diff --git a/script/cards.csv b/script/cards.csv index 1c74f59..1ba7530 100644 --- a/script/cards.csv +++ b/script/cards.csv @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -201;"unit";"

unit noun

+201;"unit";"

unit noun

1 single thing

ADJ. large, small | basic, fundamental The family is the basic unit of society. | discrete, individual, single

VERB + UNIT break sth down into, divide sth into Large departments were broken down into smaller units.

@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@

4 piece of furniture/equipment

ADJ. cooking, kitchen, sink, storage | air-conditioning, control, power, processing, shower the central processing unit in a computer

VERB + UNIT install We're having new kitchen units installed.

-
" -202;"total";"

total noun

+
" +202;"total";"

total noun

ADJ. annual, monthly | combined, cumulative, grand, overall, sum His two goals give him a grand total of 32 for the season. The sum total of my knowledge of biology is not impressive. | final | high, huge, large, record a record total of victories | low, small | global, national, world/worldwide | jobless, unemployment Britain's jobless total rose by 20,000 last month.

VERB + TOTAL add up to, give, make (up) Their earnings were £250, £300 and £420, giving a total of £970. | bring, take A donation of £250 has been received, bringing the total to £3,750. | achieve The Greens achieved a total of 18 seats.

TOTAL + VERB rise | fall

PREP. in ~ In total, they spent 420 hours on the project. | out of a ~ of 180 vehicles out of a total of 900 examined were not roadworthy. | ~ of

-
" -203;"complex";"

complex adj.

+
" +203;"complex";"

complex adj.

VERBS be, look, seem, sound | become

ADV. enormously, especially, exceedingly, exceptionally, extraordinarily, extremely, highly, hugely, immensely, incredibly, infinitely, particularly, very This is a highly complex matter. | increasingly | fairly, quite, rather, relatively, somewhat | surprisingly | unnecessarily | technically technically complex surgery

complex noun

@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@

ADJ. real, terrible | inferiority, superiority | castration, guilt, Oedipus, persecution

VERB + COMPLEX have, suffer from | develop, get Don't keep on at him about his handwriting or he'll get a complex. | give sb

PREP. ~ about She has a complex about her big ears.

-
" -204;"employ";"

employ verb

+
" +204;"employ";"

employ verb

1 pay sb to work

ADV. directly, indirectly By 1960 the arms industry in America directly employed 3.5 million people.

PREP. in A large part of the workforce is employed in agriculture.

@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@

3 be employed: be busy doing sth

ADV. better You'd be far better employed taking care of your own affairs. | busily, usefully

PREP. in Will and Joe were busily employed in clearing out all the furniture.

-
" -205;"promote";"

promote verb

+
" +205;"promote";"

promote verb

1 encourage sth

ADV. strongly The idea of equal opportunities was strongly promoted by many Labour MPs. | actively, directly | indirectly | deliberately, intentionally They claimed that the authorities had deliberately promoted and condoned the violence.

VERB + PROMOTE aim to, seek to, try to | help (to) Basketball stars from the United States have helped promote the sport in Italy and Spain. | be designed to measures designed to promote economic growth | be likely to | serve to, tend to Bonus payments to staff serve to promote commitment to the company.

@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@

2 advertise sth

ADV. aggressively, heavily The new products have been very heavily promoted. | widely

PREP. as The town is now being promoted as a holiday destination. | through The company's products have been promoted mainly through advertising in newspapers.

-
" -206;"literature";"

literature noun

+
" +206;"literature";"

literature noun

1 written works of art

ADJ. classical, contemporary, modern | great

QUANT. piece, work

@@ -63,18 +63,18 @@

ADJ. extensive, voluminous | promotional, sales

QUANT. body the growing body of literature on development issues

PREP. ~ about I picked up some literature about pensions. | ~ on There's an extensive literature on the subject.

-
" -207;"procedure";"

procedure noun

+
" +207;"procedure";"

procedure noun

ADJ. complex, complicated | simple, straightforward | correct, normal, proper, standard, usual There are standard procedures for dismissing staff. | agreed, established | special | administrative, appeals, application, assessment, complaints, court, criminal, disciplinary, emergency, parliamentary, safety, scientific, selection, surgical a minor surgical procedure

PROCEDURE + NOUN adopt, follow, use Did you follow the emergency procedure when you heard the alarm? | establish A straightforward complaints procedure must be established from the outset.

PREP. under a/the ~ under a procedure established by legislation | ~ for the correct procedure for hiring staff

-
" -208;"appropriate";"

appropriate adj.

+
" +208;"appropriate";"

appropriate adj.

VERBS be, seem | consider sth, deem sth, think sth It was thought appropriate to award her the prize.

ADV. extremely, very | entirely, quite

PREP. for It might be appropriate for him to attend the course. | to Tutors can construct tests appropriate to individual students' needs.

-
" -209;"estimate";"

estimate noun

+
" +209;"estimate";"

estimate noun

ADJ. official, unofficial | current, recent Current estimates suggest that supplies will run out within six months. | early, initial, preliminary | accurate, fair, good, realistic, reasonable, reliable | best Flight times in the brochure are based on our best estimate, and will be confirmed as soon as possible. | approximate, rough | conservative, low I think 15,000 will turn out to be a very low estimate. | high According to the highest estimate, over 100,000 men died in the battle. | optimistic, pessimistic | cost

VERB + ESTIMATE make Can you make an estimate of the numbers involved? | give (sb), provide (sb with), submit Three firms submitted estimates for the work. | revise

ESTIMATE + VERB be based on sth | indicate sth, predict sth, show sth, suggest sth One estimate suggests that 30,000 jobs may be lost. | put sth at Some estimates put the figure as high as 50%. | range, vary Cost estimates vary from $50,000 to $200,000.

@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@

ADV. currently | accurately, reliably | provisionally | conservatively It is conservatively estimated that not less than half a million people died in the famine. | officially, unofficially The strike was officially estimated to have cost $80 million.

VERB + ESTIMATE be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to | be used to The results of the survey were used to estimate the preferences of the population at large.

PREP. at We estimated the cost at £50,000.

-
" -210;"negative";"

negative adj.

+
" +210;"negative";"

negative adj.

1 only thinking about/showing sb/sth's bad qualities

VERBS be, feel, seem, sound | become | remain

ADV. distinctly, extremely, strongly, terribly, very the strongly negative implications of these survey results Their attitude was terribly negative. | completely, entirely, exclusively, purely, totally, wholly She spoke in entirely negative terms. | largely, mainly, overwhelmingly | fairly, rather, slightly, somewhat | apparently | essentially Critical thinking is essentially negative as it seeks to dissect and not to build. | generally

@@ -99,17 +99,17 @@

ADJ. original | photographic | film, glass

QUANT. strip

VERB + NEGATIVE produce | develop His interest in photography started with him developing negatives that he found lying around the house. | keep We must assume that the spy kept the negatives. | destroy

-
" -211;"characteristic";"

characteristic adj.

+
" +211;"characteristic";"

characteristic adj.

VERBS be | become

ADV. deeply, extremely, highly, very his highly characteristic features | entirely, utterly | fairly, quite

PREP. of a problem that was fairly characteristic of late eighteenth century society

characteristic noun

ADJ. defining, distinctive, distinguishing, identifying, individual, marked, special, striking, unique | personal | common, family, inherited, national, shared | basic, general | chief, dominant, main, major, outstanding, principal | essential, fundamental, important, key, salient | desirable | behavioural, biological, cultural, demographic, economic, genetic, physical, psychological, racial, sexual, social | human

VERB + CHARACTERISTIC have The two species have several characteristics in common.

-
" -212;"typically";"
" -213;"challenge";"

challenge noun

+
" +212;"typically";"
" +213;"challenge";"

challenge noun

1 sth new and difficult

ADJ. big, considerable, enormous, great, huge, radical, real, serious, significant, strong | difficult, tough | major, main | fresh, new | exciting, interesting | economic, environmental, intellectual, political, technical, technological Liszt's piano music presents an enormous technical challenge.

VERB + CHALLENGE be, pose, present | face, meet, respond to, rise to, take on/up The gallery has risen to the challenge of exhibiting the works of young artists. He has taken on some exciting new challenges with this job.

@@ -133,8 +133,8 @@

2 invite sb to compete, argue, etc.

ADV. seriously No one has seriously challenged the champion. | successfully, unsuccessfully

PREP. for She was poised to challenge for the party leadership. | to The count challenged him to a duel.

-
" -214;"principle";"

principle noun

+
" +214;"principle";"

principle noun

1 basic general rule

ADJ. basic, broad, central, fundamental, general the basic principles of car maintenance | cardinal, essential, key | universal | democratic, legal, market, political, scientific, theoretical

VERB + PRINCIPLE establish, formulate, lay down | apply | explain

@@ -145,8 +145,8 @@

VERB + PRINCIPLE betray, compromise I refuse to compromise my principles by eating meat. | adhere to, stick to She sticks to the principle that everyone should be treated equally.

PREP. against your ~s Eating meat was against her principles. | on ~ She's opposed to abortion on principle.

PHRASES a matter of principle They reject the proposal as a matter of principle. | a person of principle (= a person with high moral standards)

-
" -215;"element";"

element noun

+
" +215;"element";"

element noun

1 one part of sth

ADJ. basic, critical, crucial, decisive, essential, fundamental, important, key, main, major, necessary, principal, significant, vital | dominant The promise of tax cuts became the dominant element in the campaign. | considerable, large There is a considerable element of danger in her job. | competitive There is too much of a competitive element in the sales department. | racial, sexual Police say there may have been a racial element to the attacks.

VERB + ELEMENT be, constitute, form | contain, have, include, involve These rumours do contain an element of truth. | introduce

@@ -154,21 +154,21 @@

2 the elements: bad weather

VERB + ELEMENT brave I put on my thick coat ready to brave the elements. | battle (against) He told us stories of how he had battled the elements on his mountaineering trips. | be exposed to, be open to The place was completely exposed to the elements. | be protected from, be sheltered from

PHRASES protection/shelter from the elements

-
" -216;"ethnic";"
" -217;"depend";"

depend verb PHRASAL VERBS depend on/upon sb/sth

+
" +216;"ethnic";"
" +217;"depend";"

depend verb PHRASAL VERBS depend on/upon sb/sth

1 be affected by sth

ADV. crucially, greatly, very much The future of the company will depend crucially on how consumers respond. | entirely, solely | largely, mainly | partly, rather, to some extent | ultimately Whether or not we can go ultimately depends on the weather.

VERB + DEPEND seem to The outcome seems to depend on the type of soil used.

2 need

ADV. heavily | entirely, solely

PREP. for She depends entirely on her parents for money.

-
" -218;"creation";"

creation noun

+
" +218;"creation";"

creation noun

ADJ. employment, job | wealth

VERB + CREATION advocate, call for, propose, recommend, urge They recommended the creation of a new government agency to be responsible for the environment. | encourage, foster, support | allow for The new Act allows for the creation of vocational schools. | allow, enable | avoid, prevent | lead to

-
" -219;"integration";"

integration noun

+
" +219;"integration";"

integration noun

ADJ. true | complete, full | close, seamless | further, greater, improved, increased | rapid | economic, monetary, political, racial, social We are working to bring about closer political integration in the EU. | internal | systems (computing)

QUANT. degree, level

VERB + INTEGRATION achieve, bring about | accelerate, encourage, facilitate, promote, speed up, stimulate measures to promote the social integration of mentally handicapped people | require | lead to

@@ -179,18 +179,18 @@

INTERACTION + NOUN processes the interaction processes of chimpanzees

PREP. ~ among Informal interaction among employees is seen as part of the ongoing training process. | ~ between the complex interaction between animals and their environment | ~ with What is her interaction with her boss like? | ~ within interaction within the group

PHRASES patterns of interaction Specific patterns of interaction in the family have been observed.

-
" -220;"aspect";"

aspect noun

+
" +220;"aspect";"

aspect noun

ADJ. central, crucial, essential, fundamental, important, key, main, major, principal, significant | basic, broad, general Questions also cover much broader aspects of general health and fitness. | appealing, attractive, beneficial, encouraging, exciting, fascinating, interesting, pleasing, positive | alarming, controversial, difficult, disappointing, disturbing, negative, sinister, terrible, worst the worst aspects of tourism | bizarre, curious, intriguing, puzzling | remarkable, striking | subtle | mundane | neglected | formal, functional, practical, theoretical the formal aspects of the language system | business, commercial, cultural, economic, environmental, ethical, financial, historical, human, legal, military, moral, physical, political, psychological, religious, scientific, social, technical

VERB + ASPECT have The project has two main aspects. | take on Events began to take on a more sinister aspect. | consider, cover, deal with, discuss, emphasize, examine, explore, focus on, look at, study We will be looking at many different aspects of pollution. | demonstrate, illuminate, illustrate a unique collection illustrating aspects of Irish transport history | ignore, neglect

PREP. from the … ~ This scheme is very good from the social aspect. | ~ to the positive aspects to retirement

PHRASES all aspects of sth, (in) every aspect (of sth) The service was excellent in every aspect.

-
" -221;"publish";"

publish verb

+
" +221;"publish";"

publish verb

ADV. recently | posthumously Her last book was published posthumously in 1948. | anonymously

VERB + PUBLISH decide to | intend to, plan to | refuse to | be free to The press should be free to publish and comment on all aspects of political and social life. | dare (to) Freud had not dared to publish the third chapter of his book in Vienna.

-
" -222;"perspective";"

perspective noun

+
" +222;"perspective";"

perspective noun

1 in art

ADJ. distorted | horizontal, vertical

PREP. in ~, out of ~ That tree is out of perspective.

@@ -200,12 +200,12 @@

VERB + PERSPECTIVE get sth in/into, place sth in/into, put sth in/into, see sth in Her death put everything else into perspective. | gain, get, put When you reach middle age you get a different perspective on life. This website puts a completely different perspective on world news. | keep | lose | adopt The book adopts a historical perspective. | shift | provide

PREP. from the ~ of We should view this from the perspective of the people involved. | in/into ~ Let's get this into perspective. | ~ in a feminist perspective in philosophy | ~ on/upon It's easy to lose perspective on things when you are under stress.

PHRASES a sense of perspective

-
" -223;"basic";"

basics noun

+
" +223;"basic";"

basics noun

VERB + BASICS grasp, know, learn, master, pick up, understand | cover The book covers the basics of massage. | concentrate on, stick to It's best to stick to basics when planning such a large party. | get/go back to, get down to It's time our education system got back to basics

PHRASES get the basics right The important thing is to get the basics right.

-
" -224;"belief";"

belief noun

+
" +224;"belief";"

belief noun

ADJ. absolute, deep-seated, deeply held, fervent, firm, passionate, profound, strong, strongly held, unshakeable | genuine, honest, sincere She was strict with her children in the genuine belief that it was the right thing to do. | entrenched, fanatical | common, commonly held, general, popular, widely held, widespread | growing | long-held, long-standing | belief how things could have got this bad.

BELIEF + VERB persist Belief in the magical properties of this herb persisted down the centuries.

BELIEF + NOUN system

@@ -213,20 +213,20 @@

QUANT. set, system Each religion has its set of beliefs.

VERB + BELIEF have, hold I have very firm beliefs about moral issues. | share He shared his father's belief that people should work hard for their living. | adhere to, cling to, follow, hold on to, stick to She clung to the belief that he would come back to her. The Labour Party must stick to its beliefs. | abandon, give up, renounce | lose She has lost her belief in God. | affirm, assert, declare, express, state Here the apostle Peter affirms his belief that the scriptures are ‘inspired’. | emphasize, stress | encourage, foster, fuel The exam results encouraged the belief that he was a good teacher. | confirm, reinforce, strengthen, support This latest evidence strengthens our belief that the government is doing the right thing. | question, shake, shatter, undermine, weaken The child's death shook her belief in God. | respect You must respect other people's beliefs. | beggar, defy (= to be impossible to believe) It beggars about the origin of the universe | ~ among There is a belief among young people that education is a waste of time. | ~ in a belief in God

PHRASES contrary to popular belief (= in spite of what people think) Contrary to popular belief, rainforests are not jungles through which you have to slash a path.

-
" -225;"technique";"

technique noun

+
" +225;"technique";"

technique noun

ADJ. effective, powerful, useful | basic, simple | conventional, established, standard, traditional | advanced, modern, sophisticated | ingenious | alternative, experimental | assessment, communication, dating, evaluation, exam/examination, farming, interview, management, manufacturing, marketing, problem-solving, recording, relaxation, research, sales, teaching, training She needs to work on her interview technique if she's going to get a job. | analytical, mathematical, medical, photographic, scientific, statistical, surgical

VERB + TECHNIQUE have He has an ingenious technique for dealing with problems of that sort. | adopt, apply, deploy, employ, implement, try, use On the walls I applied the same technique as I had used for the ceiling. | develop, devise, pioneer The technique was pioneered in California. | acquire, learn, master, practise struggling to master the new technique | adapt, improve, perfect, work at/on | demonstrate, describe

TECHNIQUE + VERB allow sth, enable sth Modern freezing techniques enable the chickens to be stored for weeks. | work The new technique works better than the one it has replaced. | be based on sth, be derived from sth singing techniques derived from Tibetan music

PREP. ~ for techniques for the storage of data | ~ in They learn basic techniques in self-defence.

-
" -226;"outcome";"

outcome noun

+
" +226;"outcome";"

outcome noun

ADJ. desirable, desired, favourable, good, happy, positive, satisfactory, successful | negative, unfortunate, unsatisfactory | fatal, tragic | possible | likely, probable | anticipated, expected, inevitable, intended, logical, predicted | unexpected | immediate | actual, eventual, final, long-term, ultimate | direct a direct outcome of the strike | practical | educational, electoral, political, etc. (all technical)

VERB + OUTCOME affect, influence | decide, determine | achieve, have, produce Their strategy produced the desired outcome. | evaluate, measure (technical) The aim is to evaluate possible outcomes.

PREP. ~ of the outcome of the election

PHRASES whatever the outcome Whatever the final outcome of the talks, the war should end soon.

-
" -227;"explore";"

explorer noun

+
" +227;"explore";"

explorer noun

ADJ. great the great British explorers of the sixteenth century | intrepid | Antarctic, Arctic, polar

explore verb

1 travel around an area

@@ -235,8 +235,8 @@

2 think about sth in detail

ADV. extensively | briefly | fully, thoroughly These questions have not been fully explored yet. | properly, systematically | carefully, in detail This idea is worth exploring in some detail. | further | usefully The film usefully explores some of the issues surrounding adoption.

VERB + EXPLORE need to | be keen to, want to, wish to | aim to, seek to | begin to, continue to

-
" -228;"distribution";"

distribution noun

+
" +228;"distribution";"

distribution noun

1 way sth is shared or exists over an area

ADJ. egalitarian, equitable, fair to ensure a fair distribution of wealth | inequitable, unfair | equal an equal distribution of wealth between people of different age groups | unequal | even, uniform After applying the cream, comb through to ensure even distribution. | uneven The country was noted for its uneven distribution of land resources. | optimal, optimum | relative the relative distribution of continents and oceans | general, overall the general distribution of earthquakes around the world | broad, wide, widespread the broad distribution of Bronze Age artefacts across Europe the wider distribution of wealth throughout society | local, localized Fish populations assume highly localized distributions within each river. | global, regional, worldwide | spatial | income, wealth | weight | age, class, geographical, population, sex, social the social class distribution of the male population | normal, random, skewed, smooth (all mathematics) a normal distribution with a bell-shaped frequency curve | binomial, frequency, probability (all mathematics)

VERB + DISTRIBUTION achieve, ensure The engine is mounted in the middle to achieve a more even weight distribution. | determine Radiology was used to determine the distribution of the disease. | have, show (mathematics) These birds have a wide geographical distribution. IQs within the population show a normal distribution.

@@ -253,8 +253,8 @@

ADJ. capital, dividend, share | cash

VERB + DISTRIBUTION make When are distributions likely to be made to creditors? | be available for These are company reserves available for distribution as the directors may determine.

PREP. ~ to The promissory notes were purchased for distribution to investors.

-
" -229;"future";"

future noun

+
" +229;"future";"

future noun

1 time that will come after the present

ADJ. foreseeable, immediate, near, not-too-distant Things will continue as they are for the foreseeable future. A new branch of the shop will be opening in the near future. | distant, remote

VERB + FUTURE look to, plan for Don't think too much about past troubles?look to the future. | foretell, look into, predict

@@ -266,15 +266,15 @@

VERB + FUTURE face, have The firm faces a very uncertain future. | determine, shape the right to determine their own future in a democratic fashion | forecast, predict, see | consider, ponder (on) After being dropped from the team the young defender is considering his future. | invest in She decided to invest in her future by taking a management course.

PREP. ~ as She has a very promising future as a musician. | ~ in He could see no future in his job.

PHRASES a question mark over the future of sb/sth A question mark hangs over the future of the company after shares plunged to a record low.

-
" -230;"importance";"

importance noun

+
" +230;"importance";"

importance noun

ADJ. cardinal, central, considerable, critical, crucial, enormous, especial, extreme, fundamental, great, high, immense, key, major, outstanding, overriding, overwhelming, paramount, particular, primary, prime, profound, real, special, supreme, tremendous, vital | first, greatest, highest, utmost This information is of the first importance. It is of the utmost importance that you arrive on time. | growing, increasing | declining the declining importance of manufacturing industry | lesser, limited, marginal, minor, secondary | direct | general | added | immediate | continued/continuing, lasting | equal | relative | intrinsic | obvious | perceived differences in the perceived importance of the different subjects in the curriculum | potential | public | international, national | practical | theoretical | symbolic the symbolic importance of iron in German culture | archaeological, commercial, constitutional, cultural, ecological, economic, environmental, historical, legal, military, political, social, strategic

VERB + IMPORTANCE have These finds have considerable archaeological importance. | assume, take on Childcare schemes take on an added importance at a time of national recession. | grow in, increase in, rise in | decline in, diminish in, fall in The overseas markets have now declined in importance. | attach, give sth, place To what objectives do you attach most importance? the importance placed on cleanliness | accept, acknowledge, appreciate, be aware of, grasp, realize, recognize, see, understand People were aware of the importance of working with nature. | demonstrate, illustrate, indicate, point to, reflect, show, suggest Figure 2.2 shows the relative importance of the different service industries. | assert | deny | confirm | draw attention to, emphasize, highlight, point up, promote, stress, underline The manual stresses the importance of regular maintenance. | diminish, downplay, minimize, play down, underplay She was inclined to play down the importance of her own role in the affair. | exaggerate, overestimate | underestimate, undervalue Don't underestimate the importance of neat presentation. | increase | reduce | consider, discuss | explain | cast/throw doubt on, doubt, question No one can seriously question the political importance of the environment. | forget, ignore, overlook

IMPORTANCE + VERB arise from sth, lie in sth The town's importance lies in the richness and quality of its architecture. | depend on sth

PREP. of … ~ The railways were of crucial importance in opening up the American West. | ~ for an area of enormous importance for wildlife | ~ to the importance to the country of a healthy economy

PHRASES in order of importance Deal with the issues in order of importance. | a matter of importance

-
" -231;"independent";"

independent adj.

+
" +231;"independent";"

independent adj.

1 not needing other people

VERBS be, feel, seem | become | remain | make sb Travelling in Asia has made her a lot more independent.

ADV. fiercely, sturdily, very Many disabled people are fiercely independent. | completely | fairly, pretty, quite | economically, financially

@@ -283,13 +283,13 @@

VERBS be | become | remain | make sth | declare sth In 1961 the country was declared independent.

ADV. completely, entirely, fully, genuinely, quite, totally, truly, wholly | almost, fairly, largely, virtually | increasingly | effectively, essentially The country has pursued an effectively independent line on military issues. | nominally, supposedly | newly newly independent countries | politically

PREP. from The country became fully independent from France in 1960. | of an organization that is independent of the government

-
" -232;"initial";"

initial noun

+
" +232;"initial";"

initial noun

VERB + INITIAL have The two authors have the same initials. | be/become known by She's always been known by her initials. | use | bear, carry A stone over the door bears the initials ‘R.P.’, which stand for ‘Ralph Piggot’. | carve, embroider, engrave (sth with), mark sth with, monogram sth with, put, sign, stamp (sth with), write He carved his girlfriend's initials in the rock. Now that she was managing director she could put the initials MD after her name.

INITIAL + VERB stand for sth

PREP. ~ for When writing, if you use initials for a long name, make sure you spell out the name at least once.

-
" -233;"feature";"

feature noun

+
" +233;"feature";"

feature noun

1 important part of sth

ADJ. basic, central, essential, important, key, main, major, significant | conspicuous, distinctive, distinguishing, dominant, notable, noteworthy, noticeable, predominant, prominent a distinctive feature of his poems | outstanding, remarkable, striking | attractive, endearing, eye-catching | interesting, special, unusual | salient He took me around our new offices, pointing out all the salient features. | useful | characteristic, typical | unique | common the common feature in all these cases | permanent, regular These walks became a regular feature of his day. | recurring Self-deprecation is a recurring feature as Stevenson talks. | redeeming The one redeeming feature of the scheme was its low cost to the council. | original The house retains most of its original features. | built-in | additional | constructional, design, physical, structural | energy-saving, safety a car with new built-in safety features

VERB + FEATURE have The site had a number of interesting features. | retain | point out

@@ -310,27 +310,27 @@

2 have a part in sth

ADV. heavily, highly, largely, prominently, significantly, strongly Reading over his past speeches, you'll see that housing, public health and education feature strongly.

PREP. in Garlic features prominently in her recipes.

-
" -234;"desire";"

desire noun

+
" +234;"desire";"

desire noun

ADJ. burning, deep, great, strong, urgent | insatiable, overwhelming Most children have an insatiable desire for knowledge. | genuine, real | natural | sexual

VERB + DESIRE feel, have I suddenly felt an overwhelming desire to laugh | express The chairman expressed his desire to expand the company. | satisfy | be motivated by They were motivated by a deep desire for money and fame.

PREP. ~ for Horses need to satisfy their desire for space and freedom.

PHRASES an object of desire He felt he was nothing more to her than an object of desire.

desire verb

ADV. greatly, really, sincerely, very much A home of her own was something she had always very much desired.

-
" -235;"following";"

following noun

+
" +235;"following";"

following noun

ADJ. big, considerable, great, large, mass, strong | limited, small | local | dedicated, devoted, faithful, fanatical, loyal | enthusiastic | personal | cult They enjoy a cult following in the UK.

VERB + FOLLOWING command, enjoy, have | acquire, attract, build up, create, gain, gather

PREP. ~ among Top of the range Scotches attract a fanatical following among whisky buffs.

-
" -236;"alternative";"

alternative noun

+
" +236;"alternative";"

alternative noun

ADJ. attractive, constructive, effective, good, radical, useful | acceptable, available, credible, possible, practical, real, realistic, reasonable, satisfactory, serious, suitable, viable Is there a viable alternative to prison? | clear, obvious | cheap, healthy, interesting, safe a healthier alternative to fizzy drinks

VERB + ALTERNATIVE have We have two alternatives. | offer, provide His idea seemed to offer a possible alternative. | seek seeking alternatives to nuclear power | find We'll have to find an alternative.

PREP. ~ for There is no alternative for those with no car of their own. | ~ to Is there an alternative to surgery for this complaint?

PHRASES have little/no alternative (but to) She had no alternative but to do as he said. | leave sb with no alternative (but to) He was left with no alternative but to hobble to the nearest telephone box.

-
" -237;"consistent";"

consistent adj.

+
" +237;"consistent";"

consistent adj.

1 always behaving in the same way

VERBS be | remain

ADV. highly, remarkably, very | absolutely, completely, entirely, quite, wholly His attitude isn't absolutely consistent. | largely | fairly, reasonably

@@ -338,8 +338,8 @@

VERBS be, seem | remain

ADV. completely, entirely, fully, perfectly | broadly, largely | fairly, quite, reasonably | internally His argument is not even internally consistent (= different parts of the argument contradict each other). | mutually It is desirable that domestic and EU law should be mutually consistent. | logically

PREP. across These findings are consistent across all the studies. | with The figures are fully consistent with last year's results.

-
" -238;"basis";"

basics noun

+
" +238;"basis";"

basics noun

VERB + BASICS grasp, know, learn, master, pick up, understand | cover The book covers the basics of massage. | concentrate on, stick to It's best to stick to basics when planning such a large party. | get/go back to, get down to It's time our education system got back to basics

PHRASES get the basics right The important thing is to get the basics right.

basis noun

@@ -354,8 +354,8 @@

3 way sth is done/organized

ADJ. regular | daily, monthly, weekly, etc. Staff are employed on a monthly basis. | permanent, temporary | casual, part-time, voluntary | commercial

PREP. on a … ~

-
" -239;"contrast";"

contrast noun

+
" +239;"contrast";"

contrast noun

ADJ. clear, marked, sharp, stark, startling, striking, strong There is a stark contrast between the lives of the rich and those of the poor. | complete, direct

VERB + CONTRAST make, offer, provide The fresh fruit provides a contrast to the rich chocolate pudding.

PREP. by ~ When you look at their new system, ours seems very old-fashioned by contrast. | in ~ (to/with) The company lost $13 million this year, in contrast with a profit of $15 million last year. | ~ between, ~ in The contrast in appearance between the sisters was striking. | ~ to This busy social life was a complete contrast to his old quiet life.

@@ -368,16 +368,16 @@

2 be clearly different

ADV. markedly, sharply, starkly, strikingly, strongly, vividly | nicely | oddly | favourably, unfavourably The open approach contrasts favourably with the exclusivity of some universities.

PREP. with This statement contrasts starkly with his previous statements.

-
" -240;"obtain";"

obtain verb

+
" +240;"obtain";"

obtain verb

ADV. fraudulently, unlawfully (law)

VERB + OBTAIN be able/unable to | attempt to, endeavour to | fail to | assist sb to, enable sb to The local authority may assist you to obtain alternative accommodation. | be easy to, be possible to | be difficult to, be impossible to goods which are difficult to obtain | be necessary to, be required to, need to It is necessary to obtain the patients' consent.

PREP. from Anglers are required to obtain prior authorization from the park keeper.

PHRASES be easily obtained Such information is easily obtained from the Internet. | sth can/may be obtained Details of this offer can be obtained from any of our stores. | a means/method/way of obtaining sth

-
" -241;"regarding";"
" -242;"european";"
" -243;"distinction";"

distinction noun

+
" +241;"regarding";"
" +242;"european";"
" +243;"distinction";"

distinction noun

1 clear difference

ADJ. critical, crucial, important, key, main, major, vital | basic, essential, fundamental, underlying | clear, clear-cut, definite, marked, obvious, real, rigid, sharp, strong | fine, subtle | broad, general | crude, simple | logical, valid | useful | arbitrary, artificial | invidious making invidious distinctions between the ‘deserving’ and the ‘undeserving’ poor | absolute Is there always an absolute distinction between right and wrong? | conventional, old, traditional the conventional distinction between pure and applied science | formal | conceptual | theoretical | class, cultural, gender, moral

VERB + DISTINCTION draw, make She draws an important distinction between the different kinds of illness. | recognize, see We can see a sharp distinction between ambition and greed. | blur blurring the distinction between amateur and professional players

@@ -387,37 +387,37 @@

ADJ. considerable, great | modest | dubious | rare | unique | added | academic, intellectual, professional, social Wearing the county tie was a mark of modest social distinction.

VERB + DISTINCTION have He has the dubious distinction of being the first railway baron to go bankrupt. | achieve She achieved distinction in several fields of scholarship. | add Fennel leaves add distinction to any dish.

PREP. of ~ She is a historian of great distinction. | with ~ He served with distinction in the First World War.

-
" -244;"express";"

express verb

+
" +244;"express";"

express verb

ADV. well Perhaps I have not expressed myself very well. | fully She expresses herself most fully in her paintings. | openly He expressed his anger openly. | clearly | cogently Students must learn to express a point of view cogently and with clarity. | exactly, precisely | concisely, succinctly | eloquently The poet eloquently expresses the sense of lost innocence.

VERB + EXPRESS be/feel able/unable to Many patients feel unable to express their fears. | find it difficult to

PHRASES a chance/an opportunity to express sth

-
" -245;"variety";"

variety noun

+
" +245;"variety";"

variety noun

1 not being the same; different kinds of sth

ADJ. amazing, astonishing, bewildering, considerable, endless, enormous, exciting, extraordinary, fascinating, good, great, huge, impressive, incredible, infinite, large, remarkable, rich, surprising, tremendous, vast, wide, wonderful The market sold a bewildering variety of cheeses. the rich variety of the local bird life

VERB + VARIETY add, give, offer Dealing with customers adds variety to the job.

PREP. of … ~ a country of great variety | ~ in There is wide variety in shape and colour. | ~ of Menus offer a good variety of seafood.

2 particular type of sth

ADJ. distinctive | common-or-garden, standard | rare, unusual | different There are hundreds of different varieties of apple. | new, old Old varieties of rose can be less resistant to diseases.

-
" -246;"broad";"

broad adj.

+
" +246;"broad";"

broad adj.

VERBS be

ADV. extremely, very | fairly, pretty, quite, rather, reasonably, relatively | enough, sufficiently He questioned whether the school curriculum was broad enough in scope. | unusually His job gave him an acquaintance with an unusually broad spectrum of society.

-
" -247;"component";"

component noun

+
" +247;"component";"

component noun

ADJ. basic, central, core, critical, crucial, essential, fundamental, important, integral, key, main, major, necessary, principal, significant, vital | minor | common The researchers discovered a common component in all types of the organism. | standard Our software is becoming a standard component of many computer systems. | individual, separate, simple Individual components for the car can be very expensive. | chemical, genetic | electrical, electronic | aircraft, engine, etc. | course

COMPONENT + NOUN failure Component failure was the cause of the accident. | manufacturer, supplier

PREP. ~ in a crucial component in our success.

-
" -248;"frequently";"
" -249;"assume";"

assume verb

+
" +248;"frequently";"
" +249;"assume";"

assume verb

ADV. automatically, naturally I automatically assumed that you knew about this. | reasonably, safely I think we can safely assume that this situation will continue.

VERB + ASSUME can, might | tend to | be fair to, be reasonable to, be safe to It is reasonable to assume that the economy will continue to improve. | be a mistake to, be wrong to | be easy to It's all too easy to assume that people know what they are doing.

PHRASES let us assume Let us assume for a moment that the plan succeeds.

-
" -250;"additional";"
" -251;"tool";"

tool noun

+
" +250;"additional";"
" +251;"tool";"

tool noun

1 instrument for making/repairing things

ADJ. general-purpose, multi-purpose | basic, primitive, standard, traditional craftsmen using traditional tools | sophisticated, special | sharp | rusting/rusty | cutting, drawing, measuring | cordless, hand, machine, power | agricultural, engineering, farm, garden/gardening, industrial, woodworking

QUANT. set

@@ -426,15 +426,15 @@

PHRASES the tool/tools of the trade The guitarist opened the case and took out the tool of his trade.

2 sth that helps you do/achieve sth

ADJ. effective, essential, important, indispensable, invaluable, major, necessary, powerful, useful, valuable, vital | educational, learning, reference, research This dictionary is an invaluable reference tool for advanced learners. | ideological, negotiating, political, propaganda We must ensure that education is not used as a political tool. | communication, management, marketing | analysis/analytical, design, desktop, development, drawing, multimedia, presentation, programming, software

-
" -252;"predict";"

predict verb

+
" +252;"predict";"

predict verb

ADV. accurately, correctly, reliably, successfully, with accuracy/certainty It is not possible to predict with any certainty what effect this will have. | exactly, precisely | confidently | wrongly

VERB + PREDICT be able/unable to, can/could | try to | dare (to) Few would have dared to predict such a landslide victory. | fail to | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to | be easy to, be possible to | use sth to a computer model used to predict future weather patterns | allow sb to, enable sb to Newton's theories allow us to predict the flight of a cricket ball.

PREP. from We can predict from this information what is likely to happen next.

PHRASES be widely predicted This result had been widely predicted by the opinion polls.

-
" -253;"internal";"
" -254;"labor";"

labour noun

+
" +253;"internal";"
" +254;"labor";"

labour noun

1 work

ADJ. manual, physical | forced, hard He was sentenced to four years hard labour for his crime.

VERB + LABOUR withdraw The miners are threatening to withdraw their labour.

@@ -447,8 +447,8 @@

VERB + LABOUR go into She went into labour two weeks early. | induce Labour was induced when the baby was ten days overdue.

LABOUR + NOUN room, ward | pains

PREP. in ~ She was in labour for ten hours.

-
" -255;"engage";"

engaged adj.

+
" +255;"engage";"

engaged adj.

1 doing sth

VERBS be

ADV. deeply, heavily those who are deeply engaged in party politics | fully, totally | largely, mainly, primarily | directly | constantly | currently | actively, busily | otherwise I'm afraid Mr Wilson cannot see you now as he is otherwise engaged.

@@ -462,8 +462,8 @@

PREP. with acknowledging the need to engage directly with these problems PHRASAL VERBS engage (sb) in sth

ADV. actively people who actively engage in shaping the world they live in

VERB + ENGAGE attempt to, seek to, try to He tried to engage me in conversation. | be eager to, be willing to | be reluctant to, be unwilling to

-
" -256;"separate";"

separate adj.

+
" +256;"separate";"

separate adj.

VERBS be | become | remain | keep sb/sth The women are kept separate from the men. | consider sth

ADV. very, widely I kept my two lives very separate. species from widely separate parts of the world | absolutely, completely, entirely, quite, totally, wholly The waste water is kept entirely separate from the rainwater. | largely | rather, relatively, somewhat | essentially The two groups are essentially separate and independent. | apparently | hitherto, previously to merge the two previously separate businesses | geographically, physically

PREP. from a lifestyle which is quite separate from that of her parents

@@ -477,9 +477,9 @@

ADV. legally

VERB + SEPARATE decide to

PREP. from She is separated from her husband.

-
" -257;"highly";"
" -258;"rely";"

rely verb PHRASAL VERBS rely on/upon sb/sth

+
" +257;"highly";"
" +258;"rely";"

rely verb PHRASAL VERBS rely on/upon sb/sth

1 need sb/sth

ADV. heavily, a lot, strongly countries that rely heavily on food aid | entirely, exclusively, solely | increasingly | largely, mainly | traditionally

VERB + RELY be forced to, have to, must people who are forced to rely on public transport | tend to

@@ -488,8 +488,8 @@

ADV. safely You can safely rely on his judgement. | simply Most historians simply rely on archives.

VERB + RELY can/could | can/could always | can/could no longer The party could no longer rely on its traditional supporters.

PREP. for I couldn't rely on John for information.

-
" -259;"assess";"

assess verb

+
" +259;"assess";"

assess verb

1 form an opinion

ADV. fully | accurately, correctly, properly

VERB + ASSESS attempt to, try to | help to | be difficult to It is difficult to fully assess the damage.

@@ -497,21 +497,21 @@

ADV. accurately, correctly, properly

VERB + ASSESS attempt to, try to | be difficult to It is difficult to assess the building's value properly without seeing it.

PREP. at The legal costs have been assessed at £75,000.

-
" -260;"objective";"

objective adj.

+
" +260;"objective";"

objective adj.

VERBS be, seem | remain

ADV. truly, very | completely, purely, totally, wholly It is impossible to be completely objective. | fairly, quite, reasonably | apparently | supposedly

objective noun

ADJ. key, main, major, primary, prime, principal | broad, overall, overriding, ultimate | limited, narrow | long-term, short-term | clear, specific | stated The legislation has failed to achieve its stated objectives. | common The two groups are pursuing a common objective. | economic, educational, environmental, military, political, strategic | business, policy

VERB + OBJECTIVE accomplish, achieve, attain, fulfil, meet, reach, succeed in The department needs more money to fulfil its objectives. | fail in | agree, define, establish, formulate, identify, set, specify We need to establish a clear objective. | declare, state | clarify | promote, pursue

PREP. in an/the ~ The party is radical in its objectives. | ~ of We succeeded in our prime objective of cutting costs.

-
" -261;"encourage";"

encourage verb

+
" +261;"encourage";"

encourage verb

ADV. greatly, strongly We were greatly encouraged by the support we received. | actively, positively The government must actively encourage investment in these areas.

VERB + ENCOURAGE aim to | try to | be designed to These questions are designed to encourage debate. | be likely to Newspapers should not publish material that is likely to encourage discrimination on the grounds of race or colour.

PREP. in Her head of department encouraged her in her research work.

-
" -262;"adopt";"

adopt verb

+
" +262;"adopt";"

adopt verb

1 child

ADV. legally The child has now been legally adopted.

PHRASES have sb adopted She was forced to have her baby adopted.

@@ -519,8 +519,8 @@

ADV. formally, officially The policy has not yet been formally adopted.

VERB + ADOPT tend to | decide to | be forced to

PREP. towards the policies employers adopt towards the labour force

-
" -263;"view";"

view noun

+
" +263;"view";"

view noun

1 opinion/idea about sth

ADJ. general, popular, prevailing, widely held The prevailing view is that he has done a good job in difficult circumstances. | conflicting, differing, divergent, opposing, polarized The debate brings together experts with conflicting views. | clear, forthright, strong He's a doctor with clear views on how to prevent illness. | idealized, optimistic, positive, romantic, rosy Her rosy view of life abroad seems rather naive. | jaundiced, negative, pessimistic After his experience in jail, he has a pretty jaundiced view of the penal system. | conventional The conventional view is that work is pleasant and rewarding. | unorthodox | minority | political | liberal, modern, progressive, radical | moderate | conservative, reactionary | extremist, hard-line | stereotyped, stereotypical | informed | ill-informed, uninformed | world His world view revolves around a battle between rich and poor.

VERB + VIEW have, hold | take I took the view that an exception should be made in this case. | air, convey, expound, express, make known, present, put forward The meeting gave everyone the chance to air their views. She picked up the phone and made her views known to her boss. | discuss, exchange, share At the meeting, we hope people will exchange views freely. | canvass, solicit He called a meeting to solicit the views of his staff. | reflect, represent His letter to the management did not reflect the views of his colleagues. | adhere to, agree with, endorse | confirm, support | challenge His music challenges the view that modern jazz is inaccessible.

@@ -536,18 +536,18 @@

VERB + VIEW afford, boast, enjoy, give, have Most rooms enjoy panoramic views of the sea. The large windows give fine views of the surrounding countryside. | admire, enjoy a place to unwind and enjoy the view

PREP. ~ across/over a view over the valley | ~ from the view from his apartment | ~ of

PHRASES a room with a view

-
" -264;"stability";"

stability noun

+
" +264;"stability";"

stability noun

ADJ. greater | relative | long-term | internal | economic, financial, monetary, price | political, social | emotional

VERB + STABILITY achieve, bring, ensure, give sb, provide (sb with) The policy should bring greater monetary stability to the country. | lack | threaten, undermine | maintain, preserve

PHRASES a period of stability The country was enjoying a period of political stability. | a threat to stability The conflict is becoming a threat to stability in the region.

-
" -265;"client";"

client noun

+
" +265;"client";"

client noun

ADJ. big The company needs to focus on its biggest clients. | new | potential, prospective | established, existing, regular | business, corporate | private

VERB + CLIENT serve A new branch has been opened to serve clients in East London. | act for, represent | take on She's so busy that she's not taking on any new clients. | attract a campaign to attract new clients

PREP. on behalf of ~ On behalf of my client, I would like to remind you of your obligations in this matter.

-
" -266;"instrument";"

instrumental adj.

+
" +266;"instrument";"

instrumental adj.

1 important in making sth happen

VERBS be | become

ADV. highly | largely | partly

@@ -572,13 +572,13 @@

ADJ. chief, key, main, major, prime, principal | good, great They agreed that the UN was the best instrument for reaching agreement. | ideal | important, valuable | powerful | useful | effective | flexible | mere Some cynics say that sport is a mere instrument of capitalist domination. | chosen The despot claimed to be the chosen instrument of divine providence. | divine | political

VERB + INSTRUMENT perceive sb/sth as, regard sb/sth as, see sb/sth as, view sb/sth as They saw criminal law as an instrument for improving public morals. | use sb/sth as | make sb/sth

PREP. ~ for Criminal law is not the best instrument for dealing with family matters. | ~ of She was accused of making a public service an instrument of private advantage.

-
" -267;"extend";"

extend verb

+
" +267;"extend";"

extend verb

ADV. greatly, significantly Next year we will greatly extend the range of goods that we sell.

PREP. from, to The repayment period will be extended from 20 years to 25 years.

-
" -268;"construct";"
" -269;"demand";"

demand noun

+
" +268;"construct";"
" +269;"demand";"

demand noun

1 firm request

ADJ. legitimate, realistic, reasonable I think your demand for higher wages is perfectly reasonable. | unrealistic, unreasonable | radical | urgent | central, key, main, major | fresh, new, renewed There have been renewed demands for the government to take action to reduce crime. | growing, increasing | final A final demand for payment had been issued. | written | financial, political | government, opposition, popular, public, royal, union The management had no intention of meeting union demands. | pay, ransom, tax, wage A ransom demand has been made for the kidnapped racehorse.

VERB + DEMAND issue, make, present, press, put forward Demands have been made for the immediate distribution of food to the refugees. | renew, repeat, step up Campaigners have stepped up their demands for immediate government action. | face | respond to | agree to, give in to, meet, satisfy, yield to My government cannot give in to the demands of an illegal organization. | reject, resist

@@ -597,8 +597,8 @@

demand verb

ADV. aggressively, angrily, coldly, fiercely, furiously, harshly, indignantly, irritably, roughly, sharply ‘Where are the keys?’ she demanded angrily.

PREP. from He had demanded money from her. | of They failed to provide the information demanded of them.

-
" -270;"vision";"

vision noun

+
" +270;"vision";"

vision noun

1 ability to see

ADJ. 20/20, excellent, perfect The eye test shows she has perfect vision. | normal | clear The rain prevented her having clear vision of the road ahead. | blurred, defective, distorted, impaired, poor | double, tunnel (often figurative) | all-round The high driving position gives excellent all-round vision. | binocular, stereoscopic | X-ray | distance I can read without glasses, but my distance vision is poor. | night | peripheral Use your peripheral vision widely when moving from place to place.

VERB + VISION have | give (sb) | obscure, restrict | blur The tears blurred her vision. | improve

@@ -615,19 +615,19 @@

VERB + VISION have | develop | convey, expand on/upon, outline, promote He outlined his vision for the new economic order. | impose The new leader set about imposing his vision on the party. | share | cloud He was determined not to let emotions cloud his vision.

PREP. of ~ a statesman of great vision | ~ for a vision for the future | ~ of an alternative vision of society

PHRASES breadth of vision His plans for the country's future show a remarkable breadth of vision.

-
" -271;"propose";"

propose verb

+
" +271;"propose";"

propose verb

ADV. seriously Are you seriously proposing that we should allow this situation to continue?

PREP. as The measures have been proposed as a way of improving standards. | for He was proposed for the job of treasurer.

PHRASES originally proposed The plan originally proposed was ruled completely unrealistic.

-
" -272;"efficiency";"

efficiency noun

+
" +272;"efficiency";"

efficiency noun

ADJ. ruthless | great, high attempts to achieve greater efficiency in the production process | maximum, optimum | low | cost | energy, fuel | mental, physical | administrative, business, economic, industrial, management, operational, organizational, production, productive, technical

VERB + EFFICIENCY achieve | boost, enhance, improve, increase, maximize, promote | decrease, impair, reduce

EFFICIENCY + NOUN drive, measures New timekeeping procedures had been introduced as part of an efficiency drive. | gains, improvements, savings the efficiency gains resulting from improved technology

PREP. with ~ The uprising was put down with ruthless efficiency. | ~ in greater efficiency in energy use

-
" -273;"solution";"

solution noun

+
" +273;"solution";"

solution noun

1 to a problem, difficult situation, etc.

ADJ. complete, comprehensive | partial | effective, good, happy, ideal, neat, optimal, perfect, real His plan does not offer a real solution to the problem. | acceptable | satisfactory, workable | correct, right | easy, obvious, simple | possible | feasible, practical, realistic, viable | cost-effective | creative, imaginative, ingenious | drastic, radical | early, immediate, instant, quick, speedy The UN representative stressed the urgency of an early solution. | final, lasting, long-term, permanent, ultimate | interim, short-term, temporary | proposed | pragmatic | compromise, negotiated | diplomatic, peaceful, political | military | technical

VERB + SOLUTION look for, seek, work towards | achieve, agree (on), arrive at, come up with, find, produce, reach, work out attempts to find a comprehensive political solution to the crisis | propose, put forward, suggest | adopt | offer, provide

@@ -636,9 +636,9 @@

ADJ. concentrated, neat, strong | dilute, weak | saturated | acid | alkaline | aqueous | saline, salt | bicarbonate, sodium chloride, etc.

SOLUTION + VERB contain

PREP. in ~ aluminium ions in solution

-
" -274;"multiple";"
" -275;"conclusion";"

conclusion noun

+
" +274;"multiple";"
" +275;"conclusion";"

conclusion noun

1 opinion reached after considering the facts

ADJ. correct | logical, reasonable, valid | inescapable, inevitable, obvious | erroneous, false, wrong | main | hasty

VERB + CONCLUSION arrive at, come to, draw, reach I can't draw any conclusions from what she said. | jump to, leap to We don't want to jump to the wrong conclusion. Don't go jumping to conclusions before you know the facts. | lead to, point to It all points to the conclusion that nobody knew what was going on.

@@ -646,9 +646,9 @@

ADJ. satisfactory, successful | foregone The result of the match was a foregone conclusion. | hasty

VERB + CONCLUSION bring about, bring sth to The meeting was brought to a hasty conclusion. | come to

PREP. in ~ In conclusion, I would like to thank you all for your hard work. > Special page at MEETING

-
" -276;"overall";"
" -277;"presence";"

presence noun

+
" +276;"overall";"
" +277;"presence";"

presence noun

1 being present

ADJ. mere The mere presence of children in the room is enough to upset him. | constant, continued, continuing, permanent | strong The company now has a strong presence in Germany.

VERB + PRESENCE indicate, reveal, show These chemicals could indicate the presence of water on the planet. | acknowledge He acknowledged our presence with a nod of his head. | detect | grace sb with (ironic or humorous) How nice of you to grace us with your presence!

@@ -660,8 +660,8 @@

3 force of personality

ADJ. charismatic, commanding, formidable, great, imposing, powerful, strong | stage He had a formidable stage presence.

VERB + PRESENCE have

-
" -278;"claim";"

claim noun

+
" +278;"claim";"

claim noun

1 statement saying that sth is true

ADJ. false, unfounded, unsubstantiated | conflicting There are conflicting claims about the cause of the fire. | absurd, astonishing, extravagant, grandiose

VERB + CLAIM make The company had made false claims about its products. I make no claim to understand modern art. | accept They accepted her claim that she had been ill-treated. | challenge | deny, dismiss, dispute, reject Claims of a cover-up were dismissed. | back up, substantiate, support They were able to produce witnesses to support their claim. | investigate

@@ -684,19 +684,19 @@

ADV. back You can claim back some of the cost of your treatment.

VERB + CLAIM be able to, be entitled to, can/could You might be entitled to claim compensation if you are injured at work. | attempt to, try to

PREP. on Can't you claim on your insurance?

-
" -279;"transform";"

transform verb

+
" +279;"transform";"

transform verb

ADV. considerably, fundamentally, profoundly, radically The riots radically transformed the situation. | completely, entirely, totally, utterly | quickly, rapidly | gradually, slowly | suddenly | apparently | miraculously He seems to have been miraculously transformed into a first-class player. | overnight Things cannot be transformed overnight.

VERB + TRANSFORM help (to) | manage to

PREP. from, into The place was transformed from a quiet farming village into a busy port.

PHRASES the power to transform sb/sth the power of religion to transform our hearts and minds

-
" -280;"generate";"

generate verb

+
" +280;"generate";"

generate verb

ADV. quickly | automatically, spontaneously People used to believe that dirt spontaneously generated disease. | randomly a sequence of randomly generated fractions | externally, internally internally generated revenue | locally

VERB + GENERATE help (to) the opportunity to help generate ideas | be used to The wind turbines are used to generate electricity. | be expected to, be likely to The lottery is expected to generate substantial funds for charities.

PREP. from Living cells generate energy from food. profits generated from the company's activities

-
" -281;"failure";"

failure noun

+
" +281;"failure";"

failure noun

1 lack of success

ADJ. complete, total | abject, humiliating, ignominious The attempt ended in abject failure. | inevitable | costly | alleged, apparent, perceived | evident | comparative, relative | initial Initial failure was followed by unexpected, if modest, success. | ultimate War is the ultimate failure of public communication. | personal | moral | academic | economic, financial | military

VERB + FAILURE be doomed to, end in, result in All her efforts were doomed to failure. | admit, confess He was too proud to admit failure. | expect Children who are doing badly tend to expect failure and criticism. | fear | avoid

@@ -715,8 +715,8 @@

VERB + FAILURE cause, lead to, result in a rare viral infection that can lead to heart failure

FAILURE + VERB occur A power failure occurred between 4 and 5 p.m.

PREP. ~ in a failure in the computer system

-
" -282;"advance";"

advanced adj.

+
" +282;"advance";"

advanced adj.

1 modern and highly developed

VERBS be

ADV. extremely, highly, very a highly advanced economy | fairly, quite, relatively | industrially, technically, technologically

@@ -747,8 +747,8 @@

2 develop

ADV. considerably, greatly, significantly | rapidly

PREP. beyond Society needs to advance beyond prejudice and superstition.

-
" -283;"connection";"

connection noun

+
" +283;"connection";"

connection noun

1 relationship between two things

ADJ. clear, close, direct, intimate, strong There is a close connection between family background and academic achievement. | tenuous | obvious | causal

VERB + CONNECTION have His death had no connection with drugs. | discover, establish, find, make, see Researchers have now established a connection between air pollution and asthma. She did not make the connection between her diet and her poor health. | break, sever She wanted to sever all her connections with the firm.

@@ -766,8 +766,8 @@

4 person you know

ADJ. good | aristocratic | business, family, personal, political, professional, social

VERB + CONNECTION have I have some good business connections in New York. He has connections (= he knows important people who would be able to help him). | use She used her connections to get the job.

-
" -284;"journal";"

journal noun

+
" +284;"journal";"

journal noun

1 serious magazine

ADJ. academic, learned, scholarly | professional, technical, trade | house/in-house the house journal of the South Western Gas Board | non-specialist, specialist | research, reviewing | business, literary, medical, science/scientific | august, highly-ranked/high-ranking, leading, major, prestigious ‘Nature’ was the highest-ranked journal in thte survey. | official It's the official journal of the Medical Foundation. | international, national | monthly, quarterly, weekly

QUANT. copy Please send me two copies of your new journal. | edition, issue, volume

@@ -780,8 +780,8 @@

VERB + JOURNAL keep, write Lady Franklin kept a daily journal of the voyage. | read

JOURNAL + NOUN entry Her journal entry for that day describes a thunder storm.

PREP. in a/the ~ The events are all recorded in her journal. | ~ of He wrote a journal of his travels.

-
" -285;"initiative";"

initiative noun

+
" +285;"initiative";"

initiative noun

1 new plan

ADJ. fresh, new fresh initiatives to find a peaceful end to the conflict | pioneering pioneering initiatives in bioengineering | current, latest, recent | important, major | welcome | successful | practical | exciting | private | co-operative, joint | international, local, national, regional | government | business, diplomatic, economic, education/educational, environmental, marketing, peace, policy, political, research, training

QUANT. range, series

@@ -797,17 +797,17 @@

VERB + INITIATIVE have, hold After their latest setback, the rebel forces no longer hold the initiative. | gain, seize, take | regain In the second half, Manchester United regained the initiative. | lose

INITIATIVE + VERB comes from sb/sth, lie with sb The initiative to re-open negotiations came from Moscow.

PREP. ~ in She took the initiative in asking the board to conduct an enquiry.

-
" -286;"enhance";"

enhance verb

+
" +286;"enhance";"

enhance verb

ADV. considerably, dramatically, enormously, greatly, much, significantly, substantially The attractiveness of the book is much enhanced by Mark Stevens's drawings. | directly | further | undoubtedly

VERB + ENHANCE can/could, may/might things that can significantly enhance the quality of your life | help (to), serve to | be designed to, seek to reforms designed to enhance market efficiency

-
" -287;"accurate";"

accurate adj.

+
" +287;"accurate";"

accurate adj.

VERBS be, prove His predictions proved accurate.

ADV. deadly, extremely, highly, very | amazingly, remarkably, surprisingly, uncannily | completely, perfectly, totally | not completely, not entirely, not quite, not strictly, not wholly The figures he gave were not strictly accurate. | partially | broadly, fairly, generally, largely, pretty, quite, reasonably, sufficiently | historically, statistically

PHRASES full and accurate He gave a full and accurate account of his movements.

-
" -288;"facility";"

facility noun

+
" +288;"facility";"

facility noun

1 facilities buildings/services/equipment

ADJ. excellent, first-class, good | adequate, appropriate, proper, suitable | inadequate, poor | basic, limited a hotel with only basic facilities | modern, up-to-date | extensive | extra | available, existing We are looking to upgrade the existing facilities. | essential, necessary to improve access to essential facilities | local, community hospitals, schools and other major community facilities | communal, shared The toilets and other communal facilities were in a shocking state. | public | disabled The railway station was criticized for its lack of disabled facilities. | conference | airport, hotel | bar, holiday, leisure, play, recreational, social, sporting/sports | transport, travel | parking | shopping | storage | canteen, dining, restaurant | catering, cooking, kitchen | baby changing, bathroom, laundry, sanitary, shower, toilet, washing | en suite, private All bedrooms offer private facilities (= a private bathroom). | health, health care, hospital, medical | childcare, creche, day care, nursery | educational, training | library, research | laboratory | computing

VERB + FACILITY have, offer, provide | improve, upgrade | make use of, use I made full use of the computing facilities.

@@ -823,30 +823,30 @@

ADJ. amazing, great

VERB + FACILITY have | show

PREP. with ~ He played with great facility. | ~ for She showed an amazing facility for mind-reading.

-
" -289;"urban";"
" -290;"protection";"

protection noun

+
" +289;"urban";"
" +290;"protection";"

protection noun

ADJ. adequate, effective | legal | police Witnesses at the trial were given police protection. | animal, child, consumer, data, environmental, personal, wildlife Animal protection supporters gathered to protest against hunting. She carries a gun in her bag for personal protection. | fire, flood Fire protection equipment must be available on all floors. | sun sun protection products

QUANT. degree A helmet affords the cyclist some degree of protection against injury.

VERB + PROTECTION afford (sb), give (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with)

PROTECTION + NOUN law, legislation, order The couple were found guilty of violation of child protection laws. | measures, mechanism, scheme, system

PREP. under the ~ of Many British wild animals are now under the protection of the Wildlife and Countryside Act. | ~ against Fill the cooling system with antifreeze as a protection against frost. | ~ from The high walls give the garden protection from the wind.

PHRASES a means of protection The skunk releases a pungent smell as a means of protection.

-
" -291;"extent";"

extent noun

+
" +291;"extent";"

extent noun

ADJ. full, greatest, maximum, overall The overall extent of civilian casualties remained unclear. | actual, exact, precise, true | geographical, territorial

VERB + EXTENT reach The railway network had reached its greatest extent in route mileage. | see | consider, examine, explore, investigate | assess, calculate, estimate, evaluate, gauge, judge, measure | define, determine, establish, identify a statement defining the extent of Latvia's territory | discover | acknowledge, appreciate, realize, recognize | know, understand We do not yet know the extent of her injuries. | demonstrate, illustrate, indicate, make clear, reflect, reveal, show The operation revealed the extent of the cancer. | outline a lengthy agenda outlining the extent of global environmental problems | discuss | clarify, explain | emphasize, highlight, underline The victory underlined the extent to which Prussia had become a major power. | exaggerate, overstate She was exaggerating the true extent of the problem. | overestimate | underestimate | play down, underplay, understate The government sought to play down the extent of the problem. | ignore | conceal, obscure | limit, reduce, restrict to reduce the extent of deforestation

PREP. in ~ The park is about 20 acres in extent. | to an ~ To an extent (= to some degree) East-West distrust continued throughout the war. | to a … ~ He had withdrawn from the company of his friends to an alarming extent.

PHRASES at sth's fullest/greatest extent At its fullest extent the Angevin Empire comprised most of western France. | to a considerable/great/large/significant extent, to a certain/to some extent To some extent, we are all responsible for this tragic situation. | to a lesser/limited/small extent The pollution of the forest has seriously affected plant life and, to a lesser extent, wildlife. | to the same extent People no longer live in small communities to the same extent as they used to.

-
" -292;"mental";"
" -293;"consequence";"

consequence noun

+
" +292;"mental";"
" +293;"consequence";"

consequence noun

ADJ. full | far-reaching, important, profound | adverse, bad, catastrophic, damaging, dangerous, devastating, dire, disastrous, fatal, harmful, negative, serious, severe, terrible, tragic, unfortunate, unpleasant | beneficial, good, positive | major, main | direct, immediate | indirect | inevitable, necessary | likely, possible, potential | logical, natural | long-term, short-term | unintended | ecological, economic, electoral, environmental, financial, legal, physical, political, social to face up to the physical consequences of ageing

VERB + CONSEQUENCE have, lead to The practice had far-reaching environmental consequences. | accept, bear, face (up to), suffer, take You must accept the full consequences of your behaviour.

CONSEQUENCE + VERB arise, ensue, follow the important electoral consequences that will follow from this decision

PREP. as a ~ Hundreds of people lost their jobs as a direct consequence of the merger. | in ~ (of) (formal) The child was born deformed in consequence of an injury to its mother. | ~ for This could have serious consequences for the economy.

-
" -294;"institute";"

institute noun

+
" +294;"institute";"

institute noun

ADJ. professional | independent | government | international, national | economic, education, educational, research, scientific, technical

VERB + INSTITUTE establish, found, set up | open | belong to She belongs to the Chartered Institute of Management. | join

INSTITUTE + VERB find sth The environmental research institute found that the global average temperature had risen by 1.2°C. | claim sth, say sth The Institute says that an unidentified virus is to blame for the syndrome. | publish sth | provide sth an institute providing opportunities to veterinary graduates

@@ -872,8 +872,8 @@

-
" -295;"content";"

content adj.

+
" +295;"content";"

content adj.

VERBS appear, be, feel, seem

ADV. perfectly, quite, utterly I'm perfectly content just to lie in the sun. | fairly, reasonably, relatively | apparently | curiously, strangely She felt curiously content.

PREP. with She seemed quite content with the idea.

@@ -882,24 +882,24 @@

VERB + CONTENT empty She emptied the contents of her bag on the floor

2 amount of a substance that sth contains

ADJ. high foods with a high fibre content | low | alcohol, calorie, carbon, fat, fibre, moisture, protein, sugar, sulphur, vitamin, etc.

-
" -296;"device";"

device noun

+
" +296;"device";"

device noun

ADJ. clever, ingenious | labour-saving, useful | complex, sophisticated | simple | hi-tech | hand-held | automatic, electrical, electronic, mechanical | bugging, contraceptive, measuring, safety, timing, warning Police found several bugging devices in the room. | explosive, incendiary An incendiary device exploded in the store, setting fire to furniture.

VERB + DEVICE be fitted with, have All new cars are now fitted with these safety devices. | design, develop, make | use He measured the room using an ingenious new electronic device.

DEVICE + VERB consist of sth The device consists of a large wheel mounted on a metal post. | be designed to a tiny device designed to trace telephone calls | work The device worked exactly as I'd hoped.

PREP. ~ for a useful device for checking electrical circuits

-
" -297;"scholar";"

scholar noun

+
" +297;"scholar";"

scholar noun

ADJ. brilliant, distinguished, eminent, famous, great, leading, outstanding | visiting | biblical, classical, French, history, literary, etc.

-
" -298;"visual";"
" -299;"above";"
" -300;"unique";"

unique adj.

+
" +298;"visual";"
" +299;"above";"
" +300;"unique";"

unique adj.

VERBS be | make sb/sth Its magnificent proportions make this palace unique among the buildings of the world.

ADV. quite, totally, truly The city has an atmosphere which is quite unique. | by no means, far from, hardly Although such a case is rare, it is by no means unique. | almost, virtually | apparently

PREP. to This monkey is unique to the island.

-
" -301;"difficulty";"

difficult adj.

+
" +301;"difficulty";"

difficult adj.

VERBS be, look, prove, seem, sound | become, get It is getting more and more difficult to find a job. | make sth The fog made driving very difficult. | find sth

ADV. exceedingly, extraordinarily, extremely, incredibly, particularly, really, very | doubly Her disability made taking care of the home and raising a family doubly difficult. | increasingly | a bit, quite, rather | notoriously Birth rates are notoriously difficult to predict.

difficulty noun

@@ -908,8 +908,8 @@

VERB + DIFFICULTY encounter, experience, face, get into, have, run into Among the difficulties encountered was a lack of cooperation on the part of the authorities. Anyone experiencing difficulty with radio reception should call us on the new helpline. Let me know if you have any difficulties. I had little difficulty in persuading the others to come. The scheme has run into serious difficulties. | cause, create, make, present Will it cause any difficulties if I go early? She is always making difficulties for herself. | cope with, deal with, overcome, resolve, solve, surmount | avoid how to avoid technical difficulties | be fraught with The situation was fraught with difficulty.

DIFFICULTY + VERB arise, crop up Difficulties arise when people fail to consult their colleagues. | lie (in sth) The difficulty lies in identifying the precise nature of the problem.

PREP. despite a/the ~ Despite all the difficulties, he still remains optimistic. | in ~ We could see that the swimmer was in difficulties. | with/without ~ We crossed the border without any difficulty. Life in the city was not without its difficulties. | ~ in She had difficulty in starting her car. | ~ of the difficulty of finding affordable accommodation | ~ with having difficulty with the engine

-
" -302;"discipline";"

discipline noun

+
" +302;"discipline";"

discipline noun

1 controlling behaviour

ADJ. effective, firm, good, strong We need better discipline in our schools. | harsh, iron, rigid, strict strict military discipline | lax, poor Discipline was too lax. | staff, team | military, naval, party, prison, school, work

VERB + DISCIPLINE enforce, exercise, exert, impose the discipline that the party exercises over its members | keep, maintain The teacher was unable to maintain discipline. | accept, submit to They submitted to the discipline imposed by their leaders. | have The school was criticized for having very poor discipline. | lack Modern schools lack discipline. | tighten The new headmaster tightened discipline in the school. | relax | restore

@@ -922,12 +922,12 @@

ADJ. core, main, major Students are to be tested on the three core disciplines: maths, English and science. | distinct, independent When did sociology emerge as a distinct discipline? | established, traditional | subject | academic, intellectual They established psychology as an academic discipline. | professional | humanities, science/scientific

PREP. across ~s There is a lack of communication across disciplines (= between teachers and students of different subjects). | within a/the ~ Within a discipline there may be more than one school of thought.

PHRASES a range of disciplines The university offers a wide range of disciplines.

-
" -303;"sustain";"

sustain verb

+
" +303;"sustain";"

sustain verb

ADV. long The soil was so badly eroded it could no longer sustain crop production. | indefinitely | still

VERB + SUSTAIN be able/unable to, can/could | help (to) | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to This relationship would be very difficult to sustain.

-
" -304;"capacity";"

capacity noun

+
" +304;"capacity";"

capacity noun

1 amount held/produced

ADJ. high, large a high capacity electric pump large capacity disk drives | limited, small | maximum, total a total capacity of 50 litres | excess, spare spare capacity in the health service | economic, productive | earning The qualification should increase my earning capacity. | carrying, nuclear, seating, storage | engine, lung

VERB + CAPACITY have | be filled/packed to The theatre was filled to capacity (= was full) for every performance. | expand, increase | reduce

@@ -941,37 +941,37 @@

ADJ. official | personal, private, unofficial, voluntary | professional | acting, caretaker | advisory | judicial

VERB + CAPACITY act in, work in I have worked in an advisory capacity with many hospitals.

PREP. in your ~ In my capacity as president, I would like to thank Jack for his hard work.

-
" -305;"perceive";"

perceive verb

+
" +305;"perceive";"

perceive verb

ADV. clearly | dimly Babies are weak and vulnerable in the presence of huge shapes that they can only dimly perceive. | directly the world of directly perceived objects | differently Risks are perceived differently by different people. | easily, readily The industrial bias of canal building can be readily perceived by looking at Figure 7.3. | correctly | immediately

VERB + PERCEIVE be able/unable to, can/could | fail to | be difficult to

PREP. as The General's words were perceived as a threat by neighbouring countries.

PHRASES commonly/generally/widely perceived It is widely perceived as a women's health problem, but it does also affect men. | a failure/an inability to perceive sth

-
" -306;"i.e.";"
" -307;"ensure";"

ensure verb

+
" +306;"i.e.";"
" +307;"ensure";"

ensure verb

VERB + ENSURE must | aim to, try to | take action/care/steps to We must take steps now to ensure the survival of these animals. | be designed to provisions designed to ensure safe conditions of work | help (to) | be important to, be necessary to, be sufficient to It is important to ensure that delegates have been properly briefed.

PHRASES an attempt to ensure sth, efforts/measures to ensure sth

-
" -308;"conclude";"
" -309;"combination";"

combination noun

+
" +308;"conclude";"
" +309;"combination";"

combination noun

ADJ. perfect, right, unbeatable, winning The orchestra played with a winning combination of gusto and precision. | attractive, delicious, good, happy, powerful | curious, rare, strange, unique, unusual | colour an unusual colour combination

PREP. in ~ (with) The materials can be used singly or in combination. Hepatitis D exists only in combination with the hepatitis B virus. | ~ of a delicious combination of flavours

-
" -310;"agricultural";"
" -311;"moreover";"
" -312;"emphasize";"

emphasize verb

+
" +310;"agricultural";"
" +311;"moreover";"
" +312;"emphasize";"

emphasize verb

ADV. strongly | rightly The new law rightly emphasizes parental responsibility.

VERB + EMPHASIZE must, should I must emphasize that this is only a summary, and the full report will not be available until next week. | be important to It is important to emphasize this point. | seem to, serve to, tend to All the arguments and counter-arguments serve to emphasize the controversy surrounding this disease. | fail to | be at pains to, be keen to I have been at pains to emphasize the positive aspects of discipline.

-
" -313;"rapidly";"
" -314;"approximately";"
" -315;"acceptance";"

acceptance noun

+
" +313;"rapidly";"
" +314;"approximately";"
" +315;"acceptance";"

acceptance noun

ADJ. complete, full, total, unconditional, wholehearted | conditional, grudging, reluctant | gradual | greater, growing, increasing Alternative medicines are now winning greater acceptance among doctors. | general, popular, public, universal, wide, widespread | blind, easy, immediate, ready, uncritical, unquestioning, voluntary Their attitude was condemned as blind acceptance of authority. | implicit, passive, tacit | formal, official | social

VERB + ACCEPTANCE find, gain, win The idea was slow to gain general acceptance. | seek The group is now seeking formal acceptance.

ACCEPTANCE + NOUN speech

-
" -316;"sector";"

sector noun

+
" +316;"sector";"

sector noun

1 part of the business activity of a country

ADJ. important, key | growing, growth | independent, private | public, state | voluntary | formal | informal | agricultural, banking, business, commercial, corporate, economic, financial, further/higher education, health, industrial, industry, manufacturing, market, primary, retail, service The survey covers a wide range of industry sectors. | rural, urban

PREP. in a/the ~ employment opportunities in the higher education sector

@@ -979,8 +979,8 @@

2 part of an area or of a large group of people

VERB + SECTOR divide sth into Berlin was divided into four sectors after the war.

PHRASES a sector of the population/society

-
" -317;"commitment";"

commitment noun

+
" +317;"commitment";"

commitment noun

1 willingness to give time/energy to sth

ADJ. absolute, complete, full, total | clear, deep, firm, genuine, great, passionate, real, serious, strong | continued, continuing, increased, increasing, lifelong, long-term, ongoing | general, open-ended | government, personal, professional, public | emotional, ideological, moral, political, religious

QUANT. degree, level

@@ -993,8 +993,8 @@

PREP. ~ on to honour commitments on reduction of air pollution

3 agreeing to use money/time/people for sth

ADJ. heavy a heavy commitment of capital

-
" -318;"experiment";"

experiment noun

+
" +318;"experiment";"

experiment noun

ADJ. animal protesting against animal experiments | field, laboratory | educational, medical, psychological, scientific | practical | thought His efforts involved thought experiments and analogies, rather than detailed experimentation. | simple | brief | careful, control (science), controlled | interesting | ingenious | pioneering | bold the country's bold experiment with economic reform | successful, unsuccessful | pilot, preliminary | further Further experiments will be carried out to verify this result. | celebrated, classic/classical, famous, well-known Pavlov's famous experiment with the dog and the dinner bell | unique Brazil's unique experiment with alcohol-fuelled cars

VERB + EXPERIMENT carry out, conduct, do, perform | try The school decided to try an experiment in single-sex teaching. | design | set up | describe, report a classic experiment reported in 1964

EXPERIMENT + VERB confirm sth, demonstrate sth, find sth, illustrate sth, prove sth, show sth | indicate sth, suggest sth | be aimed at sth, be designed to do sth an experiment aimed at cutting road deaths resulting from excessive speeding | involve sth, use sth | be successful, work If the conditions are not right, the experiment will not work. | fail

@@ -1003,8 +1003,8 @@

ADV. successfully

VERB + EXPERIMENT begin to | continue to

PREP. on They experimented successfully on the plants to discover disease-resistant varieties. | with We have experimented with various different designs of kite.

-
" -319;"implication";"

implication noun

+
" +319;"implication";"

implication noun

1 possible effect/result

ADJ. considerable, crucial, enormous, important, major, massive, strong | main | deeper, fundamental, profound | broad, far-reaching, wider discussing the broader implications of the medical plan | full Now they realized the full implications of the new system. | direct | clear, obvious | underlying | general | further | possible, potential | future, long-term | grave, serious | disturbing, frightening, ominous, sinister | adverse, damaging, negative | interesting | radical, revolutionary | practical These results have important practical implications. | commercial, constitutional, economic, educational, environmental, ethical, financial, ideological, legal, moral, philosophical, political, psychological, social the constitutional implications of a royal divorce | cost, health, policy, resource, safety, security, tax

VERB + IMPLICATION carry, have The emphasis on testing leads to greater stress among students and carries implications of failure. | grasp, realize, understand | assess, consider, examine, explore, ponder, study You need to consider the legal implications before you publish anything. | digest | discuss | explain | accept a society that fully accepts the implications of disability | reject | ignore

@@ -1014,43 +1014,43 @@

ADJ. clear, obvious The implication is clear: young females do better if they mate with a new male. | possible His remark seemed to have various possible implications. | unspoken

VERB + IMPLICATION carry, have | understand | digest Brian paused for a moment while he digested the implications of this statement. | resent I resent the implication that I don't care about my father.

PREP. by ~ In refusing to believe our story, he is saying by implication that we are lying.

-
" -320;"evaluate";"

evaluate verb

+
" +320;"evaluate";"

evaluate verb

ADV. fully, properly, thoroughly | carefully, systematically The evidence should be carefully evaluated. | critically | positively The role of stay-at-home mother is more positively evaluated in working-class communities.

VERB + EVALUATE aim to, attempt to, be designed to | help (to) to help evaluate the success of the campaign | be used to criteria used to evaluate employees' performance | be difficult to, be hard to

-
" -321;"precisely";"
" -322;"notion";"

notion noun

+
" +321;"precisely";"
" +322;"notion";"

notion noun

ADJ. absurd, peculiar, ridiculous | hazy, vague | faintest, foggiest I haven't the faintest notion how to get there. | romantic | accepted, conventional, traditional | preconceived | general There seems to be a general notion that nothing can be done about the problem. | simple, simplistic

VERB + NOTION have He's got some vague notion that people will be queueing up to finance the project. | reject | accept | support | dispel We must dispel this notion that you can rely on the state for everything.

PREP. ~ of They have come to reject the traditional notion of womanhood.

-
" -323;"domestic";"
" -324;"restriction";"

restriction noun

+
" +323;"domestic";"
" +324;"restriction";"

restriction noun

ADJ. severe, tight, tough | major | petty The removal of petty restrictions has made life easier. | absolute | further | artificial free movement of goods between member countries without any artificial restrictions | proposed | contractual, government, legal, statutory | advertising, age, credit, financial, import, parking, price, reporting (= restrictions on information that newspapers may report), speed, time, trade, travel, visa

VERB + RESTRICTION impose, introduce, place The government has introduced tough new import restrictions. | lift, remove The press asked for restrictions on reporting the war to be lifted. | accept | be subject to The right of sale is subject to certain restrictions.

RESTRICTION + VERB affect sth, apply The 30 mph speed restriction applies in all built-up areas.

RESTRICTION + NOUN order

PREP. without ~ Citizens of the EU can travel without restriction within the EU. | ~ on/upon The regulations were seen as a restriction on personal freedom.

-
" -325;"consist";"

consist verb PHRASAL VERBS consist of sth

+
" +325;"consist";"

consist verb PHRASAL VERBS consist of sth

ADV. entirely, exclusively, merely, only, simply, solely Their conversation consisted almost entirely of gossip. | chiefly, essentially, largely, mainly, mostly, predominantly, primarily, principally

-
" -326;"actual";"
" -327;"formal";"

formal adj.

+
" +326;"actual";"
" +327;"formal";"

formal adj.

1 very correct/official

VERBS be, seem, sound | become

ADV. extremely, very | strictly Learning was by rote and strictly formal. | almost The greeting was polite, almost formal. | fairly, quite, rather, relatively | oddly Her words sounded oddly formal. | stiffly His manner was stiffly formal.

2 concerned with the way sth is done

VERBS be

ADV. merely, purely Getting approval for the plan is a purely formal matter: nobody will seriously oppose it. | largely The monarch retains largely formal duties.

-
" -328;"industrial";"

industrial action noun

+
" +328;"industrial";"

industrial action noun

ADJ. continuing | unlawful

VERB + INDUSTRIAL ACTION take | threaten | call for | vote for | start | step up The union is considering stepping up its industrial action. | suspend | stop | take part in, be/become involved in His research indicates an increase in the number of women involved in industrial action. | support

PREP. ~ against The union is threatening industrial action against the company. | ~ by industrial action by railway workers | ~ in support of industrial action in support of demands for a ten per cent salary adjustment | ~ over to take industrial action over pay

-
" -329;"revolution";"

revolution noun

+
" +329;"revolution";"

revolution noun

1 changing the political system

ADJ. successful | bloody, violent Thousands of people were killed in the bloody revolution that toppled the government. | bloodless, peaceful | popular | political | anti-communist, anti-democratic, etc. | communist, socialist, etc. | palace | bourgeois, proletarian | world Some Marxists still believe that socialism will one day triumph through world revolution.

VERB + REVOLUTION carry out, conduct, fight, foment, stage The activists were charged with fomenting revolution. | crush, put down | call for

@@ -1067,24 +1067,24 @@

VERB + REVOLUTION make

PREP. through a ~ The earth turns through one complete revolution approximately every twenty-four hours. | ~ about/around/round How long does it take for the planet Jupiter to make a complete revolution around the sun?

PHRASES revolutions a/per minute > See REV

-
" -330;"fundamental";"

fundamental adj.

+
" +330;"fundamental";"

fundamental adj.

VERBS be, seem | remain | consider sth, regard sth as We consider these freedoms fundamental to democracy.

ADV. truly, very | absolutely, quite This principle is clear and absolutely fundamental. | fairly, rather

PREP. to Improved funding is fundamental to the success of the project.

fundamentals noun

ADJ. basic | very The new law strikes at the very fundamentals of a free press.

VERB + FUNDAMENTALS teach | grasp, learn, master We quickly mastered the basic fundamentals of navigation. | go back to, return to The government went back to fundamentals, concentrating on avoiding food shortages.

-
" -331;"essential";"

essential adj.

+
" +331;"essential";"

essential adj.

VERBS appear, be, seem | become It is becoming almost essential for students to have a second language. | remain | make sth Increased competition makes it essential for the business to innovate. | consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as, think sth Do you consider these textbooks essential for the course?

ADV. really | absolutely | almost, virtually | fairly | by no means Although useful, the accessories are by no means essential.

PREP. for the skills essential for success | to He believed that some form of religion was essential to human life.

essentials noun

ADJ. bare, basic the bare essentials for existence

VERB + ESSENTIALS grasp Just try and grasp the essentials of the argument. | provide The relief agencies are trying to provide food and other basic essentials. | concentrate on Don't let's worry about the details at this stage. Let's concentrate on the essentials.

-
" -332;"adapt";"

adapt verb

+
" +332;"adapt";"

adapt verb

1 change your behaviour

ADV. successfully, well The children have adapted well to the heat. | quickly | easily, readily The company can easily adapt to changing demand. | accordingly We need to assess the new situation and adapt accordingly.

VERB + ADAPT be able/unable to, can/cannot | have to, must | need to

@@ -1093,8 +1093,8 @@

2 change a thing

PREP. for to adapt a book for television. | from The radio play had been adapted from a novel.

PHRASES specially adapted The classroom has been specially adapted to take wheelchairs.

-
" -333;"contact";"

contact lens noun

+
" +333;"contact";"

contact lens noun

ADJ. gas-permeable, hard, soft | daily-wear | tinted

VERB + CONTACT LENS have in, wear | put in | remove, take out | clean, disinfect | rinse, soak

contact noun

@@ -1124,11 +1124,11 @@

VERB + CONTRACT take out | have out He has a contract out on you.

CONTRACT + NOUN killer, killing

PREP. ~ on She took out a contract on her ex-husband.

-
" -334;"colleague";"

colleague noun

+
" +334;"colleague";"

colleague noun

ADJ. close, trusted | junior, senior | female, male | professional, work | academic, business, medical | cabinet, parliamentary

-
" -335;"dimension";"

dimension noun

+
" +335;"dimension";"

dimension noun

1 (often dimensions) measurements

ADJ. approximate | exact, precise It is important to measure the exact dimensions of the room. | overall | compact Despite the unit's compact dimensions, there's still plenty of room for expansion. | considerable a structure of considerable dimensions | fourth, second, third The fourth dimension, time, is also finite in extent. | physical, space/spatial, temporal/time | horizontal, vertical

VERB + DIMENSION check, measure Can we just check the dimensions of the bedroom again?

@@ -1137,8 +1137,8 @@

ADJ. added, additional, different, extra, further, new | distinct In looking at population ageing we will consider two distinct dimensions. | wider There is a wider dimension to the question. | crucial, essential, important, main, major, significant | global, international, local, national, regional Communication via the Internet gives an important international dimension to the project. | aesthetic, class, cultural, economic, ethical, historical, human, ideological, moral, personal, political, religious, social, spiritual

VERB + DIMENSION add, give (sth) Her illness adds an extra dimension to the problem. | have The affair had a different dimension now. | acquire, take on The crisis acquired a new dimension.

PREP. ~ to the spiritual dimension to our lives

-
" -336;"account";"

account noun

+
" +336;"account";"

account noun

1 description

ADJ. brief, short | blow-by-blow, comprehensive, detailed, full, graphic, vivid He gave us a blow-by-blow account of the incident. | accurate, clear, eyewitness, factual, first-hand, true, verbatim | glowing, good She received a glowing account of her son's progress. | newspaper the newspaper account of the trial

VERB + ACCOUNT give (sb), provide (sb with), write (sb) Can you give us an account of what happened?

@@ -1157,8 +1157,8 @@

PREP. on ~ Ring for a cab on account. | ~ at/with an account with a large store

account verb PHRASAL VERBS account for sth

ADV. fully The increase can be fully accounted for. | partly The differences in achievement between the pupils are partly accounted for by differences in age.

-
" -337;"statistics";"

statistics noun

+
" +337;"statistics";"

statistics noun

ADJ. annual, monthly | latest | reliable | vital | bald, raw The bald statistics tell us nothing about the underlying trends. | government, national, official, police | accident, crime, criminal, economic, health, population, transport, unemployment, etc.

VERB + STATISTICS prepare, produce | keep We no longer keep statistics on former employees. | release

STATISTICS + VERB indicate sth, prove sth, reveal sth, show sth, tell sb sth | suggest sth

@@ -1186,37 +1186,37 @@
(for more verbs and nouns)

-
" -338;"theme";"

theme noun

+
" +338;"theme";"

theme noun

ADJ. basic, central, dominant, important, key, main, major, underlying | broad, general | common, popular, universal universal themes of love and loneliness | constant, familiar, favourite, recurrent, recurring | related | unifying | contemporary, topical | historical, religious, etc. | campaign, conference, research | musical The film's haunting musical theme stayed in my head for days.

VERB + THEME develop, discuss, examine, explore His later novels develop the theme of alienation. | warm to ‘Our work’, he continued, warming to his theme, ‘will be a milestone in scientific history.’

THEME + VERB emerge Several familiar themes emerged from the discussion. | run through sth The same themes run through all her novels.

THEME + NOUN music, song, tune | park, pub

PREP. on the ~ of He gave a talk on the theme of teenage unemployment.

PHRASES variations on a theme Most of the essays appear to be variations on a few central themes.

-
" -339;"locate";"

locate verb

+
" +339;"locate";"

locate verb

1 find the position of sb/sth

ADV. accurately, precisely The machine can accurately locate radioactive material. | quickly | easily

VERB + LOCATE be able/unable to, can/could We haven't yet been able to locate a suitable site. | try to | fail to | be easy to Some stars are quite easy to locate with a telescope. | be difficult to 2 be located be in a place

ADV. centrally The hotel is centrally located between Dam Square and Central Station. | conveniently, ideally, strategically | physically Two people can meet in virtual reality even if physically located in different continents. | abroad

PREP. at, between, close to, in, on, near, outside, within, etc. Your accommodation is conveniently located within walking distance of the town centre.

-
" -340;"adequate";"

adequate adj.

+
" +340;"adequate";"

adequate adj.

VERBS be, prove, seem | remain | consider sth, think sth The trains were not considered adequate for use on the modern railways.

ADV. really, very | perfectly, quite, totally | more than The system is more than adequate to deal with any problems. | barely, hardly, less than, not entirely, not wholly The grants given to students are less than adequate. | more or less The amount of money we have been given is more or less adequate. | still | no longer

PREP. for The old computer is still perfectly adequate for most tasks.

-
" -341;"largely";"
" -342;"ideal";"

ideal adj.

+
" +341;"largely";"
" +342;"ideal";"

ideal adj.

VERBS be, look, seem, sound | make sth The hotel's size makes it ideal for large conferences. | consider sth

ADV. absolutely | almost | less than Language learning often takes place in a less than ideal environment.

PREP. for The houses are absolutely ideal for families with young children.

ideal noun

ADJ. high, lofty, noble Sam was a real leader who had high moral ideals. | unattainable This is not an unattainable ideal. | aesthetic, artistic, ethical, moral, political | democratic, liberal, revolutionary, socialist

VERB + IDEAL be committed to, be devoted to, believe in, cling to, espouse, have, support They still clung to the old ideals. | pursue, strive for | achieve, attain, be true to, conform to, live up to A journalist should always live up to the ideals of truth, decency, and justice. | fall short of This agreement falls far short of the ideal. | abandon, betray She was accused of betraying her political ideals. | embody, reflect the democratic ideals embodied in the charter

-
" -343;"philosophy";"

philosophy noun

+
" +343;"philosophy";"

philosophy noun

1 study of ideas about the meaning of life

ADJ. ancient, classical | contemporary, modern | Eastern, Western | experimental, moral, natural (historical), political, religious, social

PHRASES the philosophy of history/religion/science @@ -1248,32 +1248,32 @@

PHILOSOPHY + VERB inform sth, underlie sth, underpin sth the philosophy underlying the education system | prevail the management philosophy which prevailed at that time

PREP. ~ behind The new measures were introduced with no explanation of the philosophy behind them.

PHRASES a philosophy of life/mind

-
" -344;"minority";"

minority noun

+
" +344;"minority";"

minority noun

ADJ. large, significant, sizeable, substantial | small, tiny | vociferous the view of a small but vociferous minority | ethnic, national, racial, religious | oppressed, persecuted

VERB + MINORITY belong to | discriminate against

MINORITY + NOUN opinion, view | community, group | government

PREP. among a/the ~ You are definitely among the minority. | from a/the~ people from ethnic minorities | in a/the ~ We are in the minority on this issue. | ~ of a sizeable minority of the population

PHRASES only a minority Only a tiny minority of holidays are affected.

-
" -345;"hypothesis";"

hypothesis noun

+
" +345;"hypothesis";"

hypothesis noun

ADJ. acceptable, plausible | bold Scientists have proposed a bold hypothesis. | unlikely | speculative | testable | working These observations appear to support our working hypothesis. | scientific

VERB + HYPOTHESIS construct, form, formulate, have, make, propose, put forward, suggest It is possible to make a hypothesis on the basis of this graph. A number of hypotheses have been put forward. | consider, discuss, examine, test (out) using this data to test her hypothesis | confirm, prove, support | accept | reject None of the hypotheses can be rejected at this stage.

VERB + HYPOTHESIS concern sth Her hypothesis concerns the role of electromagnetic radiation. | predict sth The hypothesis predicts that children will perform better on task A than on task B.

PREP. on a/the ~ Her study is based on the hypothesis that language simplification is possible. | ~ about an interesting hypothesis about the development of language | ~ on The results confirmed his hypothesis on the use of modal verbs.

-
" -346;"psychological";"

psychological adj.

+
" +346;"psychological";"

psychological adj.

VERBS be

ADV. purely The symptoms are purely psychological.

-
" -347;"enable";"
" -348;"trend";"

trend noun

+
" +347;"enable";"
" +348;"trend";"

trend noun

ADJ. strong | consistent, constant, steady | accelerating, growing, increasing | underlying Despite this month's disappointing figures, the underlying trend is healthy. | dominant, main, major, prevailing | gradual | clear, marked | general | apparent, discernible | global, national, international, universal, worldwide | wider The increase in crime in London was just part of a wider trend. | positive, upward | downward, negative | contrary, opposite | healthy, welcome | adverse, dangerous, disturbing, unfortunate, worrying | fashion | demographic, population | cultural, social | evolutionary, historical | economic, market | growth, inflationary The latest figures show a clear growth trend in the service sector.

VERB + TREND begin, create, set, start In the 1960s, Britain set the fashion trends. | continue | follow We are following the American trend towards more flexible working conditions. | reinforce | buck, counteract, go against efforts to buck the current downward trend in sales | reverse | halt | detect, notice | indicate, reflect, show, suggest The data indicates a trend towards earlier retirement.

TREND + VERB develop, emerge | continue | indicate sth, reflect sth, suggest sth Current trends suggest that car traffic will continue to grow. | grow

PREP. ~ away from a trend away from narrow specialization | ~ for A trend for romance and nostalgia has emerged. | ~ in future trends in the volume of employment | ~ towards the trend towards privatization

-
" -349;"exchange";"

exchange noun

+
" +349;"exchange";"

exchange noun

1 giving/receiving sth in return for sth else

ADJ. fair | mutual, two-way We get together once a month for a mutual exchange of ideas.

PREP. in ~ (for) Woollen cloth and timber were sent to Egypt in exchange for linen or papyrus. | ~ between There were exchanges of goods between the two regions. | ~ for She considered free language lessons a fair exchange for free accommodation.

@@ -1287,48 +1287,48 @@

ADJ. academic, cultural | student, youth | official

VERB + EXCHANGE go on

PREP. on an/the ~ She is in France on a student exchange. | ~ to He's gone on an exchange to Rome. | ~ with an exchange with a German student

-
" -350;"percentage";"

percentage noun

+
" +350;"percentage";"

percentage noun

ADJ. high, large The area has a high percentage of unemployed men. | low, small

VERB + PERCENTAGE calculate | express sth as This figure can be expressed as a percentage of the total.

PERCENTAGE + NOUN point Unemployment has fallen by two percentage points this month. | rate Insurance contributions are paid at a fixed percentage rate on all earnings. | figure | increase, rise the percentage rise in the average salary | decline, fall, reduction | share

PREP. ~ of What percentage of women own a car?

PHRASES in percentage terms The numbers are relatively low in percentage terms. | on a percentage basis The artist's agent receives commission on a percentage basis.

-
" -351;"sufficient";"

sufficient adj.

+
" +351;"sufficient";"

sufficient adj.

VERBS be, prove, seem, sound | consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as Do you really regard that explanation as sufficient?

ADV. quite | far from | barely, hardly, scarcely Our budget is scarcely sufficient to pay people, let alone buy any new equipment. | just | almost

PREP. for The salary proved sufficient for his needs.

-
" -352;"substantial";"
" -353;"explanation";"

explanation noun

+
" +352;"substantial";"
" +353;"explanation";"

explanation noun

ADJ. convincing, credible, good, likely, logical, natural, obvious, plausible, probable, rational The most likely explanation is that his plane was delayed. | implausible, inadequate, unlikely | acceptable, adequate, reasonable, satisfactory, sufficient | no apparent There was no apparent explanation for the attack. | clear, coherent | complete, comprehensive, detailed, full | partial | complex, complicated | easy, simple | innocent, prosaic There's sure to be a perfectly innocent explanation for all this?though I admit it looks bizarre. | convenient | accepted, traditional There is no generally accepted explanation of this practice. | official | possible | correct, real, true | brief | lengthy, long | verbal | general | common the common explanations for hooliganism | only, sole It's the only explanation that makes any kind of sense. | causal The causal explanation must be that old age causes poverty, not that poverty causes people to be old. | ad hoc, post hoc post hoc (= after the event) explanations of historical changes that would have made no sense to anyone living at the time | cultural, historical, political, psychological, scientific, sociological, technical, theoretical

VERB + EXPLANATION have I had no explanation for her strange behaviour. | give (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with) He only offered a partial explanation for his lateness. | enter into, go into, launch into She launched into a detailed explanation of every aspect of her work. | advance, propose, put forward one explanation advanced by Marxist historians | call for, need, require An explanation is clearly called for. | look for, seek | find, think of I can think of one possible explanation for her behaviour. | ask for, demand She wrote to the company demanding an explanation. | wait for | deserve, merit I suppose you deserve an explanation. | owe sb I think you owe me an explanation. | accept | defy Her success has been so remarkable as to defy explanation.

EXPLANATION + VERB lie The simplest explanation for his achievements lies in his greater ability and superiority over his contemporaries at university. | emerge, occur to sb, present itself, suggest itself No single clear explanation emerged from the experiments. A more credible explanation now occurred to her. Another quite plausible explanation presented itself.

PREP. in ~ ‘I've worked with them before, you see,’ he added, in explanation. | without ~ She left suddenly and without explanation. | ~ about He entered into a technical explanation about software and programming. | ~ as to He provided no explanation as to why he was late. | ~ for There is probably some perfectly logical explanation for their behaviour. | ~ from We are still waiting for a full explanation from the teacher concerned.

PHRASES an attempt at explanation The men left quickly with no attempt at explanation. | by way of explanation ‘I had to see you, ’ he said, by way of explanation.

-
" -354;"emotional";"

emotional adj.

+
" +354;"emotional";"

emotional adj.

VERBS be, feel, look, sound | become, get, grow He got quite emotional during the speech. | make sb Having all her friends around her made her very emotional.

ADV. deeply, extremely, highly, very | quite, rather

PREP. about Don't be so emotional about everything!

PHRASES in an emotional state He was in a very emotional state.

-
" -355;"preference";"

preference noun

+
" +355;"preference";"

preference noun

ADJ. clear, definite, marked, strong | slight | individual, personal It's a matter of personal preference. | consumer | first, second, etc. Local voters gave Harry West first preference.

VERB + PREFERENCE have Do you have any particular preference? | demonstrate | express, indicate, show, state | give sb Preference is given to students who have passed maths and chemistry. | receive

PREP. for ~ I choose motorways when driving, for preference. | in ~ to They bought French planes in preference to British ones. | ~ as to/with regard to He has not expressed a preference as to which school he wants to go to. | ~ between people's preferences between brown, white and wholemeal bread | ~ for sth (over sth) the government's preference for tax cuts over greater public spending | ~ in changing preferences in furniture styles

PHRASES in order of preference List the candidates in order of preference.

-
" -356;"calculate";"

calculate verb

+
" +356;"calculate";"

calculate verb

1 work out a number, etc.

ADV. accurately, exactly

PREP. according to The amount is calculated according to the number of years you have paid into the scheme. | at The sum involved was calculated at $82 million.

2 guess

ADV. carefully, shrewdly | correctly He correctly calculated that the others would not dare fight back.

-
" -357;"external";"
" -358;"code";"

code noun

+
" +357;"external";"
" +358;"code";"

code noun

1 system of letters, numbers, etc. for secret information

ADJ. secret | Morse

VERB + CODE break, crack, decipher The code was difficult to crack. | use, write in | invent, make up

@@ -1341,39 +1341,39 @@

ADJ. strict | ethical, moral | civil, criminal, disciplinary, penal | Highway the Highway Code (= the official rules for users of public roads in Britain) | dress

VERB + CODE have | devise, draw up, establish, formulate, lay down The company has drawn up a new disciplinary code. | comply with, follow | break, infringe, violate He was thrown out for infringing the club's strict dress code.

PHRASES a code of behaviour/conduct/ethics/honour/practice The profession has a strict code of practice.

-
" -359;"flow";"

flow noun

+
" +359;"flow";"

flow noun

ADJ. heavy, large, massive | good | adequate | poor Our shower doesn't work very well because of the poor water flow. | main | increased, increasing | ceaseless, constant, continuous, endless | free, uninterrupted the uninterrupted flow of traffic | even, smooth, steady to maintain an even flow of work through the department | easy, natural I liked the concerto for its natural flow. | outward the outward flow of investment from the country | annual, daily, seasonal | data, information | air, blood, gas, lava, menstrual, river, water | capital, cash, financial, investment, production, trade

VERB + FLOW have Big pension funds have a constant flow of cash. | get, obtain Squeeze the tube of sealant slowly to obtain an even flow. | allow We like to allow a free flow of ideas in our company. | produce, provide The system provides a continuous flow of information to the market. | keep, maintain He kept up a flow of chatter. | ensure You must use a wide pipe to ensure an adequate flow of water. | control, regulate | assist, encourage, facilitate, stimulate to encourage the flow of revenue into the country | enhance, improve, increase The company is trying to enhance its cash flow. | disrupt, impede, reduce, restrict, slow (down) The continual bombing disrupted the flow of supplies to the ground troops. | block, break (up), cut (off), halt, interrupt, staunch, stem, stop They tried to staunch the flow of blood. | divert The main flow of water has been diverted to a new course. | join | measure

FLOW + NOUN rate The flow rate was measured at 9.5 litres per second. | chart, diagram

PREP. against the ~ They have to swim against the flow of the river. | ~ around/round air flows around the wings of an aircraft | ~ from First cut off the water flow from the boiler. | ~ into She joined the flow of immigrants to the country. | ~ through the flow of data through the system

PHRASES changes in the flow Changes in the flow of patients have reduced the number of beds available. | the ebb and flow the ebb and flow of the tide

(figurative) He was at the mercy of the ebb and flow of public opinion. | in full flow She tried to interrupt his speech, but he was already in full flow (= talking continuously and not thinking of stopping). | the rate of flow the rate of flow of water

-
" -360;"transition";"

transition noun

+
" +360;"transition";"

transition noun

ADJ. abrupt, immediate, rapid, sudden | direct | gradual, phased, slow | awkward, difficult, painful | easy, smooth | non-violent, orderly, peaceful

VERB + TRANSITION bring about, cause, effect The negotiators hoped to effect a smooth transition to an interim administration. | complete, make The company was slow to make the transition from paper to computer. | undergo | mark The ceremony marks the transition of the student to graduate status. | ease, smooth

TRANSITION + VERB occur, take place | be complete Her transition from girl to woman was complete.

TRANSITION + NOUN period, process | phase

PREP. during (the) ~ He will remain head of state during the transition to democracy. | in ~ The country is in transition from an agricultural to an industrial society. | ~ between This training course aims to smooth the transition between education and employment. | ~ from, ~ to

PHRASES a period of transition, a process of transition, a state of transition

-
" -361;"subsequent";"
" -362;"phase";"

phase noun

+
" +361;"subsequent";"
" +362;"phase";"

phase noun

ADJ. early, first, initial, primary | second, secondary, etc. | current, latest, new, present | final, last | intermediate, transition | temporary | critical, crucial, important the critical phase of the operation | distinct The period can be divided into three distinct phases.

VERB + PHASE begin, enter, open, start Society has entered a technological phase of evolution. | go through It's just a phase he's going through. | complete, pass

PREP. during a/the ~ During the first phase of expansion staff will move to the new offices. | in a/the ~ In the earliest phase of mental disorder, relatives feel confused. | ~ in a new phase in the European economy

-
" -363;"rural";"

rural adj.

+
" +363;"rural";"

rural adj.

VERBS be

ADV. extremely, overwhelmingly, truly, very At the end of the 17th century England was still overwhelmingly rural. | completely | largely, mainly, predominantly | semi-the ideal of suburban or semi-rural living | quite | essentially | pleasantly

-
" -364;"intensity";"

intensity noun

+
" +364;"intensity";"

intensity noun

ADJ. high, low a band of light with high intensity | fierce, great The sun beat down with fierce intensity. He studied the report with great intensity. | emotional | passionate

VERB + INTENSITY decrease (in), reduce (in) | grow in, increase (in) Her headaches started to increase in intensity. | vary in

PREP. in ~ The pain was growing in intensity.

-
" -365;"monitor";"

monitor noun

+
" +365;"monitor";"

monitor noun

1 television/computer screen

ADJ. colour | CCTV, computer, television/TV, video

PREP. on a/the ~ The security staff can see all the outside of the building on their CCTV monitors.

@@ -1386,19 +1386,19 @@

ADV. carefully, closely, rigorously, strictly Television advertising is strictly monitored. | regularly, routinely, systematically | constantly, continuously | effectively, properly | automatically

VERB + MONITOR be able to We will now be able to monitor its progress more closely. | continue to The authorities will continue to monitor the situation.

PREP. for The workers are constantly monitored for exposure to radiation.

-
" -366;"competitive";"

competitive adj.

+
" +366;"competitive";"

competitive adj.

VERBS be | become | remain, stay | make sth skills training to make our industries more competitive in world markets | keep sth

ADV. extremely, fiercely, highly, intensely, very a fiercely competitive sport highly competitive prices a very competitive person | fairly, quite, rather

PREP. with Investment in research is needed to keep Britain competitive with countries like Japan.

-
" -367;"core";"

core noun

+
" +367;"core";"

core noun

ADJ. hollow Each fibre has a hollow core trapping still air and aiding warmth. (figurative) There was a hollow core of sadness inside me. | solid | copper, iron, etc. | reactor nuclear reactor cores | central, essential, inner, innermost, very This is seen as the central core of the government's policy. A new spirit welled up from the very core of the nation. | common a common core of shared understanding about law and government | hard A hard core of supporters, mostly teenage girls, gathered at the airport to see the star arrive. | emotional the emotional core of her music

VERB + CORE form, make up These ideas formed the core of his philosophy. | get to We want to get to the core of the problem.

CORE + NOUN activity, area, course, curriculum, discipline, module, programme, skill, subject the core area of management studies Students study five core subjects. | component, element, group | business, service We need to stop this expansion and concentrate on the core business. | belief, value | vocabulary

PREP. at sth's ~ At the core of our convictions is belief in individual liberty. | to the ~ She was shaken to the core by the news. He's a politician to the core (= in all his attitudes, beliefs and actions).

-
" -368;"volume";"

volume noun

+
" +368;"volume";"

volume noun

1 amount of space

ADJ. total the total volume of the containers

PREP. by ~ They sell screws and nails by volume. | in ~ 2 litres in volume

@@ -1417,17 +1417,17 @@

VERB + VOLUME publish

PREP. in a/the ~ Her poems are now available in a single volume. | ~ of a volume of short stories | ~ on a volume on ancient history

PHRASES run to five, several, etc. volumes The encyclopedia is a huge work, running to 20 volumes.

-
" -369;"framework";"

framework noun

+
" +369;"framework";"

framework noun

ADJ. basic, broad, general | wider The needs of individual schools need to be considered in a wider framework. | existing | flexible | comprehensive | coherent | analytical, conceptual, theoretical | legal, political | administrative, management, policy | economic, financial | chronological, historical Carbon dating provides the archaeologist with a basic chronological framework.

VERB + FRAMEWORK establish, have, set They established a basic framework of ground rules for discussions. | offer (sb), provide (sb with)

PREP. outside a/the ~ Negotiations were also conducted outside the framework of the treaty talks proper. | within a/the ~ The committee will work within the framework of certain broad objectives. | ~ for a legal framework for the regulation of public access to databases

-
" -370;"incorporate";"

incorporate verb

+
" +370;"incorporate";"

incorporate verb

ADV. fully | largely | clearly | expressly These conditions must be expressly incorporated into the contract of employment. | properly | gradually | quickly | eventually, finally | easily, readily These new features can easily be incorporated. | neatly | effectively | satisfactorily, successfully | necessarily | forcibly the countries which Stalin forcibly incorporated into the Soviet empire

PREP. as In 1940 the area was incorporated as part of the city of London. | in The data is now incorporated in the total figures. | into We can incorporate this information into our report. | within Results are incorporated within personalized medical records.

-
" -371;"encounter";"

encounter noun

+
" +371;"encounter";"

encounter noun

ADJ. brief I did not see him again, except for a brief encounter on a train. | casual, chance, unexpected It was a chance encounter that led to the setting up of the new political party. | close I decided not to risk a second close encounter with the snakes. | face-to-face | direct The press conference was her first direct encounter with the media. | unpleasant, violent | social the language we use in everyday social encounters | sexual

VERB + ENCOUNTER have I had my first encounter with the president two years ago.

ENCOUNTER + VERB take place

@@ -1435,20 +1435,20 @@

encounter verb

ADV. commonly, frequently, often, regularly Walruses were commonly encountered in the Shetland Islands until quite recently. | rarely | inevitably

VERB + ENCOUNTER be likely to What are the difficulties you are most likely to encounter?

-
" -372;"cite";"

cite verb

+
" +372;"cite";"

cite verb

ADV. above, already, earlier, previously This is similar to the example cited above. | commonly, frequently, often The most commonly cited reasons for stopping the treatment were lack of efficacy and side effects. | widely

PREP. as He cited the fall in unemployment as one of the government's successes.

-
" -373;"attribute";"

attribute noun

+
" +373;"attribute";"

attribute noun

ADJ. chief, great, key, main | desirable, essential, important, necessary, positive, useful Patience is an essential attribute for a teacher. | common | divine, human | cultural, personal, physical, social Her physical attributes were much admired.

VERB + ATTRIBUTE have, possess

attribute verb

ADV. directly | solely | in large measure, largely, mainly | in part, partly

PREP. to They claim that one in twenty deaths can be directly attributed to air pollution.

PHRASES be commonly/generally/usually/widely attributed to The goals commonly attributed to management are status, power, salary and security.

-
" -374;"emphasis";"

emphasis noun

+
" +374;"emphasis";"

emphasis noun

1 special importance/attention

ADJ. considerable, great, heavy, increased schools that put a heavy emphasis on sporting achievement | strong | main discussing where the main emphasis should be placed | particular, special Examine the events leading to the war, with particular emphasis on France's role in them.

VERB + EMPHASIS give, lay, place, put The company lays great emphasis on customer care. | shift The Democrats shifted the emphasis away from direct taxation.

@@ -1459,8 +1459,8 @@

ADJ. great ‘I’, he said with great emphasis, ‘was the one.’ | slight His slight emphasis on the word ‘Lady’ was definitely mocking.

VERB + EMPHASIS put

PREP. with ~ She repeated the question with emphasis. | ~ on Put the emphasis on the second syllable.

-
" -375;"waste";"

waste noun

+
" +375;"waste";"

waste noun

1 missing an opportunity to do/use sth

ADJ. absolute, complete, total, utter The whole thing has been a complete waste of time. | colossal, great, tremendous | awful, criminal, senseless, shocking, terrible a criminal waste of public money | needless, unnecessary, useless | tragic a tragic waste of human life | expensive | conspicuous

VERB + WASTE go to If nobody comes all this food will go to waste. | cause | avoid Try to avoid unnecessary waste. | cut down on, reduce | minimize

@@ -1477,8 +1477,8 @@

VERB + WASTE can't afford to, not want to He didn't want to waste valuable time in idle gossip. | be/seem a shame to It seems a shame to waste this good food. | not be going to I'm not going to waste any more time on the problem.

PREP. on Don't waste your money on a hotel room.

PHRASES no time to waste Hurry up?there's no time to waste!

-
" -376;"climate";"

climate noun

+
" +376;"climate";"

climate noun

1 weather conditions of a particular region

ADJ. hot, warm | cold, cool | mild | extreme, harsh, inhospitable, severe the severe northern climate | damp, humid, wet | arid, dry | equatorial, Mediterranean, subtropical, temperate, tropical | northern, southern, etc. | global global climate change

VERB + CLIMATE have The city has a warm climate.

@@ -1489,20 +1489,20 @@

VERB + CLIMATE create

PREP. in a/the ~ His ideas on equality are viewed as utopian in the current political climate. | ~ for a climate for economic recovery | ~ of The new policies have created a climate of fear.

PHRASES a climate of opinion

-
" -377;"differ";"

differ verb

+
" +377;"differ";"

differ verb

1 be different

ADV. considerably, enormously, fundamentally, greatly, markedly, radically, sharply, significantly, substantially, widely The two approaches differ markedly Opinions differ widely on this issue. | little | slightly, somewhat | clearly

PREP. according to Conditions of employment differ according to the type of company you are working for. | between Social organization differs significantly between the different groups. | from His ideas differ little from those of his father. | in The models differ in size and shape.

2 have a different opinion

VERB + DIFFER agree to In the end we agreed to differ. | beg to I beg to differ (= I disagree with you).

PREP. about/over The two sides still differ over details of the plan. | on The two parties differ on all the major issues. | with It didn't seem right that I should differ with him.

-
" -378;"technical";"

technical adj.

+
" +378;"technical";"

technical adj.

VERBS be, sound | become, get The conversation was getting a bit technical for me, so I left them to it.

ADV. extremely, highly, very A lot of the discussions were highly technical. | purely This is a purely technical problem. | a bit, quite, rather, somewhat

-
" -379;"mechanism";"

mechanism noun

+
" +379;"mechanism";"

mechanism noun

1 part of a machine

ADJ. firing, locking, steering, trigger, winding

MECHANISM + VERB operate, work The door locking mechanism doesn't work. | jam

@@ -1514,13 +1514,13 @@

3 system of parts/behaviour that performs a function

ADJ. avoidance, control, defence, escape, survival The body has defence mechanisms against many diseases. | cellular, genetic, immunological, molecular, neural, physiological, psychological, etc.

PREP. ~ for

-
" -380;"description";"

description noun

+
" +380;"description";"

description noun

ADJ. complete, comprehensive, detailed, full The catalogue gives a full description of each product. | accurate, apt, exact, excellent, fair, fitting, good, perfect ‘Like a fish out of water’ was an apt description of how I felt in my new job. | vivid a vivid description of life in Ancient Rome | graphic, lurid She gave us a lurid description of the birth. | lengthy, long | brief, short | basic, simple | vague | objective A report is generally an objective description rather than a statement of opinion. | physical | job There was no mention of any cleaning in my job description.

VERB + DESCRIPTION give (sb), issue, provide (sb with) Police have issued a description of the gunman. She was able to provide a description of the intruder. | fit A man fitting your description was seen entering the building. | beggar, defy His face was so odd that it defies description.

DESCRIPTION + VERB apply to sb, fit sb I realized to my horror that the description of the killer fitted me.

-
" -381;"assert";"

assert verb

+
" +381;"assert";"

assert verb

1 say sth clearly and firmly

ADV. boldly, confidently, emphatically, forcefully, strongly The report asserts confidently that the industry will grow. | directly, explicitly | simply He had no real evidence?he simply asserted that what he said was true. | repeatedly | rightly

2 make other people recognize your rights/authority

@@ -1536,34 +1536,34 @@

ASSET + VERB appreciate, grow Net assets have grown to $169 million. | decline, depreciate, dwindle

ASSET + NOUN value | management | sale | stripping measures to prevent asset stripping

PHRASES assets and liabilities

-
" -382;"assistance";"

assistance noun

+
" +382;"assistance";"

assistance noun

ADJ. considerable, great, real, substantial | limited | invaluable, valuable | practical | special | direct, emergency, immediate People in the flooded areas are in need of direct assistance. | mutual The treaty pledged mutual assistance in the event of an attack on either country. | expert, professional | external, outside | foreign, international | government, national They argued the case for extra government assistance for the poorest regions. | public, social, welfare the stigma attached to receiving social assistance | personal disabled people who need personal assistance to enable them to live in their own homes | humanitarian | economic, financial, legal, material, medical, military, technical

VERB + ASSISTANCE give sb, offer (sb), provide, render We provide assistance if your car breaks down. | get, receive Did you receive any assistance from the authorities? | pledge, promise (sb) The World Bank promised assistance to the value of $5 million. | be in need of, need, require | expect | ask for, call for, seek I advise you to seek assistance from the police. | turn to sb for She had no one to turn to for assistance. | be of, come to sb's Do let us know if we can be of any assistance to you. A sympathetic neighbour came to his assistance. | welcome

PREP. with/without ~ The work was completed with the assistance of local carpenters. | ~ for humanitarian assistance for refugees | ~ from assistance from friends and family | ~ in assistance in finding suitable accommodation | ~ with assistance with rent for people on a low income

-
" -383;"considerable";"
" -384;"modify";"

modify verb

+
" +383;"considerable";"
" +384;"modify";"

modify verb

ADV. considerably, drastically, greatly, heavily, profoundly, radically, significantly, substantially The original text has been modified so radically that it is barely recognizable. | a little, partially, partly, slightly, somewhat | gradually | constantly | specially | appropriately, suitably | accordingly | chemically, genetically genetically modified organisms

VERB + MODIFY have to, need to You may need to modify your plans a little.

PHRASES highly modified, in a modified form These ideas are still used today, though in a slightly modified form. | a modified version using a highly modified version of the program

-
" -385;"isolation";"

isolation noun

+
" +385;"isolation";"

isolation noun

ADJ. complete, total | enforced the enforced isolation of life in an Arctic weather station | diplomatic, geographical, political | international The country could face international isolation if it does not withdraw its troops. | emotional, social the social isolation of single mothers at home with their babies

VERB + ISOLATION experience, suffer (from) Many immigrants experience isolation.

ISOLATION + NOUN hospital, ward

PREP. in ~ The figures should not be looked at in isolation but as part of a pattern.

PHRASES in splendid isolation The tower stands in splendid isolation on the cliff edge.

-
" -386;"territory";"

territory noun

+
" +386;"territory";"

territory noun

1 area of land that belongs to one country, etc.

ADJ. vast | new The explorers set off to conquer new territories. | former former French territories | neighbouring, surrounding | home, national | alien, foreign, overseas | enemy, hostile | neutral | colonial, dependent | sovereign Troops were stationed on sovereign German territory. | conquered, lost, occupied a town in British-occupied territory | unoccupied | disputed | familiar | uncharted, unexplored, unknown, virgin | dangerous

VERB + TERRITORY hold | annex, capture, conquer, invade, occupy, recapture, take | control, govern, rule The territory had been controlled by Azerbaijan for many years. | cede, surrender | explore (often figurative) Tired of writing detective novels, she began to explore new territory. | settle The territory was never densely settled. | enter | leave | overfly The plane was shot down while overflying enemy territory. | stray into The soldiers strayed into hostile territory.

2 of an animal

ADJ. breeding

VERB + TERRITORY defend, patrol | mark (out), scent-mark

-
" -387;"origin";"

origin noun

+
" +387;"origin";"

origin noun

1 time/place/reason that sth starts

ADJ. common | doubtful, obscure, unknown a letter of doubtful origin | true | ancient, early, primitive | recent The term ‘black hole’ is of very recent origin. | immediate The development had its immediate origins in discussions with management. | African, English, etc. | foreign | local | mixed | natural | supernatural | environmental, geographical, historical, intellectual | animal, human, mineral, plant, vegetable foods of animal origin We shouldn't forget our animal origins.

VERB + ORIGIN have, share The vases share common origins. | investigate, trace | owe Population genetics owes its origin to Francis Galton. | explain | reflect

@@ -1575,9 +1575,9 @@

VERB + ORIGIN trace Their family can trace its origins back to the Norman Conquest. | betray Her accent betrayed her working-class origins.

PREP. by ~ He is a Londoner by origin. | in ~ Her family is Portuguese in origin. | of … ~ He was of lowly origins.

PHRASES sb's country of origin

-
" -388;"respectively";"
" -389;"judgement";"

judgement noun

+
" +388;"respectively";"
" +389;"judgement";"

judgement noun

1 decision/opinion

ADJ. accurate | balanced | impartial, independent, objective | personal, subjective | intuitive | qualitative | harsh | snap I hate having to make snap judgements. | definitive

VERB + JUDGEMENT form, make It's difficult to form a judgement when you don't have all the facts. | express Remember to be tactful when expressing a personal judgement. | confirm This latest case confirms my earlier judgement. | come to, reach It is too soon to reach any definitive judgement. | deliver, give, pass, pronounce The school inspector's function is not merely to pronounce judgement, but also to suggest improvements. | reserve, suspend The court reserved judgement on the two appeals. | obtain, win They obtained a judgement in their favour. | reverse They are trying to get the judgement reversed. | abide by

@@ -1587,8 +1587,8 @@

VERB + JUDGEMENT display, show | rely on | respect, trust He trusted his wife's judgement. | doubt | back The company backed her judgement and implemented all her recommendations. | exercise, use | colour, influence He never allows any prejudices to colour his judgement. | sit in He felt he had no right to sit in judgement on someone he had only just met.

PREP. ~ about You will need to exercise your own judgement about what clothes to wear. | ~ in The speaker showed good judgement in his choice of topic.

PHRASES an error of judgement Accepting the gift was an error of judgement on the part of the party chairman. | a lack of judgement, a matter of judgement How much money you should invest is a matter of judgement.

-
" -390;"cycle";"

cycle noun

+
" +390;"cycle";"

cycle noun

1 series of events that happen repeatedly

ADJ. annual, daily, monthly, regular, seasonal, weekly the annual cycle of church festivals | complete, entire, whole | endless the endless cycle of birth, death and rebirth | natural Life is a natural cycle, just like the changing seasons. | vicious caught up in a vicious cycle of bingeing and dieting | lunar, solar the 76-year solar cycle | breeding, menstrual, reproductive | business, economic | water a diagram of the water cycle | life the life cycle of the butterfly

VERB + CYCLE go through The European market is simply going through an economic cycle. | complete To complete the cycle, oxygen is necessary. | repeat

@@ -1601,15 +1601,15 @@

VERB + CYCLE ride

CYCLE + NOUN ride, tour We're going for a cycle ride this afternoon. | helmet | lane, path, route, track Cars are not allowed in the cycle lanes. | race

PREP. by ~ They completed their journey by cycle. | on a/the ~ lots of people in cars or on cycles

-
" -391;"assumption";"

assumption noun

+
" +391;"assumption";"

assumption noun

ADJ. basic, fundamental, hidden, implicit, tacit, underlying, unspoken | common, conventional, general, shared, widespread shared assumptions between teachers and parents | correct, reasonable, valid | erroneous, false, flawed, incorrect, mistaken, questionable, wrong

QUANT. number, series, set Your argument is based on a set of questionable assumptions.

VERB + ASSUMPTION make She's always making assumptions about how much money people have. | base sth on, start from, work on We are working on the assumption that the techniques are safe. | accept | challenge, disprove, question, test

ASSUMPTION + VERB underly sth, underpin sth the assumptions underlying their beliefs

PREP. on the ~ that I set the table for eight people, on the assumption that Jo would come. | ~ about assumptions about how women should behave

-
" -392;"german";"

German measles noun > Special page at ILLNESS

+
" +392;"german";"

German measles noun > Special page at ILLNESS

German noun @@ -1640,8 +1640,8 @@

-
" -393;"illustrate";"

illustrate verb

+
" +393;"illustrate";"

illustrate verb

1 put pictures in sth

ADV. heavily, lavishly, richly | fully | attractively, beautifully, delightfully, handsomely, superbly

PREP. with The new edition is heavily illustrated with photographs of aircraft.

@@ -1649,13 +1649,13 @@

ADV. amply | admirably, aptly, neatly, nicely, well The dire consequences of chronic underfunding are nowhere better illustrated than in the nation's schools. | perfectly | merely, simply His question merely illustrates his ignorance of the subject. | clearly, dramatically, graphically, strikingly, vividly | brutally, starkly, tragically The case tragically illustrates the dangers of fireworks.

VERB + ILLUSTRATE serve to Two examples serve to illustrate this point. | be chosen to, be designed to, be intended to

PREP. to a way of illustrating to the chairman the folly of his decision

-
" -394;"justify";"

justify verb

+
" +394;"justify";"

justify verb

ADV. really, truly Can you really justify the destruction of such a fine old building? | hardly The meagre result hardly justified the risks they took to get it.

VERB + JUSTIFY can/could | attempt to, seek to, try to | need to | be difficult to, be hard to He found it very difficult to justify his decision.

PREP. on the grounds of/that The decision is justified on the grounds that there is no realistic alternative. | to How will you justify this pay cut to your employees?

-
" -395;"manner";"

manner noun

+
" +395;"manner";"

manner noun

1 way of doing sth/behaving

ADJ. conventional, customary, normal, standard, time-honoured, traditional, usual | correct You are not approaching the problem in the correct manner. | appropriate, satisfactory I did my best to behave in the appropriate manner. | prudent, reasonable, responsible, safe, sensible Chemical waste must be disposed of in an environmentally-responsible manner. | efficient, productive, profitable | logical, methodical, orderly, rational, systematic | consistent, uniform | objective | arbitrary, haphazard Files have been stored in such a haphazard manner that they are impossible to find. | professional | constructive, positive The dispute could have been handled in a more constructive manner. | non-violent, peaceful | straightforward | suspicious He was behaving in a highly suspicious manner. | light-hearted | casual, easy, informal, leisurely, relaxed | formal | calm | off-hand He answered in such an off-hand manner that I wondered if he'd misheard me. | confident, decisive | dignified | diffident, mild, quiet, shy | charming, cheerful, friendly, jovial, kindly, pleasant, sympathetic | abrasive, aggressive, arrogant, unfriendly, unpleasant | forthright | brusque, cold | businesslike, no-nonsense His no-nonsense manner gave him the reputation of being a good doctor. | authoritarian, autocratic, high-handed | condescending, dismissive | authoritative The authoritative manner in which he talked concealed his ignorance. | bedside, telephone He's a good doctor with a sympathetic bedside manner. She has a very pleasant telephone manner.

VERB + MANNER have | adopt He tends to adopt a condescending manner when talking to young women. | act in She accused the teacher of not acting in a professional manner.

@@ -1666,55 +1666,55 @@

ADJ. beautiful, charming, excellent, good, impeccable, nice, perfect It's not good manners to stare at people. | bad | table His children have no table manners.

VERB + MANNER have | teach sb Didn't your parents teach you any manners? | learn | forget I'm sorry, I was forgetting my manners. Can I offer you a drink?

PHRASES have the (good) manners to do sth He could at least have had the manners to answer my letter. | a lack of manners Her lack of manners is quite appalling.

-
" -396;"constitute";"
" -397;"phenomenon";"

phenomenon noun

+
" +396;"constitute";"
" +397;"phenomenon";"

phenomenon noun

ADJ. common, universal, widespread | isolated, rare, unique | new, recent | natural | curious, inexplicable, remarkable, strange | complex | observable | cultural, historical, linguistic, mental, physical, political, psychological, social, supernatural, urban

VERB + PHENOMENON investigate His job is to investigate supernatural phenomena.

PHENOMENON + VERB emerge, occur The phenomenon occurs during early foetal development.

-
" -398;"relevant";"

relevant adj.

+
" +398;"relevant";"

relevant adj.

VERBS be, seem | become | consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as

ADV. especially, extremely, highly, particularly, specially, very | barely, hardly, not really, scarcely Past imperial glories are hardly relevant to the present day. | (only) marginally, partially | not necessarily, not strictly Resist the temptation to discuss topics that are not strictly relevant to the essay question. | directly | only indirectly | immediately | no longer | potentially | apparently | clearly, obviously | universally | morally, politically, socially Is there a morally relevant difference between human life and animal life? | vocationally vocationally relevant qualifications

PREP. to information relevant to this case

-
" -399;"acquire";"
" -400;"correspond";"

correspond verb

+
" +399;"acquire";"
" +400;"correspond";"

correspond verb

1 be the same/match

ADV. closely | directly, exactly, precisely | approximately, broadly, roughly

PREP. to Their nursery schools correspond roughly to our infant schools. | with The movement of the dot on the screen corresponds exactly with the movement of the control lever.

2 write letters

ADV. regularly

PREP. with She corresponded regularly with her former music teacher.

-
" -401;"planning";"

planning noun

+
" +401;"planning";"

planning noun

ADJ. careful, detailed, meticulous, thoughtful | initial the initial planning stage | advance, forward The trip calls for careful advance planning. | pre-match, pre-retirement, etc. Deciding the agenda is the most vital aspect of pre-meeting planning. | long-range, long-term | short-range, short-term | corporate | family They give free advice on contraception at the family planning clinic. | town, urban | economic, educational, environmental, financial, military, strategic

VERB + PLANNING call for, demand, need, require | do The industry needs to do some long-term planning.

PLANNING + NOUN phase, stage The scheme is still at the planning stage. | process | decisions | meeting | application | approval, consent, permission We've applied for planning permission to build an extension to the house. | authority, committee, department

PREP. in the ~ The festival was four years in the planning. | ~ for Planning for future development is vital for the community.

-
" -402;"error";"

error noun

+
" +402;"error";"

error noun

ADJ. fundamental, glaring, grave, great, major, monumental, serious The report contained some glaring errors. | fatal He made the fatal error of borrowing more than he could pay back. | minor, small | embarrassing, unfortunate | past The ability to learn from past errors is vital in business. | common | grammatical, spelling, typing | factual | tactical The Kenyan athlete made a tactical error in starting too fast. | administrative, clerical | human, pilot The plane crash was caused by human error, not mechanical failure.

VERB + ERROR commit, make He had committed a grave error in letting them see the document. She made several serious errors during the race. | contain The document contained a lot of typing errors. | detect, discover, find, spot I found several factual errors in the report. | point out The error was pointed out to her by one of her colleagues. | realize I only realized my error when it was too late. | avoid She has avoided the common error of writing too much. | correct, rectify Glasses can correct most errors in your vision. | compound The paper accidentally printed the victim's address, then compounded their error by printing her name the next day.

ERROR + VERB arise (from sth), occur errors arising from inadequate information

ERROR + NOUN detection | correction | message An error message comes up when I try to open the program.

PREP. in ~ The machine had been switched off in error (= by mistake). | ~ in He checked his letter for errors in spelling. He realized his error in not attending the funeral. | ~ of The speech contained many errors of fact.

PHRASES a comedy of errors His attempts to arrange a party ended up as a comedy of errors. | an error of judgement The minister had made an amazing error of judgement. | a margin of error The margin of error for a racing driver is tiny.

-
" -403;"household";"

household noun

+
" +403;"household";"

household noun

ADJ. average The average household pays 27p a day in water rates. | domestic, private, etc. | rural, urban | middle-class, working-class | high-income, low-income, poor, etc. | family, married-couple, single-person, etc.

VERB + HOUSEHOLD manage, run | set up Becoming an adult and setting up a household no longer mean the same thing.

HOUSEHOLD + NOUN appliance, contents, furniture, goods, item, product The household contents are covered by a separate insurance policy. | bills, budget, expenditure, expenses, income | chore, duties, task | rubbish, waste

PHRASES the head of the household The head of the household is responsible for completing the council tax form.

-
" -404;"practical";"

practical adj.

+
" +404;"practical";"

practical adj.

VERBS be, seem, sound | become

ADV. eminently, extremely, highly, intensely, very | entirely, purely, strictly For entirely practical reasons, children are not invited. | hardly | quite, reasonably | essentially | severely She always adopted a severely practical tone.

practical noun

ADJ. chemistry, physics, etc.

VERB + PRACTICAL sit, take | pass | fail I passed the written exam but failed the practical.

-
" -405;"professional";"

professional adj.

+
" +405;"professional";"

professional adj.

1 connected with a job

VERBS be

ADV. purely, strictly He insisted that his relationship with the duchess was purely professional.

@@ -1754,19 +1754,19 @@

VERB + PROFESSION practise In the 1930s he was forbidden to practise his profession. | enter, go into, join She entered the legal profession after university.

PREP. by ~ He was a consultant physician by profession. | in a/sb's/the ~ making an impact in her chosen profession

PHRASES a choice of profession She was shocked at her daughter's choice of profession. | the top of sb's profession He reached the top of his profession in very little time.

-
" -406;"theoretical";"

theoretical adj.

+
" +406;"theoretical";"

theoretical adj.

VERBS be | remain

ADV. highly | purely This research is purely theoretical. | largely | rather

-
" -407;"summary";"

summary noun

+
" +407;"summary";"

summary noun

ADJ. accurate, apt, clear, excellent, fair, good, useful Is that a fair summary of the situation? | comprehensive, detailed, full | general, overall | brief, concise, quick, short | bald, crude | financial, statistical | news, plot Details of new titles, with plot summaries, are included in the catalogue.

VERB + SUMMARY make, prepare, write Could you make a short summary of this article for me? | give (sb), provide (sb with), supply (sb with) He has provided a useful summary of the main categories.

SUMMARY + NOUN sheet, table | report, statement

PREP. in ~ In summary, his views are out of date. | in a/the ~ She decided not to include this incident in her summary of the day's events.

PHRASES in summary form The information is shown in summary form in the following tables.

-
" -408;"depression";"

depression noun

+
" +408;"depression";"

depression noun

1 unhappiness/mental illness

ADJ. black, deep, serious, severe | acute, chronic | mild | clinical | manic | post-natal

QUANT. bout, fit, period The actor says he suffers frequent bouts of depression. In a fit of depression, she threw away all her favourite books. A period of acute depression can sometimes follow childbirth.

@@ -1783,14 +1783,14 @@

3 hollow part in the surface of sth

ADJ. shallow, slight | deep

PREP. ~ in, ~ on From the air, the photos show a shallow depression on the planet's surface.

-
" -409;"sequence";"

sequence noun

+
" +409;"sequence";"

sequence noun

ADJ. complete, whole | continuous | complex | correct | opening | closing | alphabetical, chronological, logical, natural, random The article describes the chronological sequence of events. | action, dance, dream, film | DNA, gene

VERB + SEQUENCE complete Complete the following sequence: 1, 4, 8, 13 … | follow We had to follow a complex sequence of movements.

PREP. in ~ The book is more satisfying if you read each chapter in sequence. | in a/the ~ The heroine dies in the closing sequence of the film. | ~ of

PHRASES a sequence of events

-
" -410;"consideration";"

consideration noun

+
" +410;"consideration";"

consideration noun

1 careful thought about sth

ADJ. careful, detailed, full, serious | adequate, due, proper, sufficient | special, urgent | active

VERB + CONSIDERATION give sth, take sth into We will give your proposals serious consideration. You must take the size of the room into consideration. | deserve, need, require | receive

@@ -1801,22 +1801,22 @@

3 sth you think about when deciding sth

ADJ. main, major, important, prime | overriding, paramount | minor | aesthetic, commercial, economic, environmental, ethical, financial, health, legal, moral, personal, political, practical, safety, security

VERB + CONSIDERATION take account of, take into account There are several important safety considerations that must be taken into account.

-
" -411;"derive";"

derive verb

+
" +411;"derive";"

derive verb

ADV. clearly Females and cubs clearly derive some benefit from living in groups. | largely, mainly, primarily | partly | solely | directly This income was derived directly from his writing. | originally, ultimately

PREP. from We can derive some comfort from this fact.

-
" -412;"arise";"

arise verb

+
" +412;"arise";"

arise verb

ADV. naturally, spontaneously | directly

VERB + ARISE may, might | be likely/unlikely to

PREP. from Some learning difficulties arise from the way children are taught at school. | out of The current debate arose out of the concerns of parents.

-
" -413;"radical";"

radical adj.

+
" +413;"radical";"

radical adj.

VERBS be, seem, sound | become

ADV. really, very | increasingly | fairly, quite, somewhat | genuinely, truly a truly radical concept | apparently | potentially | politically, socially

-
" -414;"collective";"
" -415;"recognition";"

recognition noun

+
" +414;"collective";"
" +415;"recognition";"

recognition noun

1 remembering/identifying sb/sth

ADJ. immediate, instant | early the early recognition of a disease | dawning | character, face, handwriting, speech, text (computing) | automatic, computer the automatic recognition of handwriting by computer

QUANT. flicker, sign She stared directly at the witness but he did not show a flicker of recognition (= he did not show that he recognized her).

@@ -1831,8 +1831,8 @@

RECOGNITION + VERB come Official recognition of the change came fast.

PREP. in ~ of an award in recognition of his outstanding work | without ~ She has worked actively but without recognition. | ~ as a country that has long sought recognition as a major power | ~ by/from recognition by his superiors of the service he had performed | ~ for They received recognition for their 20-year commitment to safety at sea.

PHRASES a lack of recognition, recognition of the importance of sth, recognition of the need for sth, a struggle for recognition

-
" -416;"proportion";"

proportional adj.

+
" +416;"proportion";"

proportional adj.

VERBS be

ADV. broadly, roughly The amount of food a child needs is roughly proportional to its size. | directly The speed of the glider is directly proportional to the speed of the wind. | inversely The amount of force needed is inversely proportional to the rigidity of the material.

PREP. to

@@ -1849,14 +1849,14 @@

3 proportions: size and shape of sth

ADJ. enormous, epic, extraordinary, gargantuan, generous, gigantic, heroic, huge, immense, major, mammoth, massive, monumental, staggering | modest | manageable, unmanageable The computer brings the huge task of stock control down to more manageable proportions. | alarming | crisis, epidemic | classic, elegant, fine, noble, perfect There is an entrance hall of perfect proportions, twice as long as it is wide. | bodily

VERB + PROPORTION reach The food shortage had reached crisis proportions.

-
" -417;"mode";"

mode noun

+
" +417;"mode";"

mode noun

ADJ. normal, traditional, usual | effective

VERB + MODE use Try using some other mode of organization. | change, switch to He had no intention of changing his mode of attire. Switch from ‘receive’ mode to ‘transmit’ mode.

PREP. in … ~ The machine is in its ‘suspend’ mode. | ~ of Their main mode of subsistence is hunting.

PHRASES a mode of address, a mode of communication/expression, a mode of transport

-
" -418;"resistance";"

resistance noun

+
" +418;"resistance";"

resistance noun

1 trying to stop sth

ADJ. considerable, great, stiff, strong, substantial | determined, fierce, heroic, serious, spirited, stubborn | effective | token | active | passive | collective, organized | widespread | armed, military | political | popular, public | guerrilla, peasant

VERB + RESISTANCE mount, offer, put up They mounted stiff resistance to the proposal. | encounter, meet (with), run into The advancing army met with little resistance. | break (down), crush, overcome

@@ -1868,14 +1868,14 @@

ADJ. high | low | disease | antibiotic, drug

VERB + RESISTANCE have | build up, develop You need to build up your resistance to colds. | lower

PREP. ~ to Aids lowers the body's resistance to infection.

-
" -419;"furthermore";"
" -420;"diversity";"

diversity noun

+
" +419;"furthermore";"
" +420;"diversity";"

diversity noun

ADJ. considerable, enormous, extraordinary, great, immense, rich, wide There is need for greater diversity and choice in education. the rich diversity of the city's cultural life | growing, increased, increasing | biological, genetic the need to preserve biological diversity | cultural, ethnic, linguistic, political, regional

VERB + DIVERSITY create | encourage, promote Our party believes in encouraging cultural diversity, not division. | maintain, preserve, protect The producer was under pressure to maintain a diversity in his output. | decrease, increase | allow (for) Tyrannies do not allow diversity and disagreement.

PREP. ~ in diversity in the style of the reports | ~ of There is a wide diversity of views on this subject.

-
" -421;"anxiety";"

anxiety noun

+
" +421;"anxiety";"

anxiety noun

ADJ. acute, considerable, deep, great | chronic, constant, nagging | growing, increasing, mounting | natural, understandable | needless, unnecessary | public

QUANT. level the high level of anxiety created by entering a new environment

VERB + ANXIETY arouse, bring, cause, create, provoke | lead to | experience, feel, suffer from She felt a nagging anxiety that could not be relieved. | express, share The mothers were able to share their anxieties with each other. | cope with, deal with skills to cope with anxiety | allay, alleviate, dispel, reduce, relieve The aim is to reduce anxiety and help the patients relax. | aggravate, increase

@@ -1883,8 +1883,8 @@

ANXIETY + NOUN attack | level

PREP. ~ about her growing anxiety about her health | ~ at anxiety at the deterioration of relations between the powers | ~ for deep anxiety for the whole family | ~ over There are anxieties over the effects of unemployment.

PHRASES fear and anxiety They were encouraged to express their fears and anxieties.

-
" -422;"logic";"

logic noun

+
" +422;"logic";"

logic noun

1 system of reasoning

ADJ. formal | deductive, inductive

VERB + LOGIC apply, use Philosophers use logic to prove their arguments.

@@ -1892,43 +1892,43 @@

ADJ. compelling, exquisite, impeccable, inexorable There is a compelling logic to his main theory. | strict | internal, underlying | commercial, economic, political, scientific There is sound commercial logic in never giving credit to retailers.

VERB + LOGIC accept, follow, understand I can't follow the logic of what you are saying. | defy It's a stupid decision that completely defies logic. | apply, use You can't use the same logic in dealing with children.

PREP. ~ behind What's the logic behind this decision? | ~ in There doesn't seem to be any logic in the move.

-
" -423;"whole";"

whole noun

+
" +423;"whole";"

whole noun

1 all of sth

VERB + WHOLE cover, embrace, encompass, involve, span The project involved the whole of the university. | fill, occupy, take up The library takes up the whole of the first floor. | permeate, pervade Technology permeates the whole of our lives.

2 complete thing

ADJ. coherent, cohesive, harmonious, homogeneous, integrated, organized, seamless She was struggling to organize her ideas into a coherent whole. | single | complex The author examines each aspect of Roman society, then attempts to summarize the complex whole. | meaningful At this age, babies do not yet combine sounds into a meaningful whole. | organic

VERB + WHOLE form, make (up) He tried to fit the pieces of evidence together to make a coherent whole.

PHRASES as a whole Unemployment is higher in the north than in the country as a whole.

-
" -424;"characterize";"
" -425;"cooperation";"

cooperation noun

+
" +424;"characterize";"
" +425;"cooperation";"

cooperation noun

ADJ. close | full | greater, increased | active | effective | international, local | mutual a society founded on mutual cooperation and shared prosperity | cultural, economic, military, political, social, technical

VERB + COOPERATION need, require | ask for, call for, demand, seek She called for closer cooperation on drugs control. They are seeking the cooperation of senior medical staff. | enlist, get We are hoping to enlist the cooperation of women's groups. | give (sb), offer (sb) | encourage, promote promoting cooperation between universities and industry | ensure

PREP. in ~ with The film was made in cooperation with the Sports Council. | with/without sb's ~ With the cooperation of the public, the police may be able to catch this man. | ~ among increased technical cooperation among large companies | ~ between political cooperation between the two groups | ~ from You will need a bit of cooperation from your family. | ~ in We asked for their cooperation in the collection of data. | ~ on They offered their cooperation on the project. | ~ with We should like to thank you for your cooperation with us.

PHRASES a lack of cooperation, a need for cooperation There is a need for greater economic cooperation.

-
" -426;"dominate";"

dominate verb

+
" +426;"dominate";"

dominate verb

ADV. completely, entirely, totally She completely dominated the conversation. | increasingly His work increasingly dominates his life. | largely | overwhelmingly

-
" -427;"implementation";"

implementation noun

+
" +427;"implementation";"

implementation noun

ADJ. effective, successful | complete, full | detailed Detailed implementation of the plans was left to the regional offices. | strict | smooth We will consult widely to ensure smooth implementation. | practical The practical implementation of the regulations proved difficult. | early, immediate | gradual | policy

VERB + IMPLEMENTATION achieve, ensure, secure To achieve implementation of the programme is a long, slow task. | monitor, oversee, supervise The UN is to supervise the implementation of the peace treaty. | consider, discuss

IMPLEMENTATION + NOUN plan | process The restructuring will take place in phases, to simplify the implementation process. | problem

-
" -428;"universal";"

universal adj.

+
" +428;"universal";"

universal adj.

VERBS be, seem | become | remain

ADV. truly | by no means, far from Some of the teachers are technical specialists, but this is far from universal. | almost, near, nearly, virtually | pretty | apparently | supposedly supposedly universal standards

PREP. among These practices remain universal among the islanders. | in a scheme that is universal in scope

-
" -429;"significance";"

significance noun

+
" +429;"significance";"

significance noun

ADJ. considerable, criminal, deep, enormous, great, immense, major, profound, real | full, general, wider The scientists are cautious about the wider significance of their findings. | limited, minor | particular, special | real, true They failed to appreciate the true significance of these discoveries. | functional, practical, statistical, strategic, symbolic, theoretical | constitutional, cultural, economic, moral, historical, political, religious, social

VERB + SIGNIFICANCE have The ceremony has great symbolic significance. | acquire, assume, gain, take on Suddenly his son's relationship with the girl took on a new significance. | attach Let us not attach too much significance to these meetings. | assess | appreciate, be aware of, grasp, understand | exaggerate | minimize, play down, underestimate

SIGNIFICANCE + VERB lie in sth The significance of this lies in the fact that he had previously denied all knowledge of the fund. | attach to sth Does any significance attach to the use of the technical terms?

PREP. ~ for/to a meal that has particular significance for a Jewish family | of ~ a policy of special significance to women

PHRASES be of little, no, etc. significance

-
" -430;"resolution";"

resolution noun

+
" +430;"resolution";"

resolution noun

1 formal decision taken after a vote

ADJ. draft | formal | joint a joint US-British resolution | unanimous | ordinary | emergency, special | compromise | affirmative, negative (both law) An affirmative resolution of both Houses of Parliament is needed. | Security Council, UN, etc.

VERB + RESOLUTION draft | propose, put forward, table | vote on | adopt, agree, approve, carry, pass The resolution was carried unanimously. | block, reject

@@ -1946,15 +1946,15 @@

VERB + RESOLUTION make I made a New Year resolution to give up smoking. | keep

5 power to give a clear image

ADJ. high high-resolution graphics | low | maximum | screen | pixel a monitor capable of a 1,024 by 768 pixel resolution

-
" -431;"numerous";"

numerous adj.

+
" +431;"numerous";"

numerous adj.

VERBS be | become

ADV. especially, particularly, very | increasingly | reasonably, relatively | enough, sufficiently By the mid-twelfth century pilgrims were numerous enough to merit a guidebook.

PHRASES too numerous to list/mention The related publications are far too numerous to list individually.

-
" -432;"extensive";"
" -433;"biological";"
" -434;"display";"

display noun

+
" +432;"extensive";"
" +433;"biological";"
" +434;"display";"

display noun

1 arrangement of things

ADJ. attractive, beautiful, colourful, dazzling, excellent, eye-catching, fascinating, fine, good, interesting, stunning | special | public | permanent, temporary | static The locomotive is normally kept on static display in the National Railway Museum. | audio-visual, visual An audio-visual display gives visitors an idea of what life was like aboard a sailing ship. | floral, photographic a beautiful floral display outside the Town Hall | in-store, wall, window | museum, shop

VERB + DISPLAY have The museum has a fine display of old medical instruments. | mount We plan to mount a display of the children's work in the lobby area. | go on Examples of her work will go on permanent display in the new museum. | put sth on The birds were put on display at the zoological society.

@@ -1997,8 +1997,8 @@

display verb

ADV. clearly, prominently His football trophies were prominently displayed in the kitchen. | proudly

PREP. to She proudly displayed her degree certificate to her parents.

-
" -435;"publication";"

publication noun

+
" +435;"publication";"

publication noun

1 of a book, etc.

VERB + PUBLICATION begin | cease, stop | prepare sth for | be due/scheduled for The book is scheduled for publication in the autumn. | accept sth for

PUBLICATION + VERB be due/scheduled The publication of her memoirs is scheduled for the autumn.

@@ -2008,9 +2008,9 @@

ADJ. new, recent | forthcoming | leading, major | sister ‘This Week’'s German sister publication, ‘Diese Woche’, went out of business. | government, official | specialist | academic, business, scientific, trade

PUBLICATION + NOUN publications catalogue/list

PREP. ~ about specialist publications about bees | ~ on She has several publications to her name on local history.

-
" -436;"widely";"
" -437;"permit";"

permit noun

+
" +436;"widely";"
" +437;"permit";"

permit noun

ADJ. government, official | export, import | residence, residency | work | travel | resident's, visitor's | building, filming, fishing, landing, parking

VERB + PERMIT have | give (sb), grant (sb), issue | get, obtain, receive | revoke | renew | apply for | need, require

PERMIT + VERB expire, run out

@@ -2019,9 +2019,9 @@

permit verb

ADV. legally | generally, normally Development is not normally permitted in conservation areas.

VERB + PERMIT refuse to | be designed to The bill was designed to permit workers to take up to twelve weeks' unpaid leave annually for family reasons.

-
" -438;"merely";"
" -439;"joint";"

joint noun

+
" +438;"merely";"
" +439;"joint";"

joint noun

1 in the body

ADJ. elbow, hip, knee, etc. | inflamed, painful, rheumatic, stiff, swollen | artificial

VERB + JOINT replace He's going to have his hip joint replaced.

@@ -2036,23 +2036,23 @@

ADJ. bacon

VERB + JOINT cook, roast | carve

PREP. ~ of a joint of beef/lamb/pork

-
" -440;"comprehensive";"

comprehensive adj.

+
" +440;"comprehensive";"

comprehensive adj.

VERBS be

ADV. extremely, very | fully, totally fully comprehensive insurance | increasingly | fairly, pretty, quite, reasonably The list is fairly comprehensive. | truly

-
" -441;"alter";"

alter verb

+
" +441;"alter";"

alter verb

ADV. considerably, dramatically, drastically, fundamentally, greatly, radically, significantly, substantially He had not altered greatly in the last ten years. | slightly

PHRASES not alter the fact that Unemployment has come down slightly but this does not alter the fact that it is still a major problem.

-
" -442;"insight";"

insight noun

+
" +442;"insight";"

insight noun

ADJ. considerable, great, real, significant | deep | detailed | brief | good, remarkable The objective of the research is to gain a better insight into labour market processes. | penetrating, profound, revealing, illuminating | crucial, important, invaluable, valuable | useful | fascinating, interesting | startling | fresh, new | original, unique Freud's original insights into the working of the mind | rare | clear | basic | direct The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. | further | sufficient | individual, personal | critical, historical, theoretical

QUANT. flash With a flash of insight, she found the solution to the problem. | degree

VERB + INSIGHT have The experienced specialist has professional skills and insight. | be lacking in, lack | show | allow (sb), afford (sb), give (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with), produce, yield | gain, get, obtain | apply Teachers have to apply in the classroom the insights that they gain in educational courses.

PREP. ~ about Schopenhauer's insight about music | ~ into a fresh insight into Picasso's mind | ~ (as) to an insight as to how the gene works

PHRASES a lack of insight

-
" -443;"document";"

document noun

+
" +443;"document";"

document noun

1 official paper/book

ADJ. important, key, seminal one of the key documents in this case | relevant | large, lengthy, long, weighty | brief, short | 10-page, etc. | complete, entire, whole This statement must be understood in the context of the entire document. | summary | detailed | draft | revised | final | original The original document has been lost or destroyed. | electronic, paper, printed, written | published, unpublished | enclosed Please sign the enclosed document and return it to me. | single A constitution need not be a single document. | classified, confidential, privileged (law), (top) secret | private | public | available Documents will be available at the news conference. | internal details of internal UN documents | approved, signed | unsigned | authentic, genuine | forged | disclosed, leaked | government, legal, official | policy, strategy | travel Keep your travel documents in a secure place. | registration a car's registration document | contract, offer, tender (all business) He has promised to post a formal offer document to shareholders by Monday. | briefing | consultation, consultative, discussion, proposal, working a working document in the discussions for a final treaty | basic, framework | guidance | supporting | (legally) binding A document signed abroad is as legally binding as one signed at home. | constitutional, contractual | historical

QUANT. copy

@@ -2064,13 +2064,13 @@

ADJ. active, current Highlight a passage in the active document and click on the print icon. | printed

VERB + DOCUMENT open | close | display to display documents on screen | retrieve | scroll through Scroll through the document using the slider bar on the right of the window. | search a software tool for searching documents and retrieving information | create To create a new document, select New from the File menu. | edit | save Save the document before closing. | format | spell check | send Send and receive documents at the click of a button. | receive | print (out)

PREP. in a/the ~ Cut and paste is used to move text to a new place in the document. > Special page at COMPUTER

-
" -444;"imply";"

imply verb

+
" +444;"imply";"

imply verb

ADV. clearly, heavily, strongly | simply | generally, normally, usually | automatically | not necessarily This does not necessarily imply that children achieve better results in private schools. | in no way They believe that submission in no way implies inferiority.

VERB + IMPLY seem to The letter seems to imply that the minister knew about the business deals. | intend to, mean to I never meant to imply any criticism. | take sth to This statement should not be taken to imply that the government is exonerated of all blame.

PHRASES express or implied the express or implied terms of the contract

-
" -445;"absence";"

absence noun

+
" +445;"absence";"

absence noun

1 fact of not being present

ADJ. lengthy, long, prolonged | brief, temporary | unauthorized

QUANT. period, spell You will not be paid for the full period of absence.

@@ -2079,9 +2079,9 @@

2 lack

ADJ. complete, total | virtual | conspicuous, notable a conspicuous absence of evidence

PREP. in the ~ of In the absence of stone, most houses in the area are built of wood.

-
" -446;"explicitly";"
" -447;"conventional";"

conventional adj

+
" +446;"explicitly";"
" +447;"conventional";"

conventional adj

VERBS be, seem

ADV. highly, very | entirely, quite, strictly | largely | fairly, pretty, rather, relatively, somewhat

convention noun

@@ -2105,8 +2105,8 @@

CONVENTION + VERB apply, govern sth a convention governing the conditions under which mining is permitted | establish sth The convention established procedures for the transport of toxic waste. | ban sth

PREP. under a/the ~ This is forbidden under the European Convention on Human Rights. | ~ between the 1869 convention between Turkey and Persia | ~ for the Berne Convention for the Conservation of European Wildlife | ~ on the 1951 United Nations Convention on refugees

PHRASES a breach of a convention

-
" -448;"index";"

index noun

+
" +448;"index";"

index noun

1 list of names/topics in a book

ADJ. comprehensive, complete | detailed | general | alphabetical

VERB + INDEX appear in, be in Although the book was devoted to cancer, the word ‘cancer’ did not even appear in the index. | consult, look (sth up) in Why don't you look up her name in the index? | compile

@@ -2144,25 +2144,25 @@

-
" -449;"nevertheless";"
" -450;"facilitate";"

facilitate verb

+
" +449;"nevertheless";"
" +450;"facilitate";"

facilitate verb

ADV. greatly The use of computers has greatly facilitated the firm's ability to keep accurate records. | further

VERB + FACILITATE be designed to, help (to)

-
" -451;"evolution";"

evolution noun

+
" +451;"evolution";"

evolution noun

ADJ. gradual | rapid | continuous | natural | peaceful the peaceful evolution to democracy | biological, cultural, historical, political, social, technological | animal, human | Darwinian

VERB + EVOLUTION trace a book tracing the evolution of the English language

EVOLUTION + VERB occur, proceed, take place Evolution proceeds by a series of small changes.

PREP. ~ from … to … his evolution from comedian to serious actor | ~ towards the country's gradual evolution towards democracy

PHRASES the theory of evolution people who reject the theory of evolution

-
" -452;"intellectual";"
" -453;"govern";"

govern verb

+
" +452;"intellectual";"
" +453;"govern";"

govern verb

ADV. well | directly The colony was governed directly from Paris.

VERB + GOVERN be fit/unfit to He accused the opposition party of being unfit to govern.

-
" -454;"signal";"

signal noun

+
" +454;"signal";"

signal noun

1 sign/action/sound that sends a message

ADJ. clear, unmistakable | agreed, pre-arranged | conflicting, confusing, contradictory, mixed | wrong Laughing when you should be crying sends out the wrong signals to people. | alarm, danger, distress, warning | hand, non-verbal, semaphore, smoke, verbal, visual

VERB + SIGNAL arrange He had arranged a signal for the band to begin. | give (sb), make, send (out) When I give the signal, run! | interpret (sth as), read, see sth as The remark was seen as a signal that their government was ready to return to the peace talks. | pick up, respond to Interviewers quickly learn to pick up non-verbal signals. | act as The insect's bright colours act as warning signals to its predators.

@@ -2184,8 +2184,8 @@

PREP. for He raised his hand and signalled for the waiter. | to She signalled to the bus driver to stop.

2 show/mark sth

ADV. clearly These changes clearly signal the end of the welfare state as we know it. | effectively | not necessarily A change of mind in one instance does not necessarily signal a change in overall policy.

-
" -455;"passage";"

passage noun

+
" +455;"passage";"

passage noun

1 narrow way through

ADJ. long, short | narrow, small | wide | twisting, winding | connecting, side | subterranean, underground | dark, secret

VERB + PASSAGE clear to clear a passage for ships through the ice | force He forced a passage for the singer through the crowd.

@@ -2215,8 +2215,8 @@

ADJ. smooth | speedy

VERB + PASSAGE begin, complete The bill will complete its passage in November.

PREP. during the ~ There was much controversy during the passage of the bill. | ~ through a strategy to ensure the bill's smooth passage through Parliament

-
" -456;"discovery";"

discover verb

+
" +456;"discovery";"

discover verb

ADV. quickly, soon We soon discovered we'd been mistaken. | suddenly | subsequently | eventually

VERB + DISCOVER be amazed to, be astonished to, be astounded to, be a surprise to, be surprised to She was surprised to discover he was perfectly capable around the house. | be alarmed to, be appalled to, be dismayed to, be horrified to, be a shock to, be shocked to It was a terrible shock to discover the full extent of the problem. | be delighted to, be fascinated to, be intrigued to | be fascinating to It would be fascinating to discover more about the town's history. | be difficult to | be possible to | aim to | attempt to, try to trying to discover the truth | be able/unable to

PHRASES an attempt to discover sth, newly/recently discovered recently discovered evidence | only to discover sth I arrived at the campsite, only to discover that it was closed for the winter. | an opportunity to discover sth, waiting to be discovered There's great talent out there just waiting to be discovered.

@@ -2225,8 +2225,8 @@

VERB + DISCOVERY make New scientific discoveries are being made all the time. | lead to Their work led to some important medical discoveries. | await There may be many unexpected treasures awaiting discovery.

PREP. ~ by a discovery by a French scientist | ~ of the discovery of oil in the North Sea

PHRASES a process of discovery, a journey/voyage of discovery (figurative) To tour Sri Lanka is to take a voyage of discovery through a land of endless variety.

-
" -457;"introduction";"

introduction noun

+
" +457;"introduction";"

introduction noun

1 first use

ADJ. early, gradual, recent, widespread

PREP. ~ into the gradual introduction of modern farming methods into traditional societies

@@ -2240,8 +2240,8 @@

ADJ. formal

VERB + INTRODUCTION make I can never remember names, so I don't like to make the introductions.

PHRASES a letter of introduction He gave me a letter of introduction to the manager.

-
" -458;"boundary";"

boundary noun

+
" +458;"boundary";"

boundary noun

1 line that marks the limits of a place

ADJ. common | northern, southern, etc. | national, state | district, parish

VERB + BOUNDARY have | form, mark The river forms the boundary. | share | draw, establish, fix, set The boundary was fixed just south of the farm. | redraw | cross We've just crossed the boundary into Sussex. | extend

@@ -2252,17 +2252,17 @@

VERB + BOUNDARY cross This job crosses the traditional boundary between social work and health care. | extend, push back research which extends the boundaries of human knowledge | overstep

PREP. across ~s His policies appeal across party political boundaries. | beyond the ~s going beyond the boundaries of accepted behaviour | on the ~ on the boundary of physics and chemistry | within the ~s keeping within the boundaries of the law | ~ between the boundary between sanity and insanity

PHRASES the boundaries of taste In her performance she had clearly overstepped the boundaries of good taste.

-
" -459;"gain";"

gain noun

+
" +459;"gain";"

gain noun

ADJ. big, considerable, huge, major, real, significant, substantial This change in the tax system will mean big gains for some companies. | modest, small | long-term, short-term | potential | pre-tax | net, overall Labour made an overall gain of 39 seats. | ill-gotten She tucked her ill-gotten gains into her purse and left. | personal, private using the investments for their private gain | commercial, economic, financial, material There will be no financial gain for mothers from this new system. | electoral, political the far right made huge electoral gains | military, territorial | weight She was most upset by her recent weight gain. | efficiency, productivity There is still scope for efficiency gains (= gains to be made by being more efficient).

VERB + GAIN make | bring (sb) Better workplace design can bring real gains in productivity.

PREP. for ~ It's amazing what some people will do for gain. | ~ from £3.9 million gains from the sale of stock | ~ in Last year there was only a modest gain in earnings.

-
" -460;"yield";"

yield noun

+
" +460;"yield";"

yield noun

ADJ. good, high This method of cultivation produces higher yield. | low, poor Yields are quite poor this year.

VERB + YIELD produce

-
" -461;"decline";"

decline noun

+
" +461;"decline";"

decline noun

ADJ. catastrophic, considerable, dramatic, drastic, massive, marked, precipitate, precipitous, rapid, serious, sharp, significant, steep, substantial | gentle, gradual, modest, slight, slow | continuing, progressive, steady a steady decline in manufacturing | general, long-term, overall | absolute, inevitable, inexorable, irreversible, terminal an industry in terminal decline | economic, industrial, moral, political, urban the moral decline of the nation | national

VERB + DECLINE fall into, go into, suffer The cloth trade went into gradual decline. | cause, lead to The increased gold price lead to the decline of his jewellery business. | arrest, halt, stop We must halt this decline in health services. | prevent | accelerate | see We have seen a sharp decline in educational standards over recent years.

PREP. in ~ The motor industry is still in decline. | on the ~ This area has been on the decline for some years now. | ~ in a steep decline in sales | ~ of the decline of British farming

@@ -2274,8 +2274,8 @@

ADV. considerably, dramatically, drastically, markedly, sharply, significantly, steeply The economy has declined sharply in recent years. | a little, slightly | fast, rapidly The market for these products is declining fast. | steadily | gradually, slowly | further

PREP. by Profits declined by 6% this year. | from, to The number of full-time staff has declined from 300 to just 50.

PHRASES decline in importance/numbers/size This section of the market has slowly declined in importance.

-
" -462;"ratio";"

ration noun

+
" +462;"ratio";"

ration noun

ADJ. daily, monthly | double, entire, extra, full Pregnant women received a double ration of milk. | meagre The refugees queued up for their meagre rations of soup. | emergency, short, starvation, wartime ~s We've been put on short rations. | cigarette, food, petrol, etc.

VERB + RATION give sb, hand out, provide (sb with) | get, receive | consume, have, use up You've had your ration of sweets for the day! | cut, reduce The guards are going to cut our rations again.

RATION + NOUN book, card, coupon

@@ -2289,14 +2289,14 @@

ration verb

ADV. strictly These foods had to be strictly rationed.

PREP. to The soldiers were rationed to one litre of water each per day.

-
" -463;"strongly";"
" -464;"crucial";"

crucial adj.

+
" +463;"strongly";"
" +464;"crucial";"

crucial adj.

VERBS be, prove | become | remain | consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as

ADV. really | absolutely It's absolutely crucial that we get this right. | fairly, quite | hardly | clearly, obviously

PREP. for The talks are crucial for the success of the plan. | to Secrecy is crucial to this police operation.

-
" -465;"settlement";"

settlement noun

+
" +465;"settlement";"

settlement noun

1 agreement

ADJ. early, speedy | final | lasting, long-term | temporary | amicable, friendly, peaceful | just, reasonable, satisfactory | compromise | negotiated | constitutional, diplomatic, financial, political | compensation, divorce, marriage | out-of-court | peace | pay, wage Nurses refused to accept a pay settlement less than the rate of inflation. | dispute

VERB + SETTLEMENT agree, reach Both parties hope to reach an amicable settlement. | negotiate, produce The union has negotiated a temporary settlement. | seek Lawyers are seeking an out-of-court settlement. | offer

@@ -2309,19 +2309,19 @@

VERB + SETTLEMENT establish, found The Romans established a settlement on the south shore.

SETTLEMENT + VERB grow up A settlement grew up around the castle.

SETTLEMENT + NOUN site

-
" -466;"resolve";"

resolve verb

+
" +466;"resolve";"

resolve verb

ADV. completely, fully The matter is not yet fully resolved. | successfully | adequately, satisfactorily | amicably, peacefully We hope that the dispute can be resolved peacefully. | easily, readily | quickly, rapidly, speedily | immediately | eventually, finally, ultimately

VERB + RESOLVE attempt to, take steps to, try to | be unable to, fail to The two countries have failed to resolve their differences on this. | help (to) | be difficult to

PREP. by/through The crisis was finally resolved through high-level negotiations.

PHRASES an attempt/effort to resolve sth They met in a last-ditch attempt to resolve their differences. | a means/method/way of resolving sth

-
" -467;"distinguish";"

distinguish verb

+
" +467;"distinguish";"

distinguish verb

ADV. clearly, sharply | carefully | easily, readily The adult can be readily distinguished by its orange bill.

VERB + DISTINGUISH be able to, can/could | be unable to | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to, be possible to | be important to, be necessary to It is important to distinguish between cause and effect.

PREP. between It is often difficult to distinguish clearly between fact and fiction in this book. | from She could not distinguish one child from another.

-
" -468;"independence";"

independence noun

+
" +468;"independence";"

independence noun

ADJ. considerable, great | complete, full, total | relative The council's relative independence of the government means it can negotiate its own agreements. | nominal | genuine, real, true | de facto Aquitaine's de facto independence from the king of France | continued/continuing, growing | hard-won | local, national | academic, economic, editorial, financial, judicial, personal, political, professional

QUANT. degree, measure

VERB + INDEPENDENCE have Young people have more independence these days. | lack | enjoy, value I value my independence too much to get married. | display, show She displayed independence of judgement in choosing a career quite different from that of her parents. | assert Edward III tried to assert his independence of the regime at court. | achieve, gain, win Mexico achieved independence from Spain in 1821. | bring (about) the need to bring independence to the country a colonial crisis which brought about independence | declare, proclaim | ensure, maintain, preserve, retain, sustain The army is committed to ensuring the independence of the country. | give up, lose She doesn't want to lose her hard-won independence. | regain, restore | encourage, promote Parents should encourage independence in their children. | undermine Economic aid tends to undermine the national independence of third world countries. | seek | call for, demand | vote for | give sb/sth, grant sb/sth | recognize They have agreed to recognize the breakaway republic's independence.

@@ -2329,8 +2329,8 @@

INDEPENDENCE + NOUN day | celebrations | movement | struggle

PREP. at ~ Namibia became a full member of the UN at independence. | ~ from independence from Spain | ~ of the church's independence of the state independence of mind

PHRASES a declaration of independence, a lack of independence, the loss of independence, a sign/symbol of independence The car became a symbol of independence. | the struggle for independence, a war of independence the American War of Independence

-
" -469;"formation";"

formation noun

+
" +469;"formation";"

formation noun

1 making/developing sth

ADJ. policy the top civil servants who are responsible for policy formation

VERB + FORMATION lead to, result in This dispute led to the formation of a new breakaway group.

@@ -2340,8 +2340,8 @@

PREP. in a … ~ The men were grouped in a close formation. | in ~ a squadron of planes flying in formation

3 sth that has been formed

ADJ. cloud, geological, rock | military, political

-
" -470;"transmission";"

transmission noun

+
" +470;"transmission";"

transmission noun

1 sending out/passing on

ADJ. direct, indirect | one-way Classes are based on discussion rather than on the one-way transmission of knowledge. | onward, outward An extra copy of each document was supplied for onward transmission to head office. | data, information, voice | facsimile/fax | light, power | money | gas | cable, radio, satellite, television | analogue, digital | live, simultaneous There will be simultaneous transmission of the concert on TV and radio. | genetic, oral, person-to-person, sexual | herpes, HIV, malaria | cultural

VERB + TRANSMISSION prevent

@@ -2355,8 +2355,8 @@

3 in a car, etc.

ADJ. automatic, manual | 4-speed, 5-speed

TRANSMISSION + NOUN system

-
" -471;"shape";"

shaped adj.

+
" +471;"shape";"

shaped adj.

VERBS be

ADV. beautifully, perfectly her beautifully shaped mouth | grotesquely | irregularly | awkwardly All the rooms in the house were awkwardly shaped. | curiously, oddly, strangely an oddly shaped parcel | specially You can buy specially shaped bricks for an arch.

PHRASES be shaped like sth curious vases shaped like birds and animals

@@ -2378,34 +2378,34 @@

ADV. profoundly Memory can be profoundly shaped by subsequent experience. | largely | actively, deliberately actively shaping the history of their country

VERB + SHAPE help (to)

PHRASES a part/role in shaping sth

-
" -472;"racial";"
" -473;"detect";"

detect verb

+
" +472;"racial";"
" +473;"detect";"

detect verb

ADV. early, late A lot of cancers can now be cured if they are detected early. | quickly | easily, readily Some substances can be detected fairly easily. | accurately

VERB + DETECT be able to, be sensitive enough to, can a machine that is sensitive enough to detect tiny amounts of explosives | be unable to | be designed to | fail to The test failed to detect any illegal substances. | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to | be easy to, be possible to | be used to

PHRASES be capable of detecting sth, a means/method/way of detecting sth

-
" -474;"poverty";"

poverty noun

+
" +474;"poverty";"

poverty noun

ADJ. abject, absolute, extreme, grinding, severe | widespread | rural, urban

VERB + POVERTY alleviate, combat, reduce | eliminate, eradicate hoping to eradicate urban poverty

POVERTY + NOUN trap Caught in the poverty trap, they are unable to save money for business ventures.

PREP. in ~ Most of the population lives in grinding poverty. | ~ among the true extent of poverty among the unemployed | ~ of His work displays a poverty of imagination.

PHRASES below/on the poverty line families living on incomes below the poverty line

-
" -475;"intention";"

intention noun

+
" +475;"intention";"

intention noun

ADJ. original My original intention was to study all morning, but this turned out to be impractical. | declared, stated | firm | general | deliberate

VERB + INTENTION have I have no intention of changing jobs. | announce, declare, state The council has announced its intention to crack down on parking offences.

PREP. with a/the ~ of I went to the bank with the intention of getting some traveller's cheques. | ~ behind The general intention behind the project is a good one. | ~ by The intention by the local authority to build 2,000 new houses is unrealistic. | ~ in His intention in inviting us to dinner was to persuade us to back his project.

PHRASES good/the best intentions It was done with the best intentions, I assure you | have every/no intention of doing sth We have every intention of winning the next election. | make your intention clear He didn't make his intentions clear in his letter.

-
" -476;"mutual";"
" -477;"evolve";"

evolve verb

+
" +476;"mutual";"
" +477;"evolve";"

evolve verb

ADV. gradually, slowly | rapidly | eventually the theory which eventually evolved from this study | constantly, continually | naturally | independently, separately Monkeys in the New World evolved quite separately from those in the Old World.

VERB + EVOLVE continue to

PREP. from More complex animals gradually evolved from these very simple creatures. | into The protest movement has evolved into a well organized political party.

PHRASES fully/highly evolved These are very highly evolved animals.

-
" -478;"shift";"

shift noun

+
" +478;"shift";"

shift noun

1 change

ADJ. distinct, dramatic, fundamental, major, marked, profound, pronounced, radical, significant, substantial | discernible | slight, subtle | gradual | abrupt, sudden | decisive, irreversible, long-term | climate, cultural, demographic, ideological, policy, population

VERB + SHIFT be, represent These proposals represent a dramatic shift in policy. | bring about, cause, lead to, produce, result in | mark, see The moment marked a significant shift in attitudes to the war. | detect I detected a subtle shift towards our point of view. | explain one factor which may explain the president's policy shift

@@ -2425,24 +2425,24 @@

ADV. dramatically, markedly The emphasis has shifted markedly in recent years. | slightly | effectively | simply We cannot simply shift the responsibility onto someone else. | gradually, slowly | rapidly | suddenly | constantly, continually constantly shifting alliances

VERB + SHIFT attempt to, try to trying to shift the blame onto the government | tend to | begin to

PREP. (away) from I felt the advantage had suddenly shifted away from us. | onto, to His sympathies rapidly shifted to the side of the workers. | towards These changes will shift the balance in higher education more towards science subjects.

-
" -479;"progressive";"

progressive adj.

+
" +479;"progressive";"

progressive adj.

VERBS be

ADV. highly, very highly progressive in outlook | relatively | politically

-
" -480;"flexibility";"

flexibility noun

+
" +480;"flexibility";"

flexibility noun

ADJ. considerable, enormous, great | added, additional, extra, increased, more | maximum, total | enough, sufficient | financial

QUANT. degree Police work involves a considerable degree of flexibility and discretion.

VERB + FLEXIBILITY have You have considerable flexibility in this job and can choose how to do things. | show | obtain Flexibility of labour was obtained through the break up of old trade union structures. | maintain, retain | restore She had physiotherapy to restore the flexibility of her muscles. | bring (sb/sth), give (sb/sth), introduce, provide (sb/sth with) The new range of machines will bring flexibility to your business computing. | allow (sb/sth), allow for, offer (sb/sth), permit (sb/sth) The courses are designed to allow maximum flexibility. | build, create reforms to build flexibility into the system | enhance, improve, increase | encourage an initiative to encourage greater flexibility in teaching and learning | reduce | need, require

PREP. ~ in This will give schools greater flexibility in their use of resources. | ~ over flexibility over the deadline

PHRASES a need for flexibility There is a need for greater flexibility in the way the network is managed.

-
" -481;"domain";"

domain noun

+
" +481;"domain";"

domain noun

ADJ. private, public | Internet

DOMAIN + NOUN name Register a domain name if you want people to find your website. | registration

PREP. in a/the ~, within a/the ~ This information is all in the public domain. | outside a/the ~ things that happen outside the domain of the home

-
" -482;"profession";"

professional adj.

+
" +482;"profession";"

professional adj.

1 connected with a job

VERBS be

ADV. purely, strictly He insisted that his relationship with the duchess was purely professional.

@@ -2482,25 +2482,25 @@

VERB + PROFESSION practise In the 1930s he was forbidden to practise his profession. | enter, go into, join She entered the legal profession after university.

PREP. by ~ He was a consultant physician by profession. | in a/sb's/the ~ making an impact in her chosen profession

PHRASES a choice of profession She was shocked at her daughter's choice of profession. | the top of sb's profession He reached the top of his profession in very little time.

-
" -483;"apparent";"

apparent adj.

+
" +483;"apparent";"

apparent adj.

VERBS be, seem | become It soon became apparent that the company was losing money. | make sth He made it apparent that he was very annoyed.

ADV. glaringly, strongly, very | fully, quite | increasingly | all too His unhappiness was all too apparent. | quickly, soon | immediately, instantly The extent of their injuries was not immediately apparent. | easily, readily | clearly | painfully Local suspicion of the incomers was painfully apparent.

PREP. to His lack of experience was quite apparent to everyone.

-
" -484;"coordinate";"

coordinate verb

+
" +484;"coordinate";"

coordinate verb

ADV. carefully a carefully coordinated policy

PREP. with We try to coordinate our activities with those of other groups.

PHRASES a coordinated approach/policy/programme

-
" -485;"constrain";"

constraint noun

+
" +485;"constrain";"

constraint noun

ADJ. important, major | severe, tight The government has placed tight constraints on spending this year. | budget, financial

VERB + CONSTRAINT impose, place, put | remove

PREP. within a/the ~ We have to work within severe constraints. | without ~ I felt free to speak to her without constraint. | ~ on/upon There are major financial constraints on all schools.

-
" -486;"assign";"
" -487;"asia";"
" -488;"electronic";"

electronics noun

+
" +486;"assign";"
" +487;"asia";"
" +488;"electronic";"

electronics noun

ADJ. high-tech, state-of-the-art | consumer, defence, medical

VERB + ELECTRONICS work in About 45,000 people worked in electronics in Scotland.

ELECTRONICS + NOUN company, firm, giant, group Their firm merged with a Japanese electronics giant. | industry, manufacturer | market, sector | product | engineer, specialist @@ -2526,26 +2526,26 @@

(for more verbs and nouns)

-
" -489;"exception";"

exception noun

+
" +489;"exception";"

exception noun

ADJ. conspicuous, important, major, notable, obvious, significant, striking Most industries have suffered badly in the recession, but there have been a few notable exceptions. | minor, rare | honourable With a few honourable exceptions, MPs kept quiet about the corruption.

VERB + EXCEPTION make No parking is allowed, but an exception is made for disabled drivers.

PREP. with the ~ of The whole of the island was flooded with the exception of a small area in the north. | without ~ Without exception, all employees must carry their identity card with them at all times. | ~ to Guide dogs are the one exception to the store's ban on dogs.

PHRASES be no exception The weather had been rainy for days, and the day of the race was no exception. | be the exception rather than the rule Nowadays a job for life is very much the exception rather than the rule. | be the exception to the rule Most of his family are sports enthusiasts, but he's the exception to the rule.

-
" -490;"visible";"

visible adj.

+
" +490;"visible";"

visible adj.

VERBS be | become | remain, stay The scars remained visible all her life. | leave sth, make sth We cut the trees down to make the lake visible from the house.

ADV. all too, clearly, easily, highly, obviously, particularly, plainly, readily, very His relief was all too visible. The election poster was clearly visible from the street. Italy has a highly visible environmental movement. | fully, quite The sea was now out, leaving the wreck fully visible. Ellie's quite visible embarrassment | just The mountains were just visible, dusky and black. | barely, hardly, scarcely The low, flat boats were barely visible. | almost | half, partially She stood, half visible in the dim light. | dimly, faintly A figure was dimly visible in the evening gloom. | externally | immediately Women are advised to wait where they are not immediately visible to approaching traffic. | still | no longer

PREP. to Its contents were visible to all of them.

PHRASES visible to the naked eye tiny spiders that are hardly visible to the naked eye

-
" -491;"norm";"

norm noun

+
" +491;"norm";"

norm noun

ADJ. accepted, established | ethical, moral | cultural, social | statistical | community, family, group

VERB + NORM conform to Their behaviour conforms to the group norm. | break, challenge | deviate from, differ from

PREP. above the ~, below the ~, over the ~ They want to discourage pay settlements over the norm. | ~ for On-screen editing has become the norm for all student work. | ~ of accepted norms of behaviour

PHRASES a deviation/departure from the norm, an exception to the norm, the norm rather than the exception In the inner-city areas, poverty is the norm rather than the exception.

-
" -492;"adjust";"

adjust verb

+
" +492;"adjust";"

adjust verb

1 change sth slightly

ADV. slightly | finely It is important to have equipment that can be finely adjusted. | automatically | carefully | accordingly Children are sensitive to disapproval and adjust their behaviour accordingly. | downwards, upwards This estimate may have to be adjusted downwards.

PREP. for Salaries are adjusted for inflation.

@@ -2555,8 +2555,8 @@

VERB + ADJUST need/take time to It may take a little time to adjust to the climate here.

VERB + ADJUST try to

PREP. to She will gradually adjust to her new role.

-
" -493;"consumption";"

consumption noun

+
" +493;"consumption";"

consumption noun

ADJ. heavy, high the country with the highest fuel consumption in the world | low | average | overall, total | excessive | conspicuous (= buying expensive goods in order to impress people and show how rich you are) | annual, daily Annual consumption of wine has risen from five to eleven litres per head. | per capita | domestic, local, home It is important that the recovery be export-led rather than led by domestic consumption. Half the small crop was kept for home consumption. | foreign, world | household | individual, personal | mass | public | private | future households that save for future consumption | alcohol, beer, cigarette, food, meat, tobacco, water | electricity, energy, fuel, gas, oil, petrol, power

QUANT. level

VERB + CONSUMPTION boost, encourage, increase, stimulate Doctors say that children need to increase their consumption of fruit and vegetables. The industry faced a serious challenge in trying to stimulate consumption. | cut down, reduce You need to reduce your alcohol consumption.

@@ -2564,8 +2564,8 @@

CONSUMPTION + NOUN expenditure, spending | figures, levels | habits, patterns

PREP. for sb's ~ (= intended to be read or heard by sb) The documents were for the committee rather than for public consumption.

PHRASES fit/unfit for human consumption (= safe/not safe to be eaten) meat that is unfit for human consumption

-
" -494;"symbol";"

symbol noun

+
" +494;"symbol";"

symbol noun

1 image/object/event that is a sign of sth

ADJ. clear, dramatic, perfect, potent, powerful, supreme, ultimate The Berlin wall was the supreme symbol of the Cold War. | universal The dove is a universal symbol of peace. | outward, physical, visual The company car is an outward symbol of the employee's status. | ancient, traditional | national | cultural, military, political | divine, religious, sacred | Christian, Hindu, etc. | fertility, phallic, sexual, virility The villagers took fertility symbols into the fields to ensure a good harvest. | sex (= a person famous for being attractive) He is not most people's idea of a sex symbol. | status A stressful job can actually be a status symbol.

VERB + SYMBOL adopt sth as, regard sth as, see sth as, use sth as Eggs are seen as the symbol of new life.

@@ -2574,12 +2574,12 @@

VERB + SYMBOL bear, be marked with, have The coin bears a Jewish symbol. The bottle had a skull and crossbones symbol on it. | display, show, use Hotels that show this symbol offer activities for children. | look out for, see Always look out for the special ABTA symbol at your travel agent's. You can use your tokens wherever you see this symbol. | decipher, interpret, understand

SYMBOL + VERB denote sth, indicate sth, mean sth, represent sth What does this little symbol mean?

PREP. in ~s a message written in symbols | ~ for O is the chemical symbol for oxygen.

-
" -495;"dominant";"

dominant adj.

+
" +495;"dominant";"

dominant adj.

VERBS be, seem | become | remain

ADV. extremely, very | completely, overwhelmingly, totally | increasingly | fairly, relatively | economically, politically, socially the economically dominant class

-
" -496;"barrier";"

barrier noun

+
" +496;"barrier";"

barrier noun

1 fence/gate

ADJ. physical | crash, crush, flood, police, protective, security, ticket | sound (figurative) the first plane to break the sound barrier

VERB + BARRIER build, erect, install | break through The crowd managed to break through the barriers and get onto the pitch.

@@ -2592,13 +2592,13 @@

ADJ. impassable, impenetrable | natural

VERB + BARRIER form

PREP. ~ between The mountains form a natural barrier between the two countries.

-
" -497;"motor";"

motor noun

+
" +497;"motor";"

motor noun

ADJ. large, powerful | small | diesel, electric | outboard a boat with a powerful outboard motor

VERB + MOTOR start, turn on | turn off

MOTOR + VERB run, work He left the motor running. | drive sth A powerful motor drives the mill wheel.

-
" -498;"entry";"

entry noun

+
" +498;"entry";"

entry noun

1 right to enter sth

ADJ. free The club offers free entry to women on Thursdays. | school, university

VERB + ENTRY apply for | gain | allow sb, grant sb They were later allowed entry into the country. | refuse sb, restrict It has been necessary to restrict entry into the club. | guarantee sb

@@ -2619,27 +2619,27 @@

ADJ. diary | dictionary

VERB + ENTRY make, write

PREP. in an/the ~ Very little information is given in the diary entries. | ~ for Look at the dictionary entry for ‘welcome’. | ~ in the last entry she made in her diary | ~ on First examine the entries on the marriage register.

-
" -499;"underlie";"

underline verb

+
" +499;"underlie";"

underline verb

1 draw a line under a word

ADV. heavily The word ‘not’ was heavily underlined.

2 emphasize sth

ADV. clearly | just, merely, only, simply This disaster merely underlines the need for a consistent foreign policy. | further

VERB + UNDERLINE serve to | seem to | be intended to a move intended to underline US concern over the issue

PHRASES underline the fact that …

-
" -500;"bias";"

bias noun

+
" +500;"bias";"

bias noun

ADJ. clear, definite, marked, obvious, strong | left-wing, right-wing | cultural, political

VERB + BIAS have The newspaper has a clear bias towards the Conservative Party. | display, show | avoid, eliminate, reduce | correct We have now tried to correct the bias in our original report. | be free from The newspaper was free from political bias.

BIAS + VERB creep in, exist Bias often creeps in through the wording of questions.

PREP. with/without ~ All material must be selected and presented without bias. | with a ~ a newspaper with a strong left-wing bias | ~ against a bias against women | ~ in favour of/towards a bias in favour of small firms

-
" -501;"discriminate";"

discriminate verb

+
" +501;"discriminate";"

discriminate verb

ADV. positively | unfairly

PREP. against The present law discriminates unfairly against women. | in favour of discriminating positively in favour of people from ethnic minorities | on (the) grounds of Workers must avoid discriminating on the grounds of race or sex.

-
" -502;"hence";"
" -503;"guide";"

guide noun

+
" +502;"hence";"
" +503;"guide";"

guide noun

1 sth that helps you plan what you are going to do

ADJ. approximate, rough | accurate

VERB + GUIDE give (sb), provide (sb with) | use sth as Use the table below as a guide to how much washing powder to use.

@@ -2665,14 +2665,14 @@

3 help sb move

ADV. gently He took her arm, gently guiding her.

PREP. across, along, etc. She guided him across the busy road. | to/towards He guided her hand to his face.

-
" -504;"give";"
" -505;"dialogue";"

dialogue noun

+
" +504;"give";"
" +505;"dialogue";"

dialogue noun

ADJ. close There needs to be a closer dialogue between management and staff. | direct The government refused to engage in direct dialogue with the terrorists. | constructive, serious | political a serious political dialogue

VERB + DIALOGUE engage in, have, hold Managers are willing to hold a dialogue with union leaders. | begin, enter into, open | resume

PREP. ~ about dialogue about concrete issues | ~ among The head encourages a climate of open dialogue among the teachers. | ~ between the need for dialogue between the two sides in the dispute | ~ on a constructive dialogue on pay and working conditions | ~ with They have agreed to resume their dialogue with the teachers.

-
" -506;"manufacture";"

manufacture noun

+
" +506;"manufacture";"

manufacture noun

ADJ. large-scale, small-scale | commercial, industrial | local cotton ropes of local manufacture | metal, steel, etc. | cloth, cotton, textile, woollen, etc. | car, vehicle, etc. | drug, food, etc.

VERB + MANUFACTURE commence, start They commenced large-scale commercial manufacture of the chairs in January. | complete | be engaged in

MANUFACTURE + VERB start

@@ -2680,8 +2680,8 @@

manufacturer noun

ADJ. big, large, leading, major the world's largest computer manufacturer | well-known | commercial | independent | foreign, overseas | car, chemical, computer, motor, textile, etc.

PHRASES the manufacturer's instructions The guarantee may be rendered invalid if the manufacturer's instructions are not followed.

-
" -507;"enterprise";"

enterprise noun

+
" +507;"enterprise";"

enterprise noun

1 plan/project

ADJ. great | exciting | ambitious, difficult, hazardous | common, cooperative, joint The programme is a joint enterprise with the National Business School.

VERB + ENTERPRISE embark on/upon, start, undertake They are willing to undertake a new enterprise. | abandon

@@ -2700,8 +2700,8 @@

ADJ. great I thought she showed great enterprise.

VERB + ENTERPRISE show

PHRASES a spirit of enterprise

-
" -508;"scope";"

scope noun

+
" +508;"scope";"

scope noun

1 opportunity

ADJ. full In her new house she had full scope for her passion for gardening. | ample, considerable, enormous, great, tremendous | limited

VERB + SCOPE have | allow (sb), give sb, leave (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with) These courses give students more scope for developing their own ideas. | increase | cut down, reduce

@@ -2711,25 +2711,25 @@

VERB + SCOPE broaden, expand, extend, increase, widen | limit, reduce, restrict | define, determine These criteria were used to determine the scope of the curriculum.

SCOPE + VERB broaden, expand, extend, increase, widen | narrow

PREP. beyond/outside the ~ of The subject lies outside the scope of this book. | in (sth's) ~ The survey is too limited in (its) scope. | within the ~ of These disputes fall within the scope of the local courts.

-
" -509;"ethical";"
" -510;"province";"

province noun

+
" +509;"ethical";"
" +510;"province";"

province noun

1 region

ADJ. northern, southern, etc. | central, coastal, frontier the central province of Ghor | English-speaking, French-speaking, etc. | autonomous 2 the provinces not the capital city

VERB + PROVINCE tour The show is currently touring the provinces.

PREP. from the ~ She's from the provinces and not familiar with Rome. | in the ~ There are a number of press agencies based in London and in the provinces.

-
" -511;"retain";"

retain verb

+
" +511;"retain";"

retain verb

ADV. still | no longer | somehow Despite the decay the mosque somehow retained a profound grandeur.

VERB + RETAIN be keen to, hope to, want to, wish to | attempt to, seek to, struggle to, try to He struggled to retain control of the situation. | manage to | help (to) | be allowed to, be entitled to, have the right to He was allowed to retain his parliamentary seat.

PREP. as The president retained her as his chief adviser.

-
" -512;"capability";"

capability noun

+
" +512;"capability";"

capability noun

ADJ. enormous | limited The company's manufacturing capability is quite limited. | potential | proven the proven capability of this technology | human beyond the scope of human capability | intellectual, mental | technical, technological | manufacturing, production | research | computing, design, graphics, multimedia, networking, printing, processing, sound, video | defence, fighting, military, missile, nuclear, offensive, weapons

VERB + CAPABILITY have She has the capability to become a very fine actress. | increase The government wants to increase its military capability. | lose

PREP. beyond your ~ Organizing a whole department is beyond his capability. | within your ~ I'm sure that your new job is well within your capabilities. | ~ for her capability for making sensible decisions

-
" -513;"revision";"

revision noun

+
" +513;"revision";"

revision noun

1 making changes

ADJ. complete, considerable, drastic, extensive, fundamental, major, radical, substantial, thorough | minor | constant, frequent | downward, upward an upward revision of government expenditure plans | policy, treaty

VERB + REVISION propose, recommend, suggest | call for, demand They called for revisions to the treaty. | be open to, be subject to Our conclusions are always open to revision in the light of fresh evidence. | undergo The scheme has recently undergone drastic revision. | agree (to), announce, approve In October Parliament approved a revision of the budget. | bring about, lead to, result in | carry out, complete, conduct, make, undertake

@@ -2739,35 +2739,35 @@

VERB + REVISION do I've got to do some maths revision tonight.

REVISION + NOUN class, course, lesson | question

PREP. ~ for revision for tomorrow's history exam

-
" -514;"residential";"
" -515;"expansion";"

expansion noun

+
" +514;"residential";"
" +515;"expansion";"

expansion noun

ADJ. big, considerable, enormous, great, huge, major, massive, significant, substantial, vast The company was now set for major expansion. | maximum | dramatic, marked, remarkable, unprecedented an unprecedented expansion in linguistic studies at British universities | rapid | gradual | steady | continued, further, sustained | eastward, westward, etc. | global, international, overseas, worldwide | successful | aggressive The board decided to embark on aggressive overseas expansion. | healthy | planned, proposed | uncontrolled | business, commercial, company | economic, industrial | colonial, imperial, territorial | population | urban

VERB + EXPANSION show The economy is still showing healthy expansion. | allow (for), provide for The design of the front pockets allows for expansion. | be ripe for a ready-made hotel chain ripe for further expansion | be set for The company is set for further expansion into niche areas. | call for | go for, look for We are going for maximum expansion. | encourage, facilitate, promote | impede, limit, restrict | halt, stop | prevent | embark on | finance, fund In order to finance expansion on this scale, the government has relied heavily on borrowing.

EXPANSION + VERB occur, take place

EXPANSION + NOUN plan, programme

PREP. ~ into expansion into the luxury car market | ~ in a great age of expansion in trade and science

PHRASES a period of expansion a period of rapid economic expansion | the rate of expansion The rate of expansion of our overseas trade has been spectacular. | potential/room/scope/space for expansion The company believes there is scope for expansion in this sector.

-
" -516;"strengthen";"

strengthen verb

+
" +516;"strengthen";"

strengthen verb

ADV. considerably, enormously, greatly, immeasurably, significantly, substantially The success in the election strengthened the party's position considerably. | further This merger will further strengthen the company and ensure its continued success. | merely This temporary setback merely strengthened her resolve. | gradually

VERB + STRENGTHEN help (to), serve to | be designed to These exercises are designed to strengthen your stomach muscles.

PREP. against The euro has strengthened against the dollar.

PHRASES an attempt/effort to strengthen sth, be aimed at strengthening sth The new law is aimed at strengthening protective measures for workers. | measures to strengthen sth

-
" -517;"simultaneously";"
" -518;"possess";"
" -519;"manifest";"

manifesto noun

+
" +517;"simultaneously";"
" +518;"possess";"
" +519;"manifest";"

manifesto noun

ADJ. Conservative, Labour, etc. | party, party's We must all support the party manifesto. | election

VERB + MANIFESTO draft, draw up, write | sign | issue, launch, publish | support

MANIFESTO + VERB pledge sth, promise sth The manifesto promised reform of the social security system. | call for sth, demand sth | contain sth | say sth

MANIFESTO + NOUN commitment, pledge, promise | proposal

PREP. in a/the ~ The policy is outlined in the party's election manifesto. | on a/the ~ Labour won the election on this manifesto. | ~ for a manifesto for reform

-
" -520;"incentive";"

incentive noun

+
" +520;"incentive";"

incentive noun

ADJ. big, considerable, great, massive | powerful, strong | adequate, sufficient | main, major | added, additional, extra, more | less | real | direct The most direct financial incentive to prevent rubbish is to charge people by the amount of rubbish they put out. | important | positive | special | commercial, economic, financial, fiscal, monetary | cash | price, tax | sales | work | government

VERB + INCENTIVE act as, be He argues that the free supply of skilled labour will act as an incentive for employees to be more diligent. | have She had the added incentive of being within reach of the world record. | need | give (sb/sth), offer (sb/sth), provide (sb/sth with) | create The government has created tax incentives to encourage investment. | increase | reduce | undermine High taxation rates have undermined work incentives. | remove

INCENTIVE + NOUN programme, scheme, system The company operates a share incentive scheme for its workers. | payment

PREP. ~ to an incentive to investment

PHRASES have every incentive The absence of penalties for anti-competitive behaviour means that firms have every incentive to engage in price-fixing. | a lack of incentive Low levels of profitability mean there is a lack of incentive to undertake new investment.

-
" +
"