{{word}}{{meaning}}{{pof}}
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\n{{backside}}\n{{word}}{{meaning}}{{pof}}
\n{{categories}}\n{{word}}{{meaning}}{{pos}}
\n{{categories}}\nVERBS
ADV.
", - "VERBS be, look, seem, sound | become
ADV. enormously, especially, exceedingly, exceptionally, extraordinarily, extremely, highly, hugely, immensely, incredibly, infinitely, particularly, very This is a highly complex matter.
| increasingly | fairly, quite, rather, relatively, somewhat | surprisingly | unnecessarily | technically technically complex surgery
ADJ.
VERB + ESTIMATE
ESTIMATE + VERB
PREP.
", - " ADJ. official, unofficial | current, recent Current estimates suggest that supplies will run out within six months.
| early, initial, preliminary | accurate, fair, good, realistic, reasonable, reliable | best Flight times in the brochure are based on our best estimate, and will be confirmed as soon as possible.
| approximate, rough | conservative, low I think 15,000 will turn out to be a very low estimate.
| high According to the highest estimate, over 100,000 men died in the battle.
| optimistic, pessimistic | cost
VERB + ESTIMATE make Can you make an estimate of the numbers involved?
| give (sb), provide (sb with), submit Three firms submitted estimates for the work.
| revise
ESTIMATE + VERB be based on sth | indicate sth, predict sth, show sth, suggest sth One estimate suggests that 30,000 jobs may be lost.
| put sth at Some estimates put the figure as high as 50%.
| range, vary Cost estimates vary from $50,000 to $200,000.
PREP. according to an/the ~ According to the revised estimate, four million people will be without homes.
| at an ~ Even at a conservative estimate, there is a lot of work to be done.
| in an/the ~ In his first estimate, he suggested a figure of £5,000.
| ~ by, ~ from According to an estimate by a leading newspaper, she earns £40 million a year.
| ~ for We will send you an estimate for the repairs.
| ~ of an estimate of profits an estimate of £300
VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
", - "VERBS be, feel, seem, sound | become | remain
ADV. distinctly, extremely, strongly, terribly, very the strongly negative implications of these survey results. Their attitude was terribly negative.
| completely, entirely, exclusively, purely, totally, wholly She spoke in entirely negative terms.
| largely, mainly, overwhelmingly | fairly, rather, slightly, somewhat | apparently | essentially Critical thinking is essentially negative as it seeks to dissect and not to build.
| generally
PREP. about He's been rather negative about the idea.
VERBS
PREP.
", - " VERBS be, prove, test The breathalyser test proved negative. He tested negative for HIV infection.
PREP. for The urine tests were negative for protein.
ADJ.
VERB + CHALLENGE
PREP.
", - " ADJ. leadership, title his title challenge to the heavyweight champion
VERB + CHALLENGE issue, mount plans to mount a leadership challenge within the party
| accept, take up I accepted his challenge to a game of chess.
| beat off, fight off Our team will have to fight off the challenge from better trained teams.
PREP. ~ from a challenge from the other political party
ADJ.
VERB + PRINCIPLE
PRINCIPLE + VERB
PREP.
", - " ADJ. basic, broad, central, fundamental, general the basic principles of car maintenance
| cardinal, essential, key | universal | democratic, legal, market, political, scientific, theoretical
VERB + PRINCIPLE establish, formulate, lay down | apply | explain
PRINCIPLE + VERB apply This principle applies to all kinds of selling.
| underlie sth, underpin sth the principles underlying Western philosophy
PREP. in ~ I agree with you in principle, but we'll need to discuss the details.
| ~ behind She went on to explain the principles behind what she was doing.
ADV.
VERB + DEPEND
", - " ADV. crucially, greatly, very much The future of the company will depend crucially on how consumers respond.
| entirely, solely | largely, mainly | partly, rather, to some extent | ultimately Whether or not we can go ultimately depends on the weather.
VERB + DEPEND seem to The outcome seems to depend on the type of soil used.
ADV.
PREP.
", - "ADV. heavily | entirely, solely
PREP. for She depends entirely on her parents for money.
ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + INTEGRATION
PREP.
PHRASES
", - " ADJ. true | complete, full | close, seamless | further, greater, improved, increased | rapid | economic, monetary, political, racial, social We are working to bring about closer political integration in the EU.
| internal | systems (computing)
QUANT. degree, level
VERB + INTEGRATION achieve, bring about | accelerate, encourage, facilitate, promote, speed up, stimulate measures to promote the social integration of mentally handicapped people
| require | lead to
PREP. ~ between integration between research and higher education
| ~ into the integration of disabled pupils into the general education system
| ~ with He called for greater integration with Europe.
| ~ within economic integration within the three communities
PHRASES a move towards integration a move towards greater internal integration in Europe
| a need for integration, a process of integration
VERB + EXPLORE
PREP.
", - " VERB + EXPLORE be keen to, want to, wish to | be free to In the afternoon you'll be free to explore a little on your own.
PREP. for exploring for oil
ADJ.
PREP.
", - "ADJ. whole
PREP. on the ~ of We made our decision on the basis of the information we had.
| ~ for The whole basis for your argument is false.
ADJ.
PREP.
", - " ADJ. regular | daily, monthly, weekly, etc. Staff are employed on a monthly basis.
| permanent, temporary | casual, part-time, voluntary | commercial
PREP. on a … ~
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PREP.
", - "ADJ. whole
PREP. on the ~ of We made our decision on the basis of the information we had.
| ~ for The whole basis for your argument is false.
ADJ.
PREP.
", - " ADJ. regular | daily, monthly, weekly, etc. Staff are employed on a monthly basis.
| permanent, temporary | casual, part-time, voluntary | commercial
PREP. on a … ~
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VERB + ENCOURAGE
PREP.
", - " ADV. greatly, strongly We were greatly encouraged by the support we received.
| actively, positively The government must actively encourage investment in these areas.
VERB + ENCOURAGE aim to | try to | be designed to These questions are designed to encourage debate.
| be likely to Newspapers should not publish material that is likely to encourage discrimination on the grounds of race or colour.
PREP. in Her head of department encouraged her in her research work.
ADJ.
VERB + ADVANCE
PREP.
", - " ADJ. big, considerable, dramatic, enormous, great, spectacular, substantial, tremendous | important, major, notable, remarkable, significant | rapid, steady rapid advances in science and technology
| recent | economic, educational, medical, political, scientific, social, technical, technological | theoretical
VERB + ADVANCE make We need more money if we are to make any further advances in this area of science.
PREP. in ~ two major advances in orthopaedic medicine
| on ~ an advance on the existing techniques
| towards ~ an advance towards a better understanding of God
ADJ.
VERB + ADVANCE
PREP.
", - "ADJ. large | cash
VERB + ADVANCE give, pay The publishers have paid me an advance.
| get, receive
PREP. ~ of an advance of
£10,000
| ~ on He was paid
£5,000 as an advance on royalties.
ADV.
PREP.
", - "ADV. considerably, greatly, significantly | rapidly
PREP. beyond Society needs to advance beyond prejudice and superstition.
VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
", - "VERBS appear, be, feel, seem
\n ADV. perfectly, quite, utterly I'm perfectly content just to lie in the sun.
| fairly, reasonably, relatively | apparently | curiously, strangely She felt curiously content.
PREP. with She seemed quite content with the idea.
VERBS
ADV.
", - " VERBS be, look, prove, seem, sound | become, get It is getting more and more difficult to find a job.
| make sth The fog made driving very difficult.
| find sth
ADV. exceedingly, extraordinarily, extremely, incredibly, particularly, really, very | doubly Her disability made taking care of the home and raising a family doubly difficult.
| increasingly | a bit, quite, rather | notoriously Birth rates are notoriously difficult to predict.
ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + DIFFICULTY
DIFFICULTY + VERB
PREP.
", - " ADJ. considerable, enormous, grave, great, major, real, serious, severe We had enormous difficulty in getting hold of the right equipment.
| insurmountable | increasing questions of increasing difficulty
| inherent the difficulties inherent in treating overdose patients
| particular, special English spelling presents special difficulties for foreign learners.
| economic, financial | practical, technical I think we've managed to overcome most of the practical difficulties.
| behavioural, emotional, learning children with learning difficulties
QUANT. level The games have various different levels of difficulty.
VERB + DIFFICULTY encounter, experience, face, get into, have, run into Among the difficulties encountered was a lack of cooperation on the part of the authorities. Anyone experiencing difficulty with radio reception should call us on the new helpline. Let me know if you have any difficulties. I had little difficulty in persuading the others to come. The scheme has run into serious difficulties.
| cause, create, make, present Will it cause any difficulties if I go early? She is always making difficulties for herself.
| cope with, deal with, overcome, resolve, solve, surmount | avoid how to avoid technical difficulties
| be fraught with The situation was fraught with difficulty.
DIFFICULTY + VERB arise, crop up Difficulties arise when people fail to consult their colleagues.
| lie (in sth) The difficulty lies in identifying the precise nature of the problem.
PREP. despite a/the ~ Despite all the difficulties, he still remains optimistic.
| in ~ We could see that the swimmer was in difficulties.
| with/without ~ We crossed the border without any difficulty. Life in the city was not without its difficulties.
| ~ in She had difficulty in starting her car.
| ~ of the difficulty of finding affordable accommodation
| ~ with having difficulty with the engine
ADJ.
VERB + INDUSTRIAL ACTION
PREP.
", - "ADJ. continuing | unlawful
VERB + INDUSTRIAL ACTION take | threaten | call for | vote for | start | step up The union is considering stepping up its industrial action.
| suspend | stop | take part in, be/become involved in His research indicates an increase in the number of women involved in industrial action.
| support
PREP. ~ against The union is threatening industrial action against the company.
| ~ by industrial action by railway workers
| ~ in support of industrial action in support of demands for a ten per cent salary adjustment
| ~ over to take industrial action over pay
ADJ.
VERB + REVOLUTION
PREP.
PHRASES
", - " ADJ. complete, full One full revolution of the knob will open the hatch.
VERB + REVOLUTION make
PREP. through a ~ The earth turns through one complete revolution approximately every twenty-four hours.
| ~ about/around/round How long does it take for the planet Jupiter to make a complete revolution around the sun?
PHRASES revolutions a/per minute
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ADV.
PREP.
", - " VERBS be, seem | remain | consider sth, regard sth as We consider these freedoms fundamental to democracy.
ADV. truly, very | absolutely, quite This principle is clear and absolutely fundamental.
| fairly, rather
PREP. to Improved funding is fundamental to the success of the project.
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ADJ.
VERB + FUNDAMENTALS
", - " ADJ. basic | very The new law strikes at the very fundamentals of a free press. VERB + FUNDAMENTALS teach | grasp, learn, master We quickly mastered the basic fundamentals of navigation.
| go back to, return to The government went back to fundamentals, concentrating on avoiding food shortages.
VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
", - " VERBS appear, be, seem | become It is becoming almost essential for students to have a second language.
| remain | make sth Increased competition makes it essential for the business to innovate.
| consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as, think sth Do you consider these textbooks essential for the course?
ADV. really | absolutely | almost, virtually | fairly | by no means Although useful, the accessories are by no means essential.
PREP. for the skills essential for success
| to He believed that some form of religion was essential to human life.
ADJ.
VERB + ESSENTIALS
", - " ADJ. bare, basic the bare essentials for existence
VERB + ESSENTIALS grasp Just try and grasp the essentials of the argument.
| provide The relief agencies are trying to provide food and other basic essentials.
| concentrate on Don't let's worry about the details at this stage. Let's concentrate on the essentials.
PHRASES
", - " ADV. immediately | directly | personally | by email, by phone/telephone He can be contacted by phone on the telephone number given below.
PHRASES do not hesitate to contact sb Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions.
ADV.
ADV. fully The increase can be fully accounted for.
| partly The differences in achievement between the pupils are partly accounted for by differences in age.
ADJ.
PHRASES
", - " ADJ. ancient, classical | contemporary, modern | Eastern, Western | experimental, moral, natural (historical)
, political, religious, social
PHRASES the philosophy of history/religion/science
More information about SUBJECT
ADV.
\nVERB + ASSERT
", - " ADV. successfully They successfully asserted their right to protect their homes.
VERB + ASSERT need to | be determined to, wish to She wished to assert her independence from her parents.
| seek to, try to | be able to, manage to He managed to assert his power over the media.
| be unable to, fail to
VERBS
ADV.
", + "VERBS be
ADV. purely, strictly He insisted that his relationship with the duchess was purely professional.
VERBS
ADV.
", + " VERBS be, look Their designs look very professional.
ADV. extremely, highly, really, truly, very He dealt with the problem in a highly professional way.
| thoroughly | increasingly | almost | quite, rather
VERBS
ADV.
", + "VERBS be | become, turn
ADV. fully He wants to turn fully professional.
VERBS
ADV.
ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + CONVENTION
CONVENTION + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + CONVENTION
CONVENTION + VERB
CONVENTION + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + CONVENTION
CONVENTION + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
", + "", + "conventional adj
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ADV.
ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + CONVENTION
CONVENTION + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + CONVENTION
CONVENTION + VERB
CONVENTION + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + CONVENTION
CONVENTION + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
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VERB + SHAPE
SHAPE + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
", + " ADJ. basic, simple The children cut the paper into various simple shapes.
| characteristic, distinctive I recognized the distinctive shape of a Boeing-747.
| curious, interesting, unusual, weird | awkward The desk was an awkward shape and wouldn't fit through the door.
| original | geometric/geometrical, regular, symmetrical | complex | asymmetrical, irregular | odd, random tiles of random shape
| solid, three-dimensional | aerodynamic | angular, arch, circular, cone/conical, cylindrical, diamond, dome, egg, elliptical, elongated, hemispherical, hexagonal, oblong, pentagonal, pointed, pyramid/pyramidal, rectangular, round, spherical, triangular, wedge | rounded, smooth | arrow, banana, cross, pear, star, T, etc. The road forms an L shape. The bruise was a sort of mushroom shape.
| blurred, ghostly, shadowy, vague | huge, massive | black, dark, grey | human | body You can't change your natural body shape.
VERB + SHAPE cut out, draw, make, trace First draw the rough shape of your chosen animal. Fold the paper to make the shape of a cone.
| cut sth into, make sth in, produce sth in a cheese similar to Brie but produced in a different shape
| come in, have Tables come in various shapes.
| assume, make, take on Ordinary things assumed different shapes in the mist.
| keep, retain These garments will retain their shape even with repeated washing.
| regain | change | lose | distort The wide-angle lens distorts shapes.
| distinguish, make out, see I could just make out the shapes of animals in the field.
SHAPE + VERB appear, emerge, loom Ghostly shapes loomed out of the fog.
PREP. in the ~ of a doormat in the shape of a cat
PHRASES out of shape The bicycle had been battered out of shape.
| oblong/rectangular/hexagonal, etc. in shape The island is roughly circular in shape.
VERB + SHAPE
", + " ADJ. fine, good, great | bad, poor | physical He's 64, but he's in better physical shape than I am.
VERB + SHAPE get sb/sth into, knock/lick/whip sb/sth into Get your body into shape for the summer! Leave the boy with me?I'll soon knock him into shape!
| be in, keep in, stay in You are in pretty good shape for your age. She likes to stay in shape.
| be out of
ADJ.
VERB + GUIDE
", + " ADJ. tour, tourist Our tour guide showed us around the old town.
VERB + GUIDE act as, be He agreed to go with them and act as their guide.
ADV.
PREP.
", + " ADV. gently He took her arm, gently guiding her.
PREP. across, along, etc. She guided him across the busy road.
| to/towards He guided her hand to his face.
ADJ.
VERB + EXPANSION
EXPANSION + VERB
EXPANSION + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
", + " ADJ. big, considerable, enormous, great, huge, major, massive, significant, substantial, vast The company was now set for major expansion.
| maximum | dramatic, marked, remarkable, unprecedented an unprecedented expansion in linguistic studies at British universities
| rapid | gradual | steady | continued, further, sustained | eastward, westward, etc. | global, international, overseas, worldwide | successful | aggressive The board decided to embark on aggressive overseas expansion.
| healthy | planned, proposed | uncontrolled | business, commercial, company | economic, industrial | colonial, imperial, territorial | population | urban
VERB + EXPANSION show The economy is still showing healthy expansion.
| allow (for), provide for The design of the front pockets allows for expansion.
| be ripe for a ready-made hotel chain ripe for further expansion
| be set for The company is set for further expansion into niche areas.
| call for | go for, look for We are going for maximum expansion.
| encourage, facilitate, promote | impede, limit, restrict | halt, stop | prevent | embark on | finance, fund In order to finance expansion on this scale, the government has relied heavily on borrowing.
EXPANSION + VERB occur, take place
EXPANSION + NOUN plan, programme
PREP. ~ into expansion into the luxury car market
| ~ in a great age of expansion in trade and science
PHRASES a period of expansion a period of rapid economic expansion
| the rate of expansion The rate of expansion of our overseas trade has been spectacular.
| potential/room/scope/space for expansion The company believes there is scope for expansion in this sector.
ADV.
VERB + STRENGTHEN
PREP.
PHRASES
", + " ADV. considerably, enormously, greatly, immeasurably, significantly, substantially The success in the election strengthened the party's position considerably.
| further This merger will further strengthen the company and ensure its continued success.
| merely This temporary setback merely strengthened her resolve.
| gradually
VERB + STRENGTHEN help (to), serve to | be designed to These exercises are designed to strengthen your stomach muscles.
PREP. against The euro has strengthened against the dollar.
PHRASES an attempt/effort to strengthen sth, be aimed at strengthening sth The new law is aimed at strengthening protective measures for workers.
| measures to strengthen sth
VERB + INCENTIVE
INCENTIVE + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
", + " ADJ. big, considerable, great, massive | powerful, strong | adequate, sufficient | main, major | added, additional, extra, more | less | real | direct The most direct financial incentive to prevent rubbish is to charge people by the amount of rubbish they put out.
| important | positive | special | commercial, economic, financial, fiscal, monetary | cash | price, tax | sales | work | government
VERB + INCENTIVE act as, be He argues that the free supply of skilled labour will act as an incentive for employees to be more diligent.
| have She had the added incentive of being within reach of the world record.
| need | give (sb/sth), offer (sb/sth), provide (sb/sth with) | create The government has created tax incentives to encourage investment.
| increase | reduce | undermine High taxation rates have undermined work incentives.
| remove
INCENTIVE + NOUN programme, scheme, system The company operates a share incentive scheme for its workers.
| payment
PREP. ~ to an incentive to investment
PHRASES have every incentive The absence of penalties for anti-competitive behaviour means that firms have every incentive to engage in price-fixing.
| a lack of incentive Low levels of profitability mean there is a lack of incentive to undertake new investment.
VERBS
\nADV.
", + "VERBS be
\nADV. very | purely | merely | essentially
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ADV.
", + "VERBS be, look, seem, sound | become
ADV. enormously, especially, exceedingly, exceptionally, extraordinarily, extremely, highly, hugely, immensely, incredibly, infinitely, particularly, very This is a highly complex matter.
| increasingly | fairly, quite, rather, relatively, somewhat | surprisingly | unnecessarily | technically technically complex surgery
ADJ.
VERB + ESTIMATE
ESTIMATE + VERB
PREP.
", + " ADJ. official, unofficial | current, recent Current estimates suggest that supplies will run out within six months.
| early, initial, preliminary | accurate, fair, good, realistic, reasonable, reliable | best Flight times in the brochure are based on our best estimate, and will be confirmed as soon as possible.
| approximate, rough | conservative, low I think 15,000 will turn out to be a very low estimate.
| high According to the highest estimate, over 100,000 men died in the battle.
| optimistic, pessimistic | cost
VERB + ESTIMATE make Can you make an estimate of the numbers involved?
| give (sb), provide (sb with), submit Three firms submitted estimates for the work.
| revise
ESTIMATE + VERB be based on sth | indicate sth, predict sth, show sth, suggest sth One estimate suggests that 30,000 jobs may be lost.
| put sth at Some estimates put the figure as high as 50%.
| range, vary Cost estimates vary from $50,000 to $200,000.
PREP. according to an/the ~ According to the revised estimate, four million people will be without homes.
| at an ~ Even at a conservative estimate, there is a lot of work to be done.
| in an/the ~ In his first estimate, he suggested a figure of £5,000.
| ~ by, ~ from According to an estimate by a leading newspaper, she earns £40 million a year.
| ~ for We will send you an estimate for the repairs.
| ~ of an estimate of profits an estimate of £300
VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
", + "VERBS be, feel, seem, sound | become | remain
ADV. distinctly, extremely, strongly, terribly, very the strongly negative implications of these survey results. Their attitude was terribly negative.
| completely, entirely, exclusively, purely, totally, wholly She spoke in entirely negative terms.
| largely, mainly, overwhelmingly | fairly, rather, slightly, somewhat | apparently | essentially Critical thinking is essentially negative as it seeks to dissect and not to build.
| generally
PREP. about He's been rather negative about the idea.
VERBS
PREP.
", + " VERBS be, prove, test The breathalyser test proved negative. He tested negative for HIV infection.
PREP. for The urine tests were negative for protein.
ADJ.
VERB + CHALLENGE
PREP.
", + " ADJ. leadership, title his title challenge to the heavyweight champion
VERB + CHALLENGE issue, mount plans to mount a leadership challenge within the party
| accept, take up I accepted his challenge to a game of chess.
| beat off, fight off Our team will have to fight off the challenge from better trained teams.
PREP. ~ from a challenge from the other political party
ADJ.
VERB + PRINCIPLE
PRINCIPLE + VERB
PREP.
", + " ADJ. basic, broad, central, fundamental, general the basic principles of car maintenance
| cardinal, essential, key | universal | democratic, legal, market, political, scientific, theoretical
VERB + PRINCIPLE establish, formulate, lay down | apply | explain
PRINCIPLE + VERB apply This principle applies to all kinds of selling.
| underlie sth, underpin sth the principles underlying Western philosophy
PREP. in ~ I agree with you in principle, but we'll need to discuss the details.
| ~ behind She went on to explain the principles behind what she was doing.
ADV.
VERB + DEPEND
", + " ADV. crucially, greatly, very much The future of the company will depend crucially on how consumers respond.
| entirely, solely | largely, mainly | partly, rather, to some extent | ultimately Whether or not we can go ultimately depends on the weather.
VERB + DEPEND seem to The outcome seems to depend on the type of soil used.
ADV.
PREP.
", + "ADV. heavily | entirely, solely
PREP. for She depends entirely on her parents for money.
ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + INTEGRATION
PREP.
PHRASES
", + " ADJ. true | complete, full | close, seamless | further, greater, improved, increased | rapid | economic, monetary, political, racial, social We are working to bring about closer political integration in the EU.
| internal | systems (computing)
QUANT. degree, level
VERB + INTEGRATION achieve, bring about | accelerate, encourage, facilitate, promote, speed up, stimulate measures to promote the social integration of mentally handicapped people
| require | lead to
PREP. ~ between integration between research and higher education
| ~ into the integration of disabled pupils into the general education system
| ~ with He called for greater integration with Europe.
| ~ within economic integration within the three communities
PHRASES a move towards integration a move towards greater internal integration in Europe
| a need for integration, a process of integration
VERB + EXPLORE
PREP.
", + " VERB + EXPLORE be keen to, want to, wish to | be free to In the afternoon you'll be free to explore a little on your own.
PREP. for exploring for oil
ADJ.
PREP.
", + "ADJ. whole
PREP. on the ~ of We made our decision on the basis of the information we had.
| ~ for The whole basis for your argument is false.
ADJ.
PREP.
", + " ADJ. regular | daily, monthly, weekly, etc. Staff are employed on a monthly basis.
| permanent, temporary | casual, part-time, voluntary | commercial
PREP. on a … ~
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PREP.
", + "ADJ. whole
PREP. on the ~ of We made our decision on the basis of the information we had.
| ~ for The whole basis for your argument is false.
ADJ.
PREP.
", + " ADJ. regular | daily, monthly, weekly, etc. Staff are employed on a monthly basis.
| permanent, temporary | casual, part-time, voluntary | commercial
PREP. on a … ~
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VERB + ENCOURAGE
PREP.
", + " ADV. greatly, strongly We were greatly encouraged by the support we received.
| actively, positively The government must actively encourage investment in these areas.
VERB + ENCOURAGE aim to | try to | be designed to These questions are designed to encourage debate.
| be likely to Newspapers should not publish material that is likely to encourage discrimination on the grounds of race or colour.
PREP. in Her head of department encouraged her in her research work.
ADJ.
VERB + ADVANCE
PREP.
", + " ADJ. big, considerable, dramatic, enormous, great, spectacular, substantial, tremendous | important, major, notable, remarkable, significant | rapid, steady rapid advances in science and technology
| recent | economic, educational, medical, political, scientific, social, technical, technological | theoretical
VERB + ADVANCE make We need more money if we are to make any further advances in this area of science.
PREP. in ~ two major advances in orthopaedic medicine
| on ~ an advance on the existing techniques
| towards ~ an advance towards a better understanding of God
ADJ.
VERB + ADVANCE
PREP.
", + "ADJ. large | cash
VERB + ADVANCE give, pay The publishers have paid me an advance.
| get, receive
PREP. ~ of an advance of
£10,000
| ~ on He was paid
£5,000 as an advance on royalties.
ADV.
PREP.
", + "ADV. considerably, greatly, significantly | rapidly
PREP. beyond Society needs to advance beyond prejudice and superstition.
VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
", + "VERBS appear, be, feel, seem
\n ADV. perfectly, quite, utterly I'm perfectly content just to lie in the sun.
| fairly, reasonably, relatively | apparently | curiously, strangely She felt curiously content.
PREP. with She seemed quite content with the idea.
VERBS
ADV.
", + " VERBS be, look, prove, seem, sound | become, get It is getting more and more difficult to find a job.
| make sth The fog made driving very difficult.
| find sth
ADV. exceedingly, extraordinarily, extremely, incredibly, particularly, really, very | doubly Her disability made taking care of the home and raising a family doubly difficult.
| increasingly | a bit, quite, rather | notoriously Birth rates are notoriously difficult to predict.
ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + DIFFICULTY
DIFFICULTY + VERB
PREP.
", + " ADJ. considerable, enormous, grave, great, major, real, serious, severe We had enormous difficulty in getting hold of the right equipment.
| insurmountable | increasing questions of increasing difficulty
| inherent the difficulties inherent in treating overdose patients
| particular, special English spelling presents special difficulties for foreign learners.
| economic, financial | practical, technical I think we've managed to overcome most of the practical difficulties.
| behavioural, emotional, learning children with learning difficulties
QUANT. level The games have various different levels of difficulty.
VERB + DIFFICULTY encounter, experience, face, get into, have, run into Among the difficulties encountered was a lack of cooperation on the part of the authorities. Anyone experiencing difficulty with radio reception should call us on the new helpline. Let me know if you have any difficulties. I had little difficulty in persuading the others to come. The scheme has run into serious difficulties.
| cause, create, make, present Will it cause any difficulties if I go early? She is always making difficulties for herself.
| cope with, deal with, overcome, resolve, solve, surmount | avoid how to avoid technical difficulties
| be fraught with The situation was fraught with difficulty.
DIFFICULTY + VERB arise, crop up Difficulties arise when people fail to consult their colleagues.
| lie (in sth) The difficulty lies in identifying the precise nature of the problem.
PREP. despite a/the ~ Despite all the difficulties, he still remains optimistic.
| in ~ We could see that the swimmer was in difficulties.
| with/without ~ We crossed the border without any difficulty. Life in the city was not without its difficulties.
| ~ in She had difficulty in starting her car.
| ~ of the difficulty of finding affordable accommodation
| ~ with having difficulty with the engine
ADJ.
VERB + INDUSTRIAL ACTION
PREP.
", + "ADJ. continuing | unlawful
VERB + INDUSTRIAL ACTION take | threaten | call for | vote for | start | step up The union is considering stepping up its industrial action.
| suspend | stop | take part in, be/become involved in His research indicates an increase in the number of women involved in industrial action.
| support
PREP. ~ against The union is threatening industrial action against the company.
| ~ by industrial action by railway workers
| ~ in support of industrial action in support of demands for a ten per cent salary adjustment
| ~ over to take industrial action over pay
ADJ.
VERB + REVOLUTION
PREP.
PHRASES
", + " ADJ. complete, full One full revolution of the knob will open the hatch.
VERB + REVOLUTION make
PREP. through a ~ The earth turns through one complete revolution approximately every twenty-four hours.
| ~ about/around/round How long does it take for the planet Jupiter to make a complete revolution around the sun?
PHRASES revolutions a/per minute
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ADV.
PREP.
", + " VERBS be, seem | remain | consider sth, regard sth as We consider these freedoms fundamental to democracy.
ADV. truly, very | absolutely, quite This principle is clear and absolutely fundamental.
| fairly, rather
PREP. to Improved funding is fundamental to the success of the project.
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ADJ.
VERB + FUNDAMENTALS
", + " ADJ. basic | very The new law strikes at the very fundamentals of a free press. VERB + FUNDAMENTALS teach | grasp, learn, master We quickly mastered the basic fundamentals of navigation.
| go back to, return to The government went back to fundamentals, concentrating on avoiding food shortages.
VERBS
ADV.
PREP.
", + " VERBS appear, be, seem | become It is becoming almost essential for students to have a second language.
| remain | make sth Increased competition makes it essential for the business to innovate.
| consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as, think sth Do you consider these textbooks essential for the course?
ADV. really | absolutely | almost, virtually | fairly | by no means Although useful, the accessories are by no means essential.
PREP. for the skills essential for success
| to He believed that some form of religion was essential to human life.
ADJ.
VERB + ESSENTIALS
", + " ADJ. bare, basic the bare essentials for existence
VERB + ESSENTIALS grasp Just try and grasp the essentials of the argument.
| provide The relief agencies are trying to provide food and other basic essentials.
| concentrate on Don't let's worry about the details at this stage. Let's concentrate on the essentials.
PHRASES
", + " ADV. immediately | directly | personally | by email, by phone/telephone He can be contacted by phone on the telephone number given below.
PHRASES do not hesitate to contact sb Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions.
ADV.
ADV. fully The increase can be fully accounted for.
| partly The differences in achievement between the pupils are partly accounted for by differences in age.
ADJ.
PHRASES
", + " ADJ. ancient, classical | contemporary, modern | Eastern, Western | experimental, moral, natural (historical)
, political, religious, social
PHRASES the philosophy of history/religion/science
More information about SUBJECT
ADV.
\nVERB + ASSERT
", + " ADV. successfully They successfully asserted their right to protect their homes.
VERB + ASSERT need to | be determined to, wish to She wished to assert her independence from her parents.
| seek to, try to | be able to, manage to He managed to assert his power over the media.
| be unable to, fail to
VERBS
ADV.
", - "VERBS be
ADV. purely, strictly He insisted that his relationship with the duchess was purely professional.
VERBS
ADV.
", - " VERBS be, look Their designs look very professional.
ADV. extremely, highly, really, truly, very He dealt with the problem in a highly professional way.
| thoroughly | increasingly | almost | quite, rather
VERBS
ADV.
", - "VERBS be | become, turn
ADV. fully He wants to turn fully professional.
VERBS
ADV.
ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + CONVENTION
CONVENTION + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + CONVENTION
CONVENTION + VERB
CONVENTION + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + CONVENTION
CONVENTION + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
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ADV.
ADJ.
QUANT.
VERB + CONVENTION
CONVENTION + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + CONVENTION
CONVENTION + VERB
CONVENTION + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
ADJ.
VERB + CONVENTION
CONVENTION + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
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VERB + SHAPE
SHAPE + VERB
PREP.
PHRASES
", - " ADJ. basic, simple The children cut the paper into various simple shapes.
| characteristic, distinctive I recognized the distinctive shape of a Boeing-747.
| curious, interesting, unusual, weird | awkward The desk was an awkward shape and wouldn't fit through the door.
| original | geometric/geometrical, regular, symmetrical | complex | asymmetrical, irregular | odd, random tiles of random shape
| solid, three-dimensional | aerodynamic | angular, arch, circular, cone/conical, cylindrical, diamond, dome, egg, elliptical, elongated, hemispherical, hexagonal, oblong, pentagonal, pointed, pyramid/pyramidal, rectangular, round, spherical, triangular, wedge | rounded, smooth | arrow, banana, cross, pear, star, T, etc. The road forms an L shape. The bruise was a sort of mushroom shape.
| blurred, ghostly, shadowy, vague | huge, massive | black, dark, grey | human | body You can't change your natural body shape.
VERB + SHAPE cut out, draw, make, trace First draw the rough shape of your chosen animal. Fold the paper to make the shape of a cone.
| cut sth into, make sth in, produce sth in a cheese similar to Brie but produced in a different shape
| come in, have Tables come in various shapes.
| assume, make, take on Ordinary things assumed different shapes in the mist.
| keep, retain These garments will retain their shape even with repeated washing.
| regain | change | lose | distort The wide-angle lens distorts shapes.
| distinguish, make out, see I could just make out the shapes of animals in the field.
SHAPE + VERB appear, emerge, loom Ghostly shapes loomed out of the fog.
PREP. in the ~ of a doormat in the shape of a cat
PHRASES out of shape The bicycle had been battered out of shape.
| oblong/rectangular/hexagonal, etc. in shape The island is roughly circular in shape.
VERB + SHAPE
", - " ADJ. fine, good, great | bad, poor | physical He's 64, but he's in better physical shape than I am.
VERB + SHAPE get sb/sth into, knock/lick/whip sb/sth into Get your body into shape for the summer! Leave the boy with me?I'll soon knock him into shape!
| be in, keep in, stay in You are in pretty good shape for your age. She likes to stay in shape.
| be out of
ADJ.
VERB + GUIDE
", - " ADJ. tour, tourist Our tour guide showed us around the old town.
VERB + GUIDE act as, be He agreed to go with them and act as their guide.
ADV.
PREP.
", - " ADV. gently He took her arm, gently guiding her.
PREP. across, along, etc. She guided him across the busy road.
| to/towards He guided her hand to his face.
ADJ.
VERB + EXPANSION
EXPANSION + VERB
EXPANSION + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
", - " ADJ. big, considerable, enormous, great, huge, major, massive, significant, substantial, vast The company was now set for major expansion.
| maximum | dramatic, marked, remarkable, unprecedented an unprecedented expansion in linguistic studies at British universities
| rapid | gradual | steady | continued, further, sustained | eastward, westward, etc. | global, international, overseas, worldwide | successful | aggressive The board decided to embark on aggressive overseas expansion.
| healthy | planned, proposed | uncontrolled | business, commercial, company | economic, industrial | colonial, imperial, territorial | population | urban
VERB + EXPANSION show The economy is still showing healthy expansion.
| allow (for), provide for The design of the front pockets allows for expansion.
| be ripe for a ready-made hotel chain ripe for further expansion
| be set for The company is set for further expansion into niche areas.
| call for | go for, look for We are going for maximum expansion.
| encourage, facilitate, promote | impede, limit, restrict | halt, stop | prevent | embark on | finance, fund In order to finance expansion on this scale, the government has relied heavily on borrowing.
EXPANSION + VERB occur, take place
EXPANSION + NOUN plan, programme
PREP. ~ into expansion into the luxury car market
| ~ in a great age of expansion in trade and science
PHRASES a period of expansion a period of rapid economic expansion
| the rate of expansion The rate of expansion of our overseas trade has been spectacular.
| potential/room/scope/space for expansion The company believes there is scope for expansion in this sector.
ADV.
VERB + STRENGTHEN
PREP.
PHRASES
", - " ADV. considerably, enormously, greatly, immeasurably, significantly, substantially The success in the election strengthened the party's position considerably.
| further This merger will further strengthen the company and ensure its continued success.
| merely This temporary setback merely strengthened her resolve.
| gradually
VERB + STRENGTHEN help (to), serve to | be designed to These exercises are designed to strengthen your stomach muscles.
PREP. against The euro has strengthened against the dollar.
PHRASES an attempt/effort to strengthen sth, be aimed at strengthening sth The new law is aimed at strengthening protective measures for workers.
| measures to strengthen sth
VERB + INCENTIVE
INCENTIVE + NOUN
PREP.
PHRASES
", - " ADJ. big, considerable, great, massive | powerful, strong | adequate, sufficient | main, major | added, additional, extra, more | less | real | direct The most direct financial incentive to prevent rubbish is to charge people by the amount of rubbish they put out.
| important | positive | special | commercial, economic, financial, fiscal, monetary | cash | price, tax | sales | work | government
VERB + INCENTIVE act as, be He argues that the free supply of skilled labour will act as an incentive for employees to be more diligent.
| have She had the added incentive of being within reach of the world record.
| need | give (sb/sth), offer (sb/sth), provide (sb/sth with) | create The government has created tax incentives to encourage investment.
| increase | reduce | undermine High taxation rates have undermined work incentives.
| remove
INCENTIVE + NOUN programme, scheme, system The company operates a share incentive scheme for its workers.
| payment
PREP. ~ to an incentive to investment
PHRASES have every incentive The absence of penalties for anti-competitive behaviour means that firms have every incentive to engage in price-fixing.
| a lack of incentive Low levels of profitability mean there is a lack of incentive to undertake new investment.
VERBS
\nADV.
", - "VERBS be
\nADV. very | purely | merely | essentially
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