retain control of the situation.
| manage to | help (to) | be allowed to, be entitled to, have the right to He was allowed to retain his parliamentary seat.
PREP. as The president retained her as his chief adviser.
ADJ. enormous | limited The company's manufacturing capability is quite limited.
| potential | proven the proven capability of this technology
| human beyond the scope of human capability
| intellectual, mental | technical, technological | manufacturing, production | research | computing, design, graphics, multimedia, networking, printing, processing, sound, video | defence, fighting, military, missile, nuclear, offensive, weapons
VERB + CAPABILITY have She has the capability to become a very fine actress.
| increase The government wants to increase its military capability.
| lose
PREP. beyond your ~ Organizing a whole department is beyond his capability.
| within your ~ I'm sure that your new job is well within your capabilities.
| ~ for her capability for making sensible decisions
ADJ. complete, considerable, drastic, extensive, fundamental, major, radical, substantial, thorough | minor | constant, frequent | downward, upward an upward revision of government expenditure plans
| policy, treaty
VERB + REVISION propose, recommend, suggest | call for, demand They called for revisions to the treaty.
| be open to, be subject to Our conclusions are always open to revision in the light of fresh evidence.
| undergo The scheme has recently undergone drastic revision.
| agree (to), announce, approve In October Parliament approved a revision of the budget.
| bring about, lead to, result in | carry out, complete, conduct, make, undertake
PREP. ~ in This has brought about a radical revision in the style of school management.
| ~ to revisions to the plan
PHRASES the process of revision The process of revision continued at rehearsals.
REVISION + NOUN class, course, lesson | question
PREP. ~ for revision for tomorrow's history exam
VERB + MANIFESTO draft, draw up, write | sign | issue, launch, publish | support
MANIFESTO + VERB pledge sth, promise sth The manifesto promised reform of the social security system.
| call for sth, demand sth | contain sth | say sth
MANIFESTO + NOUN commitment, pledge, promise | proposal
PREP. in a/the ~ The policy is outlined in the party's election manifesto.
| on a/the ~ Labour won the election on this manifesto.
| ~ for a manifesto for reform
ADJ. basic, central, essential, important, key, main, major, significant | conspicuous, distinctive, distinguishing, dominant, notable, noteworthy, noticeable, predominant, prominent a distinctive feature of his poems
| outstanding, remarkable, striking | attractive, endearing, eye-catching | interesting, special, unusual | salient He took me around our new offices, pointing out all the salient features.
| useful | characteristic, typical | unique | common the common feature in all these cases
| permanent, regular These walks became a regular feature of his day.
| recurring Self-deprecation is a recurring feature as Stevenson talks.
| redeeming The one redeeming feature of the scheme was its low cost to the council.
| original The house retains most of its original features.
| built-in | additional | constructional, design, physical, structural | energy-saving, safety a car with new built-in safety features
VERB + FEATURE have The site had a number of interesting features.
| retain | point out
FEATURE + VERB distinguish sth the essential feature that distinguishes anorexia nervosa from other eating disorders
| characterize sth A feature that characterizes all anteaters is an extremely slow metabolic rate.
| include sth Special features include passenger airbags and an electric sunroof.
ADJ. handsome | delicate, fine | rugged admiring his rugged features
| chiselled a slim figure with strongly chiselled features
| aquiline, hawk-like | facial
VERB + FEATURE have She's got very delicate features.
PREP. with ~ a young woman with fine features
ADJ. big, major, special | regular The magazine runs a regular feature on ethnic cooking.
| in-depth
VERB + FEATURE do, have, publish, run Next month they will publish a special feature on computer books.
FEATURE + NOUN writer
\n PREP. ~ on an in-depth feature on the Italian fashion scene
VERBS be
\n ADV. deeply, heavily those who are deeply engaged in party politics
| fully, totally | largely, mainly, primarily | directly | constantly | currently | actively, busily | otherwise I'm afraid Mr Wilson cannot see you now as he is otherwise engaged.
PREP. in She was engaged in conversation with a client.
| on He is actively engaged on several projects.
| with Mrs Scott is engaged with a customer at the moment.
PREP. to She's engaged to an actor.
VERBS be | become
\nADV. highly | largely | partly
\n PREP. in They were highly instrumental in bringing the business to Newtown.
ADJ. false, unfounded, unsubstantiated | conflicting There are conflicting claims about the cause of the fire.
| absurd, astonishing, extravagant,\ngrandiose
VERB + CLAIM make The company had made false claims about its products. I make no claim to understand modern art.
| accept They accepted her\nclaim that she had been ill-treated.
| challenge | deny, dismiss, dispute, reject Claims of a cover-up were dismissed.
| back up, substantiate, support They were able to produce witnesses to support their claim.
| investigate
PREP. ~ about to investigate claims about appalling prison conditions
| ~ of Claims of corruption within the police force were denied.
ADJ. large, small | excessive excessive wage claims
| legal, legitimate | bogus, fraudulent Police are investigating fraudulent claims for fire damage.
| accident, compensation, damage/damages, insurance, pay, wage | civil to file a civil claim for damages
VERB + CLAIM bring, file, lodge, make, put forward/in, submit She brought a claim for damages against the company.
| drop, waive, withdraw | investigage | allow, uphold His claim for compensation was upheld in court.
| dismiss | win | meet, pay, settle We will need extra funds to meet all the insurance claims.
CLAIM + VERB arise claims arising out of accidents at work
| fail The claim failed because the company had not been misled.
CLAIM + NOUN form
\n PREP. ~ against claims against the company for breach of contract
| ~ for a claim for compensation
| ~ on to make a claim on your insurance policy I have many claims on my time.
ADJ. good, strong | competing, rival competing claims for public money
| prior She had a prior claim on his affections.
| moral | territorial
VERB + CLAIM have He has a good claim to the land.
| assert, lay, press, stake Four men laid claim to leadership of the country. to stake a claim to some of the prize money
| establish, prove You will have to prove your claim to the property in a court of law.
| relinquish, renounce, withdraw
PREP. ~ on His children have a claim on his estate.
| ~ to She renounced her claim to the property.
ADV. extremely, highly, very a highly advanced economy
| fairly, quite, relatively | industrially, technically, technologically
VERBS be
\n ADV. far, greatly, well The disease was too far advanced for doctors to operate.
| fairly, quite | further
ADJ. big, considerable, great, important, invaluable, precious, priceless, real, tremendous, useful, valuable The teachers are the school's biggest asset.
| best, main, major, principal, prize | cultural The tourist industry requires that the country's cultural assets be made more accessible.
| natural Bow windows are a natural asset to any room and should be highlighted.
PREP. ~ to She will be an asset to any school she attends.
ADJ. combined, total | gross | net The company's net assets are worth millions.
| business, company, corporate | commercial, financial | current, disposable, liquid Liquid assets can be sold more quickly.
| capital, fixed, non-cash, non-monetary, physical, property | tangible | intangible | depreciable, wasting | hidden They have hidden assets in banks around the world.
| foreign, overseas | personal | national, public, state
VERB + ASSET have, hold, own, possess assets held by the company in Asia
| transfer He transferred all his assets into his wife's name.
| accumulate, acquire, buy | dispose of, realize, sell The business disposed of all its capital assets.
| increase, reduce The company has increased its UK assets.
| freeze The courts can order a company's assets to be frozen.
| release, unfreeze
ASSET + VERB appreciate, grow Net assets have grown to $169 million.
| decline, depreciate, dwindle
ASSET + NOUN value | management | sale | stripping measures to prevent asset stripping
PHRASES assets and liabilities
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