"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> large, small | basic, fundamental </B><I>The family is the basic unit of society. </i><br><B>| discrete, individual, single </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + UNIT </U><B> break sth down into, divide sth into </B><I>Large departments were broken down into smaller units. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> basic, standard | monetary | lexical, linguistic </B> </P> <P> <U> UNIT + NOUN </U><B> cost, length, weight </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ of </B><I>a unit of currency a unit of length fifty units of electricity </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> per unit </B><I>Electricity is ten pence per unit. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> cohesive </B><I>The new manager changed a talented collection of individuals into a cohesive unit. </i><br><B>| baby, casualty, emergency, intensive care, maternity, psychiatric, surgical, etc. </B><I>She works in the maternity unit at the local hospital. </i><br><B>| army, enemy, military | intelligence | policy | research | family, social </B><I>the role of the family unit in the community </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + UNIT </U><B> be attached to </B><I>The cancer research unit is attached to the local university. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> cooking, kitchen, sink, storage | air-conditioning, control, power, processing, shower </B><I>the central processing unit in a computer </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + UNIT </U><B> install </B><I>We're having new kitchen units installed. </i><br> </P>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> annual, monthly | combined, cumulative, grand, overall, sum </b><i>His two goals give him a grand total of 32 for the season. The sum total of my knowledge of biology is not impressive. </i><br><b>| final | high, huge, large, record </b><i>a record total of victories </i><br><b>| low, small | global, national, world/worldwide | jobless, unemployment </b><i>Britain's jobless total rose by 20,000 last month. </i><br> </p> <p> <u> VERB + TOTAL </u><b> add up to, give, make (up) </b><i>Their earnings were </i>£<i>250, </i>£<i>300 and </i>£<i>420, giving a total of </i>£<i>970. </i><br><b>| bring, take </b><i>A donation of </i>£<i>250 has been received, bringing the total to </i>£<i>3,750. </i><br><b>| achieve </b><i>The Greens achieved a total of 18 seats. </i><br> </p> <p> <u> TOTAL + VERB </u><b> rise | fall </b> </p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> in ~ </b><i>In total, they spent 420 hours on the project. </i><br><b>| out of a ~ of </b><i>180 vehicles out of a total of 900 examined were not roadworthy. </i><br><b>| ~ of</b> </p>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> real, terrible | inferiority, superiority | castration, guilt, Oedipus, persecution </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + COMPLEX </U><B> have, suffer from | develop, get </B><I>Don't keep on at him about his handwriting or he'll get a complex. </i><br><B>| give sb </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ about </B><I>She has a complex about her big ears. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> directly, indirectly </B><I>By 1960 the arms industry in America directly employed 3.5 million people. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in </B><I>A large part of the workforce is employed in agriculture. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> be fully employed </B><I>10% of 10?15-year-old girls were fully employed as late as 1911. </i><br><B>| be gainfully employed </B><I>Those not gainfully employed are dependent on their savings. </i><br><B>| be permanently/temporarily employed, be regularly/irregularly employed </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> commonly, extensively, frequently, often, widely </B><I>The safety net is an image commonly employed in everyday life. </i><br><B>| generally, usually | actively, deliberately </B><I>teaching that actively employs computers in innovative and fruitful ways </i><br><B>| successfully, usefully </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EMPLOY </U><B> can/could </B><I>The army has far more junior officers than it can usefully employ. </i><br></P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> better </B><I>You'd be far better employed taking care of your own affairs. </i><br><B>| busily, usefully </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in </B><I>Will and Joe were busily employed in clearing out all the furniture. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> strongly </B><I>The idea of equal opportunities was strongly promoted by many Labour MPs. </i><br><B>| actively, directly | indirectly | deliberately, intentionally </B><I>They claimed that the authorities had deliberately promoted and condoned the violence. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROMOTE </U><B> aim to, seek to, try to | help (to) </B><I>Basketball stars from the United States have helped promote the sport in Italy and Spain. </i><br><B>| be designed to </B><I>measures designed to promote economic growth </i><br><B>| be likely to | serve to, tend to </B><I>Bonus payments to staff serve to promote commitment to the company. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> through </B><I>Young people's awareness of agricultural issues is promoted through publicity material. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> be aimed at promoting sth, be widely promoted, a campaign/scheme to promote sth, efforts/measures to promote sth </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> aggressively, heavily </B><I>The new products have been very heavily promoted. </i><br><B>| widely </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> as </B><I>The town is now being promoted as a holiday destination. </i><br><B>| through </B><I>The company's products have been promoted mainly through advertising in newspapers. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> extensive, voluminous | promotional, sales </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> body </B><I>the growing body of literature on development issues </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ about </B><I>I picked up some literature about pensions. </i><br><B>| ~ on </B><I>There's an extensive literature on the subject. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complex, complicated | simple, straightforward | correct, normal, proper, standard, usual </B><I>There are standard procedures for dismissing staff. </i><br><B>| agreed, established | special | administrative, appeals, application, assessment, complaints, court, criminal, disciplinary, emergency, parliamentary, safety, scientific, selection, surgical </B><I>a minor surgical procedure </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PROCEDURE + NOUN </U><B> adopt, follow, use </B><I>Did you follow the emergency procedure when you heard the alarm? </i><br><B>| establish </B><I>A straightforward complaints procedure must be established from the outset. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> under a/the ~ </B><I>under a procedure established by legislation </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>the correct procedure for hiring staff </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, seem | consider sth, deem sth, think sth </B><I>It was thought appropriate to award her the prize. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> extremely, very | entirely, quite </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>It might be appropriate for him to attend the course. </i><br><B>| to </B><I>Tutors can construct tests appropriate to individual students' needs. </i><br> </P>",
"<p> <u> ADV. </u><b> currently | accurately, reliably | provisionally | conservatively </b><i>It is conservatively estimated that not less than half a million people died in the famine. </i><br><b>| officially, unofficially </b><i>The strike was officially estimated to have cost $80 million. </i><br> </p> <p> <u> VERB + ESTIMATE </u><b> be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to | be used to </b><i>The results of the survey were used to estimate the preferences of the population at large. </i><br> </p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> at </b><i>We estimated the cost at </i>£<i>50,000. </i><br> </p>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> original | photographic | film, glass </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> strip </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + NEGATIVE </U><B> produce | develop </B><I>His interest in photography started with him developing negatives that he found lying around the house. </i><br><B>| keep </B><I>We must assume that the spy kept the negatives. </i><br><B>| destroy</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be | become </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> deeply, extremely, highly, very </B><I>his highly characteristic features </i><br><B>| entirely, utterly | fairly, quite </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> of </B><I>a problem that was fairly characteristic of late eighteenth century society </i><br> </P>",
"<p><u>TYPICALLY + VERB</u><b> have, do, used, developing</b></p>\n<p><u>PREP.</u><b> ~ in </b></p><p><u>PHRASES.</u><b> typicially associated with, typically found in, typically thought of as</b></p>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> big, considerable, enormous, great, huge, radical, real, serious, significant, strong | difficult, tough | major, main | fresh, new | exciting, interesting | economic, environmental, intellectual, political, technical, technological </b><i>Liszt's piano music presents an enormous technical challenge. </i><br> </p> <p> <u> VERB + CHALLENGE </u><b> be, pose, present </b><b>| face, meet, respond to, rise to, take on/up </b><i>The gallery has risen to the challenge of exhibiting the works of young artists. He has taken on some exciting new challenges with this job. </i></p> <p> <u> CHALLENGE + VERB </u><b> face sb </b><i>the challenges facing nurses in casualty </i></p>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> serious | direct | effective | legal </b> </p> <p> <u> VERB + CHALLENGE </u><b> be, present, represent </b><i>The demonstration represents a direct challenge to the new law. </i><br> </p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> ~ to </b><i>a legal challenge to the president's power </i></p>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> closest, main, nearest, serious, strong </b><i>Her nearest challenger is the vice-president. </i> <br></p>\n<p> <u> VERB + CHALLENGER </u><b> take on </b><i>He took on various challengers, but refused to fight Jackson. </i> <br></p>\n<p> <u> PREP. </u><b> ~ for </b><i>the main challengers for the European title </i><br><b>| ~ to </b><i>a challenger to the prime minister </i> <br></p>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> leadership, title </b><i>his title challenge to the heavyweight champion </i><br> </p> <p> <u> VERB + CHALLENGE </u><b> issue, mount </b><i>plans to mount a leadership challenge within the party </i><br><b>| accept, take up </b><i>I accepted his challenge to a game of chess. </i><br><b>| beat off, fight off </b><i>Our team will have to fight off the challenge from better trained teams. </i><br> </p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> ~ from </b><i>a challenge from the other political party </i><br> </p> ",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> directly </B><I>The newspaper was directly challenging the government's legitimacy. </i><br><B>| seriously | effectively </B><I>She was effectively challenging the whole basis on which society was run. </i><br><B>| successfully </B><I>The story was completely untrue and was successfully challenged in court. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on </B><I>She challenged him on his old-fashioned views. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> seriously </B><I>No one has seriously challenged the champion. </i><br><B>| successfully, unsuccessfully </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>She was poised to challenge for the party leadership. </i><br><B>| to </B><I>The count challenged him to a duel. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high | guiding | Christian | moral </B><I>He was a man of high moral principles. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PRINCIPLE </U><B> betray, compromise </B><I>I refuse to compromise my principles by eating meat. </i><br><B>| adhere to, stick to </B><I>She sticks to the principle that everyone should be treated equally. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> against your ~s </B><I>Eating meat was against her principles. </i><br><B>| on ~ </B><I>She's opposed to abortion on principle. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a matter of principle </B><I>They reject the proposal as a matter of principle. </i><br><B>| a person of principle </B>(= a person with high moral standards) </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> basic, critical, crucial, decisive, essential, fundamental, important, key, main, major, necessary, principal, significant, vital | dominant </B><I>The promise of tax cuts became the dominant element in the campaign. </i><br><B>| considerable, large </B><I>There is a considerable element of danger in her job. </i><br><B>| competitive </B><I>There is too much of a competitive element in the sales department. </i><br><B>| racial, sexual </B><I>Police say there may have been a racial element to the attacks. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ELEMENT </U><B> be, constitute, form | contain, have, include, involve </B><I>These rumours do contain an element of truth. </i><br><B>| introduce </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ in </B><I>This constitutes one of the key elements in this reform programme. </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>Practical work will form a major element of the syllabus. There may have been an element of jealousy in her response. </i><br></P>",
"<P> <U> VERB + ELEMENT </U><B> brave </B><I>I put on my thick coat ready to brave the elements. </i><br><B>| battle (against) </B><I>He told us stories of how he had battled the elements on his mountaineering trips. </i><br><B>| be exposed to, be open to </B><I>The place was completely exposed to the elements. </i><br><B>| be protected from, be sheltered from </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> protection/shelter from the elements</B> </P>",
"<p><u>ETHNIC + NOUN</u><b> group, cleansing, identity, minority, diversity, background, deadlock </b><i> Ethnic cleansing has resulted in some of the largest mass murders in world history. </i></p>\n<p><u>ETHNIC + VERB </u><b> belong, divide, dominate, differ, reinforce, comprise</b></p>\n<p><u>ADJ. </u><b> racial, religious, different, cultural, political, regional, various </b><i>Many different ethnic and religous groups can be found in the Middle East.</i></p>\n<p><u>ADV.</u><b>largely, regardless, predominantely, historically, disproportionately, exclusively</b></p>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> employment, job | wealth </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CREATION </U><B> advocate, call for, propose, recommend, urge </B><I>They recommended the creation of a new government agency to be responsible for the environment. </i><br><B>| encourage, foster, support | allow for </B><I>The new Act allows for the creation of vocational schools. </i><br><B>| allow, enable | avoid, prevent | lead to</B> </P>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> central, crucial, essential, fundamental, important, key, main, major, principal, significant | basic, broad, general </b><i>Questions also cover much broader aspects of general health and fitness. </i><br><b>| appealing, attractive, beneficial, encouraging, exciting, fascinating, interesting, pleasing, positive | alarming, controversial, difficult, disappointing, disturbing, negative, sinister, terrible, worst </b><i>the worst aspects of tourism </i><br><b>| bizarre, curious, intriguing, puzzling | remarkable, striking | subtle | mundane | neglected | formal, functional, practical, theoretical </b><i>the formal aspects of the language system </i><br><b>| business, commercial, cultural, economic, environmental, ethical, financial, historical, human, legal, military, moral, physical, political, psychological, religious, scientific, social, technical </b> </p> <p> <u> VERB + ASPECT </u><b> have </b><i>The project has two main aspects. </i><br><b>| take on </b><i>Events began to take on a more sinister aspect. </i><br><b>| consider, cover, deal with, discuss, emphasize, examine, explore, focus on, look at, study </b><i>We will be looking at many different aspects of pollution. </i><br><b>| demonstrate, illuminate, illustrate </b><i>a unique collection illustrating aspects of Irish transport history </i><br><b>| ignore, neglect </b> </p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> from the … ~ </b><i>This scheme is very good from the social aspect. </i><br>| <b>~ to </b><i>the positive aspects to retirement</i><br> </p> <p> <u> PHRASES </u><b> all aspects of sth, (in) every aspect (of sth) </b><i>The service was excellent in every aspect.</i><br> </p>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> recently | posthumously </B><I>Her last book was published posthumously in 1948. </i><br><B>| anonymously </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PUBLISH </U><B> decide to | intend to, plan to | refuse to | be free to </B><I>The press should be free to publish and comment on all aspects of political and social life. </i><br><B>| dare (to) </B><I>Freud had not dared to publish the third chapter of his book in Vienna. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> distorted | horizontal, vertical </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~, out of ~ </B><I>That tree is out of perspective. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the laws of perspective </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> different, new | broader, wider | proper, true </B><I>We can now see things in their true perspective. </i><br><B>| cultural, historical, political, social, theoretical, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PERSPECTIVE </U><B> get sth in/into, place sth in/into, put sth in/into, see sth in </B><I>Her death put everything else into perspective. </i><br><B>| gain, get, put </B><I>When you reach middle age you get a different perspective on life. This website puts a completely different perspective on world news. </i><br><B>| keep | lose | adopt </B><I>The book adopts a historical perspective. </i><br><B>| shift | provide </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from the ~ of </B><I>We should view this from the perspective of the people involved. </i><br><B>| in/into ~ </B><I>Let's get this into perspective. </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>a feminist perspective in philosophy </i><br><B>| ~ on/upon </B><I>It's easy to lose perspective on things when you are under stress. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a sense of perspective</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERB + BASICS </U><B> grasp, know, learn, master, pick up, understand | cover </B><I>The book covers the basics of massage. </i><br><B>| concentrate on, stick to </B><I>It's best to stick to basics when planning such a large party. </i><br><B>| get/go back to, get down to </B><I>It's time our education system got back to basics </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> get the basics right </B><I>The important thing is to get the basics right. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> absolute, deep-seated, deeply held, fervent, firm, passionate, profound, strong, strongly held, unshakeable | genuine, honest, sincere </B><I>She was strict with her children in the genuine belief that it was the right thing to do. </i><br><B>| entrenched, fanatical | common, commonly held, general, popular, widely held, widespread | growing | long-held, long-standing | </B><I>belief how things could have got this bad. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> BELIEF + VERB </U><B> persist </B><I>Belief in the magical properties of this herb persisted down the centuries. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> BELIEF + NOUN </U><B> system </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> beyond ~ </B>(= too great, difficult, etc. to be believed) <I>Dissatisfaction with the government has grown beyond belief. icy air that was cold beyond belief </i><br><B>| in the ~ that </B><I>She did it in the belief that it would </i><br> <B>basic, central, core, fundamental </B><I>the basic beliefs of Christianityhelp her career. </i><br><B>| ~ about </B><I>beliefs </i><br> <B>| personal, private </B><I>I think the rights and wrongs of eating meat are a matter of personal belief. </i><br><B>| rational, reasonable | irrational, superstitious | instinctive | naive | strange | conflicting, contradictory | erroneous, false, misguided, mistaken </B><I>I took the job in the mistaken belief that I would be able to stay in London. </i><br><B>| ancient, traditional </B><I>The people still follow their traditional beliefs. </i><br> <B>| orthodox | cultural, moral, political, religious, spiritual </B><I>They were persecuted for their religious beliefs. </i><br><B>| Catholic, Christian, pagan, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> set, system </B><I>Each religion has its set of beliefs. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BELIEF </U><B> have, hold </B><I>I have very firm beliefs about moral issues. </i><br><B>| share </B><I>He shared his father's belief that people should work hard for their living. </i><br><B>| adhere to, cling to, follow, hold on to, stick to </B><I>She clung to the belief that he would come back to her. The Labour Party must stick to its beliefs. </i><br><B>| abandon, give up, renounce | lose </B><I>She has lost her belief in God. </i><br><B>| affirm, assert, declare, express, state </B><I>Here the apostle Peter affirms his belief that the scriptures are ‘inspired’. </i><br><B>| emphasize, stress | encourage, foster, fuel </B><I>The exam results encouraged the belief that he was a good teacher. </i><br><B>| confirm, reinforce, strengthen, support </B><I>This latest evidence strengthens our belief that the government is doing the right thing. </i><br><B>| question, shake, shatter, undermine, weaken </B><I>The child's death shook her belief in God. </i><br><B>| respect </B><I>You must respect other people's beliefs. </i><br><B>| beggar, defy </B>(= to be impossible to believe) <I>It beggars about the origin of the universe </i><br><B>| ~ among </B><I>There is a belief among young people that education is a waste of time. </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>a belief in God </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> contrary to popular belief </B>(= in spite of what people think) <I>Contrary to popular belief, rainforests are not jungles through which you have to slash a path. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> effective, powerful, useful | basic, simple | conventional, established, standard, traditional | advanced, modern, sophisticated | ingenious | alternative, experimental | assessment, communication, dating, evaluation, exam/examination, farming, interview, management, manufacturing, marketing, problem-solving, recording, relaxation, research, sales, teaching, training </B><I>She needs to work on her interview technique if she's going to get a job. </i><br><B>| analytical, mathematical, medical, photographic, scientific, statistical, surgical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TECHNIQUE </U><B> have </B><I>He has an ingenious technique for dealing with problems of that sort. </i><br><B>| adopt, apply, deploy, employ, implement, try, use </B><I>On the walls I applied the same technique as I had used for the ceiling. </i><br><B>| develop, devise, pioneer </B><I>The technique was pioneered in California. </i><br><B>| acquire, learn, master, practise </B><I>struggling to master the new technique </i><br><B>| adapt, improve, perfect, work at/on | demonstrate, describe </B> </P> <P> <U> TECHNIQUE + VERB </U><B> allow sth, enable sth </B><I>Modern freezing techniques enable the chickens to be stored for weeks. </i><br><B>| work </B><I>The new technique works better than the one it has replaced. </i><br><B>| be based on sth, be derived from sth </B><I>singing techniques derived from Tibetan music </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>techniques for the storage of data </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>They learn basic techniques in self-defence. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> extensively | briefly | fully, thoroughly </B><I>These questions have not been fully explored yet. </i><br><B>| properly, systematically | carefully, in detail </B><I>This idea is worth exploring in some detail. </i><br><B>| further | usefully </B><I>The film usefully explores some of the issues surrounding adoption. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPLORE </U><B> need to | be keen to, want to, wish to | aim to, seek to | begin to, continue to</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> egalitarian, equitable, fair </B><I>to ensure a fair distribution of wealth </i><br> <B>| inequitable, unfair | equal </B><I>an equal distribution of wealth between people of different age groups </i><br><B>| unequal | even, uniform </B><I>After applying the cream, comb through to ensure even distribution. </i><br><B>| uneven </B><I>The country was noted for its uneven distribution of land resources. </i><br><B>| optimal, optimum | relative </B><I>the relative distribution of continents and oceans </i><br><B>| general, overall </B><I>the general distribution of earthquakes around the world </i><br><B>| broad, wide, widespread </B><I>the broad distribution of Bronze Age artefacts across Europe the wider distribution of wealth throughout society </i><br><B>| local, localized </B><I>Fish populations assume highly localized distributions within each river. </i><br><B>| global, regional, </B> worldwide | spatial | income, wealth | weight | age, class, <B>geographical, population, sex, social </B><I>the social class distribution of the male population </i><br><B>| normal, random, skewed, smooth </B><I>(all mathematics) a normal distribution with a bell-shaped frequency curve </i><br><B>| binomial, frequency, probability </B><I>(all mathematics) </i><br> </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISTRIBUTION </U><B> achieve, ensure </B><I>The engine is mounted in the middle to achieve a more even weight distribution. </i><br><B>| determine </B><I>Radiology was used to determine the distribution of the disease. </i><br><B>| have, show </B><I>(mathematics) These birds have a wide geographical distribution. IQs within the population show a normal distribution. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> DISTRIBUTION + NOUN </U><B> pattern </B><I>Animal herds may form in response to the distribution patterns of food. </i><br><B>| map </B><I>an atlas containing distribution maps of the most important tropical diseases </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ across </B><I>the distribution of resources across society </i><br><B>| ~ among </B><I>data on wealth distribution among age groups </i><br><B>| ~ between </B><I>a disparity in age distribution between groups </i><br><B>| ~ over </B><I>the distribution of trees over the estate </i><br><B>| ~ throughout </B><I>uniform distribution of the chemical throughout the timber </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a change in distribution </B><I>changes in the distribution of wealth and income </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> free </B><I>The document contains sensitive information and is not suitable for free </i><br>(= unrestricted) </B><I>distribution. The previously free </i><br> (= not paid for) </B><I>distribution of textbooks will now be confined to students who are needy. </i><br><B>| general </B><I>Our catalogue lists all our books that are available for general distribution. </i><br><B>| selective | exclusive </B><I>The publisher has signed an agreement for the exclusive distribution of the books in the US. </i><br> <B>| proper | electronic </B><I>the electronic distribution of software to customers </i><br><B>| global, international, local, national, worldwide </B><I>Roads are used for local distribution of goods. </i><br><B>| electricity, food, fuel, gas, land, milk, water </B><I>the creation of 1,500 smallholdings as part of a land distribution programme </i><br><B>| retail, wholesale </B><I>the wholesale and retail distribution of a huge variety of goods </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISTRIBUTION </U><B> control, handle, organize </B><I>The company is to handle the distribution of the product in Europe. </i><br><B>| available for </B><I>2,000 copies of the booklet have been printed and are available for distribution. </i><br><B>| ensure </B><I>to ensure the proper distribution of medical aid </i><br><B>| allow (for) </B><I>to allow for the distribution of aid </i><br> </P> <P> <U> DISTRIBUTION + NOUN </U><B> agreement, arrangement, deal </B><I>Her company has signed a non-exclusive distribution agreement. </i><br><B>| list </B><I>I attach a copy of the distribution list so you can see who got the last edition. </i><br><B>| rights | costs | channel </B><I>We have man </i><br> <B>| network | method | system | facilities </B><I>The company wants to invest in new distribution facilities. </i><br> <B>| base, centre, depot, outlet, point </B><I>The company has decided to use Belfast as its distribution base. </i><br> | operation </B><I>The company has manufacturing or distribution operations in 33 countries worldwide. </i><br><B>| business, company | industry </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for ~ </B><I>free colour leaflets for distribution overseas </i><br><B>| ~ among </B><I>food for distribution among the villagers </i><br><B>| ~ between </B><I>the distribution of the health budget between various hospitals </i><br><B>| ~ by </B><I>the distribution by the government of a leaflet explaining the new tax </i><br><B>| ~ through </B><I>distribution through department stores </i><br><B>| ~ to </B><I>The food was parcelled up for distribution to outlying communities. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a/the chain of distribution </B><I>There are savings to be made where retailers are bypassed in the chain of distribution. </i><br><B>| a channel of distribution </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> capital, dividend, share | cash </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISTRIBUTION </U><B> make </B><I>When are distributions likely to be made to creditors? </i><br><B>| be available for </B><I>These are company reserves available for distribution as the directors may determine. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to </B><I>The promissory notes were purchased for distribution to investors. </i><br> </P>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> foreseeable, immediate, near, not-too-distant </b><i>Things will continue as they are for the foreseeable future. A new branch of the shop will be opening in the near future. </i><br><b>| distant, remote </b> </p> <p> <u> VERB + FUTURE </u><b> look to, plan for </b><i>Don't think too much about past troubles? look to the future. </i><br><b>| foretell, look into, predict </b> </p> <p> <u> FUTURE + VERB </u><b> bring (sb), hold </b><i>whatever the future may bring you;</i><i> Who can tell what the future holds? </i></p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> for the ~ </b><i>What are your plans for the future? </i><br><b>| in (the) ~ </b><i>In future, employees will park their vehicles away from the works entrance. The possibility of travel to other solar systems still lies in the distant future. </i><br><b>| of the ~ </b><i>The stars of the future are competing in the world junior athletics championships this month. </i><br> </p> <p> <u> PHRASES </u><b> a vision for/of the future </b><i>In her speech, the director outlined her vision for the future. </i><br> </p>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> bright, great, promising, rosy, secure </B><I>He has a great future as a designer. </i><br><B>| bleak, dire, gloomy, grim, uncertain </B><I>He forecasts a dire future for the industry. </i><br><B>| long-term | economic, financial, political </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FUTURE </U><B> face, have </B><I>The firm faces a very uncertain future. </i><br><B>| determine, shape </B><I>the right to determine their own future in a democratic fashion </i><br><B>| forecast, predict, see | consider, ponder (on) </B><I>After being dropped from the team the young defender is considering his future. </i><br><B>| invest in </B><I>She decided to invest in her future by taking a management course. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ as </B><I>She has a very promising future as a musician. </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>He could see no future in his job. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a question mark over the future of sb/sth </B><I>A question mark hangs over the future of the company after shares plunged to a record low. </i><br> </P>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> cardinal, central, considerable, critical, crucial, enormous, especial, extreme, fundamental, great, high, immense, key, major, outstanding, overriding, overwhelming, paramount, particular, primary, prime, profound, real, special, supreme, tremendous, vital | first, greatest, highest, utmost </b><i>This information is of the first importance. It is of the utmost importance that you arrive on time. </i><br><b>| growing, increasing | declining </b><i>the declining importance of manufacturing industry </i><br><b>| lesser, limited, marginal, minor, secondary | direct | general | added | immediate | continued/continuing, lasting | equal | relative | intrinsic | obvious | perceived </b><i>differences in the perceived importance of the different subjects in the curriculum </i><br><b>| potential | public | international, national | practical | theoretical | symbolic </b><i>the symbolic importance of iron in German culture </i><br><b>| archaeological, commercial, constitutional, cultural, ecological, economic, environmental, historical, legal, military, political, social, strategic </b> </p> <p> <u> VERB + IMPORTANCE </u><b> have </b><i>These finds have considerable archaeological importance. </i><br><b>| assume, take on </b><i>Childcare schemes take on an added importance at a time of national recession. </i><br><b>| grow in, increase in, rise in | decline in, diminish in, fall in </b><i>The overseas markets have now declined in importance. </i><br><b>| attach, give sth, place </b><i>To what objectives do you attach most importance? the importance placed on cleanliness </i><br><b>| accept, acknowledge, appreciate, be aware of, grasp, realize, recognize, see, understand </b><i>People were aware of the importance of working with nature. </i><br><b>| demonstrate, illustrate, indicate, point to, reflect, show, suggest </b><i>Figure 2.2 shows the relative importance of the different service industries. </i><br><b>| assert | deny | confirm | draw attention to, emphasize, highlight, point up, promote, stress, underline </b><i>The manual stresses the importance of regular maintenance. </i><br><b>| diminish, downplay, minimize, play down, underplay </b><i>She was inclined to play down the importance of her own role in the affair. </i><br><b>| exaggerate, overestimate | underestimate, undervalue </b><i>Don't underestimate the importance of neat presentation. </i><br><b>| increase | reduce | consider, discuss | explain | cast/throw doubt on, doubt, question </b><i>No one can seriously question the political importance of the environment. </i><br><b>| forget, ignore, overlook </b> </p> <p> <u> IMPORTANCE + VERB </u><b> arise from sth, lie in sth </b><i>The town's importance lies in the richness and quality of its architecture. </i><br><b>| depend on sth </b> </p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> of … ~ </b><i>The railways were of crucial importance in opening up the American West. </i><br><b>| ~ for </b><i>an area of enormous importance for wildlife </i><br><b>| ~ to </b><i>the importance to the country of a healthy economy </i><br> </p> <p> <u> PHRASES </u><b> in order of importance </b><i>Deal with the issues in order of importance. </i><br><b>| a matter of importance</b> </p>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, feel, seem | become | remain | make sb </B><I>Travelling in Asia has made her a lot more independent. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> fiercely, sturdily, very </B><I>Many disabled people are fiercely independent. </i><br><B>| completely | fairly, pretty, quite | economically, financially </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> of </B><I>By the age of eighteen he was completely independent of his parents. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be | become | remain | make sth | declare sth </B><I>In 1961 the country was declared independent. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> completely, entirely, fully, genuinely, quite, totally, truly, wholly | almost, fairly, largely, virtually | increasingly | effectively, essentially </B><I>The country has pursued an effectively independent line on military issues. </i><br><B>| nominally, supposedly | newly </B><I>newly independent countries </i><br><B>| politically </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>The country became fully independent from France in 1960. </i><br><B>| of </B><I>an organization that is independent of the government </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERB + INITIAL </U><B> have </B><I>The two authors have the same initials. </i><br><B>| be/become known by </B><I>She's always been known by her initials. </i><br><B>| use | bear, carry </B><I>A stone over the door bears the initials ‘R.P.’, which stand for ‘Ralph Piggot’. </i><br><B>| carve, embroider, engrave (sth with), mark sth with, monogram sth with, put, sign, stamp (sth with), write </B><I>He carved his girlfriend's initials in the rock. Now that she was managing director she could put the initials MD after her name. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> INITIAL + VERB </U><B> stand for sth </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>When writing, if you use initials for a long name, make sure you spell out the name at least once. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> regularly </B><I>Women's magazines regularly feature diets and exercise regimes. </i><br><B>| rarely </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> be featured in/on sth </B><I>His work is featured in a special documentary tonight. The school has been featured on television. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> heavily, highly, largely, prominently, significantly, strongly </B><I>Reading over his past speeches, you'll see that housing, public health and education feature strongly. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in </B><I>Garlic features prominently in her recipes. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> burning, deep, great, strong, urgent | insatiable, overwhelming </B><I>Most children have an insatiable desire for knowledge. </i><br><B>| genuine, real | natural | sexual </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DESIRE </U><B> feel, have </B><I>I suddenly felt an overwhelming desire to laugh </i><br><B>| express </B><I>The chairman expressed his desire to expand the company. </i><br><B>| satisfy | be motivated by </B><I>They were motivated by a deep desire for money and fame. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>Horses need to satisfy their desire for space and freedom. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> an object of desire </B><I>He felt he was nothing more to her than an object of desire. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, considerable, great, large, mass, strong | limited, small | local | dedicated, devoted, faithful, fanatical, loyal | enthusiastic | personal | cult </B><I>They enjoy a cult following in the UK. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FOLLOWING </U><B> command, enjoy, have | acquire, attract, build up, create, gain, gather </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ among </B><I>Top of the range Scotches attract a fanatical following among whisky buffs. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> attractive, constructive, effective, good, radical, useful | acceptable, available, credible, possible, practical, real, realistic, reasonable, satisfactory, serious, suitable, viable </B><I>Is there a viable alternative to prison? </i><br><B>| clear, obvious | cheap, healthy, interesting, safe </B><I>a healthier alternative to fizzy drinks </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ALTERNATIVE </U><B> have </B><I>We have two alternatives. </i><br><B>| offer, provide </B><I>His idea seemed to offer a possible alternative. </i><br><B>| seek </B><I>seeking alternatives to nuclear power </i><br><B>| find </B><I>We'll have to find an alternative. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>There is no alternative for those with no car of their own. </i><br><B>| ~ to </B><I>Is there an alternative to surgery for this complaint? </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> have little/no alternative (but to) </B><I>She had no alternative but to do as he said. </i><br><B>| leave sb with no alternative (but to) </B><I>He was left with no alternative but to hobble to the nearest telephone box. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, seem | remain </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> completely, entirely, fully, perfectly | broadly, largely | fairly, quite, reasonably | internally </B><I>His argument is not even internally consistent </i><br>(= different parts of the argument contradict each other)</B><I>. </i><br><B>| mutually </B><I>It is desirable that domestic and EU law should be mutually consistent. </i><br><B>| logically </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> across </B><I>These findings are consistent across all the studies. </i><br><B>| with </B><I>The figures are fully consistent with last year's results. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> firm, solid, sound </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BASIS </U><B> form, provide </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>The proposal provides a sound basis for a book. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> have no basis in sth </B><I>These allegations have no basis in fact. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> firm, solid, sound </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BASIS </U><B> form, provide </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>The proposal provides a sound basis for a book. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> have no basis in sth </B><I>These allegations have no basis in fact. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> clear, marked, sharp, stark, startling, striking, strong </B><I>There is a stark contrast between the lives of the rich and those of the poor. </i><br><B>| complete, direct </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTRAST </U><B> make, offer, provide </B><I>The fresh fruit provides a contrast to the rich chocolate pudding. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>When you look at their new system, ours seems very old-fashioned by contrast. </i><br><B>| in ~ (to/with) </B><I>The company lost $13 million this year, in contrast with a profit of $15 million last year. </i><br><B>| ~ between, ~ in </B><I>The contrast in appearance between the sisters was striking. </i><br><B>| ~ to </B><I>This busy social life was a complete contrast to his old quiet life. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> stand in … contrast to sb/sth </B><I>Their attitudes towards love and marriage stand in stark contrast to those of their parents. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> favourably, unfavourably </B><I>He contrasted her brashness unfavourably with his mother's gentleness. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> compare and contrast </B><I>Compare and contrast the two main characters in the play. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> fraudulently, unlawfully </B><I>(law) </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + OBTAIN </U><B> be able/unable to | attempt to, endeavour to | fail to | assist sb to, enable sb to </B><I>The local authority may assist you to obtain alternative accommodation. </i><br><B>| be easy to, be possible to | be difficult to, be impossible to </B><I>goods which are difficult to obtain </i><br><B>| be necessary to, be required to, need to </B><I>It is necessary to obtain the patients' consent. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>Anglers are required to obtain prior authorization from the park keeper. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> be easily obtained </B><I>Such information is easily obtained from the Internet. </i><br><B>| sth can/may be obtained </B><I>Details of this offer can be obtained from any of our stores. </i><br><B>| a means/method/way of obtaining sth</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> critical, crucial, important, key, main, major, vital | basic, essential, fundamental, underlying | clear, clear-cut, definite, marked, obvious, real, rigid, sharp, strong | fine, subtle | broad, general | crude, simple | logical, valid | useful | arbitrary, artificial | invidious </B><I>making invidious distinctions between the ‘deserving’ and the ‘undeserving’ poor </i><br><B>| absolute </B><I>Is there always an absolute distinction between right and wrong? </i><br><B>| conventional, old, traditional </B><I>the conventional distinction between pure and applied science </i><br><B>| formal | conceptual | theoretical | class, cultural, gender, moral </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISTINCTION </U><B> draw, make </B><I>She draws an important distinction between the different kinds of illness. </i><br><B>| recognize, see </B><I>We can see a sharp distinction between ambition and greed. </i><br><B>| blur </B><I>blurring the distinction between amateur and professional players </i><br> </P> <P> <U> DISTINCTION + VERB </U><B> lie </B><I>Cultural distinctions lie at the heart of these issues. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> without ~ </B><I>All groups are entitled to this money without distinction </i><br>(= without a difference being made between them)</B><I>. </i><br><B>| ~ between </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, great | modest | dubious | rare | unique | added | academic, intellectual, professional, social </B><I>Wearing the county tie was a mark of modest social distinction. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISTINCTION </U><B> have </B><I>He has the dubious distinction of being the first railway baron to go bankrupt. </i><br><B>| achieve </B><I>She achieved distinction in several fields of scholarship. </i><br><B>| add </B><I>Fennel leaves add distinction to any dish. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> of ~ </B><I>She is a historian of great distinction. </i><br><B>| with ~ </B><I>He served with distinction in the First World War. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> well </B><I>Perhaps I have not expressed myself very well. </i><br><B>| fully </B><I>She expresses herself most fully in her paintings. </i><br><B>| openly </B><I>He expressed his anger openly. </i><br><B>| clearly | cogently </B><I>Students must learn to express a point of view cogently and with clarity. </i><br><B>| exactly, precisely | concisely, succinctly | eloquently </B><I>The poet eloquently expresses the sense of lost innocence. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPRESS </U><B> be/feel able/unable to </B><I>Many patients feel unable to express their fears. </i><br><B>| find it difficult to </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a chance/an opportunity to express sth</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> amazing, astonishing, bewildering, considerable, endless, enormous, exciting, extraordinary, fascinating, good, great, huge, impressive, incredible, infinite, large, remarkable, rich, surprising, tremendous, vast, wide, wonderful </B><I>The market sold a bewildering variety of cheeses. the rich variety of the local bird life </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VARIETY </U><B> add, give, offer </B><I>Dealing with customers adds variety to the job. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> of … ~ </B><I>a country of great variety </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>There is wide variety in shape and colour. </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>Menus offer a good variety of seafood. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> distinctive | common-or-garden, standard | rare, unusual | different </B><I>There are hundreds of different varieties of apple. </i><br><B>| new, old </B><I>Old varieties of rose can be less resistant to diseases. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> extremely, very | fairly, pretty, quite, rather, reasonably, relatively | enough, sufficiently </B><I>He questioned whether the school curriculum was broad enough in scope. </i><br><B>| unusually </B><I>His job gave him an acquaintance with an unusually broad spectrum of society. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> basic, central, core, critical, crucial, essential, fundamental, important, integral, key, main, major, necessary, principal, significant, vital | minor | common </B><I>The researchers discovered a common component in all types of the organism. </i><br><B>| standard </B><I>Our software is becoming a standard component of many computer systems. </i><br><B>| individual, separate, simple </B><I>Individual components for the car can be very expensive. </i><br><B>| chemical, genetic | electrical, electronic | aircraft, engine, etc. | course </B> </P> <P> <U> COMPONENT + NOUN </U><B> failure </B><I>Component failure was the cause of the accident. </i><br><B>| manufacturer, supplier </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ in </B><I>a crucial component in our success. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> automatically, naturally </B><I>I automatically assumed that you knew about this. </i><br><B>| reasonably, safely </B><I>I think we can safely assume that this situation will continue. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSUME </U><B> can, might | tend to | be fair to, be reasonable to, be safe to </B><I>It is reasonable to assume that the economy will continue to improve. </i><br><B>| be a mistake to, be wrong to | be easy to </B><I>It's all too easy to assume that people know what they are doing. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> let us assume </B><I>Let us assume for a moment that the plan succeeds. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> general-purpose, multi-purpose | basic, primitive, standard, traditional </B><I>craftsmen using traditional tools </i><br><B>| sophisticated, special | sharp | rusting/rusty | cutting, drawing, measuring | cordless, hand, machine, power | agricultural, engineering, farm, garden/gardening, industrial, woodworking </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> set </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TOOL </U><B> use | sharpen | blunt </B><I>Cutting concrete would blunt a metal-cutting tool. </i><br><B>| down ~s </B><I>Workers downed tools </i><br>(= stopped work) </B><I>in protest at poor safety standards in the works. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> TOOL + NOUN </U><B> kit </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the tool/tools of the trade </B><I>The guitarist opened the case and took out the tool of his trade. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> accurately, correctly, reliably, successfully, with accuracy/certainty </B><I>It is not possible to predict with any certainty what effect this will have. </i><br><B>| exactly, precisely | confidently | wrongly </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PREDICT </U><B> be able/unable to, can/could | try to | dare (to) </B><I>Few would have dared to predict such a landslide victory. </i><br><B>| fail to | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to | be easy to, be possible to | use sth to </B><I>a computer model used to predict future weather patterns </i><br><B>| allow sb to, enable sb to </B><I>Newton's theories allow us to predict the flight of a cricket ball. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>We can predict from this information what is likely to happen next. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> be widely predicted </B><I>This result had been widely predicted by the opinion polls. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> manual, physical | forced, hard </B><I>He was sentenced to four years hard labour for his crime. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + LABOUR </U><B> withdraw </B><I>The miners are threatening to withdraw their labour. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> LABOUR + NOUN </U><B> market </B><I>an increasingly competitive labour market </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> cheap | casual | skilled, unskilled | child, migrant, slave </B><I>It is thought that Stonehenge was built using slave labour. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> LABOUR + NOUN </U><B> force </B><I>the size of the labour force </i><br><B>| cost/costs | relations </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> difficult, easy | long, short </B><I>The baby was born after a long labour. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + LABOUR </U><B> go into </B><I>She went into labour two weeks early. </i><br><B>| induce </B><I>Labour was induced when the baby was ten days overdue. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> LABOUR + NOUN </U><B> room, ward | pains </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>She was in labour for ten hours. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> directly, fully </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENGAGE </U><B> fail to, refuse to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with </B><I>acknowledging the need to engage directly with these problems </i><br><B>PHRASAL VERBS engage (sb) in sth </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> actively </B><I>people who actively engage in shaping the world they live in </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENGAGE </U><B> attempt to, seek to, try to </B><I>He tried to engage me in conversation. </i><br><B>| be eager to, be willing to | be reluctant to, be unwilling to</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be | become | remain | keep sb/sth </B><I>The women are kept separate from the men. </i><br><B>| consider sth </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> very, widely </B><I>I kept my two lives very separate. species from widely separate parts of the world </i><br><B>| absolutely, completely, entirely, quite, totally, wholly </B><I>The waste water is kept entirely separate from the rainwater. </i><br><B>| largely | rather, relatively, somewhat | essentially </B><I>The two groups are essentially separate and independent. </i><br><B>| apparently | hitherto, previously </B><I>to merge the two previously separate businesses </i><br><B>| geographically, physically </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>a lifestyle which is quite separate from that of her parents </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> completely, totally | carefully | clearly </B><I>These two branches of the science have now become clearly separated. </i><br><B>| effectively | easily, readily </B><I>One cannot easily separate moral, social and political issues. </i><br><B>| formally | legally | physically, spatially | out </B><I>A magnet separates out scrap iron from the rubbish. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SEPARATE </U><B> attempt to, try to | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to </B><I>It was impossible to separate the rival fans. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>separating the boys from the girls </i><br><B>| into </B><I>I separated the documents into two piles. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> sharply separated </B><I>The disciplines of science and engineering are not always sharply separated. </i><br><B>| widely separated </B><I>The two groups became widely separated. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> legally </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SEPARATE </U><B> decide to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>She is separated from her husband. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> heavily, a lot, strongly </B><I>countries that rely heavily on food aid </i><br><B>| entirely, exclusively, solely | increasingly | largely, mainly | traditionally </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RELY </U><B> be forced to, have to, must </B><I>people who are forced to rely on public transport </i><br><B>| tend to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>They relied entirely on these few weapons for their defence. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> safely </B><I>You can safely rely on his judgement. </i><br><B>| simply </B><I>Most historians simply rely on archives. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RELY </U><B> can/could | can/could always | can/could no longer </B><I>The party could no longer rely on its traditional supporters. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>I couldn't rely on John for information. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> fully | accurately, correctly, properly </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSESS </U><B> attempt to, try to | help to | be difficult to </B><I>It is difficult to fully assess the damage. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> accurately, correctly, properly </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSESS </U><B> attempt to, try to | be difficult to </B><I>It is difficult to assess the building's value properly without seeing it. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> at </B><I>The legal costs have been assessed at </i><br>£</B><I>75,000. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> key, main, major, primary, prime, principal | broad, overall, overriding, ultimate | limited, narrow | long-term, short-term | clear, specific | stated </B><I>The legislation has failed to achieve its stated objectives. </i><br><B>| common </B><I>The two groups are pursuing a common objective. </i><br><B>| economic, educational, environmental, military, political, strategic | business, policy </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + OBJECTIVE </U><B> accomplish, achieve, attain, fulfil, meet, reach, succeed in </B><I>The department needs more money to fulfil its objectives. </i><br><B>| fail in | agree, define, establish, formulate, identify, set, specify </B><I>We need to establish a clear objective. </i><br><B>| declare, state | clarify | promote, pursue </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in an/the ~ </B><I>The party is radical in its objectives. </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>We succeeded in our prime objective of cutting costs. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> legally </B><I>The child has now been legally adopted. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> have sb adopted </B><I>She was forced to have her baby adopted. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> formally, officially </B><I>The policy has not yet been formally adopted. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADOPT </U><B> tend to | decide to | be forced to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> towards </B><I>the policies employers adopt towards the labour force </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> general, popular, prevailing, widely held </B><I>The prevailing view is that he has done a good job in difficult circumstances. </i><br><B>| conflicting, differing, divergent, opposing, polarized </B><I>The debate brings together experts with conflicting views. </i><br><B>| clear, forthright, strong </B><I>He's a doctor with clear views on how to prevent illness. </i><br><B>| idealized, optimistic, positive, romantic, rosy </B><I>Her rosy view of life abroad seems rather naive. </i><br><B>| jaundiced, negative, pessimistic </B><I>After his experience in jail, he has a pretty jaundiced view of the penal system. </i><br><B>| conventional </B><I>The conventional view is that work is pleasant and rewarding. </i><br><B>| unorthodox | minority | political | liberal, modern, progressive, radical | moderate | conservative, reactionary | extremist, hard-line | stereotyped, stereotypical | informed | ill-informed, uninformed | world </B><I>His world view revolves around a battle between rich and poor. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VIEW </U><B> have, hold | take </B><I>I took the view that an exception should be made in this case. </i><br><B>| air, convey, expound, express, make known, present, put forward </B><I>The meeting gave everyone the chance to air their views. She picked up the phone and made her views known to her boss. </i><br><B>| discuss, exchange, share </B><I>At the meeting, we hope people will exchange views freely. </i><br><B>| canvass, solicit </B><I>He called a meeting to solicit the views of his staff. </i><br><B>| reflect, represent </B><I>His letter to the management did not reflect the views of his colleagues. </i><br><B>| adhere to, agree with, endorse | confirm, support | challenge </B><I>His music challenges the view that modern jazz is inaccessible. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in your ~ </B><I>In my view it was a waste of time. </i><br><B>| ~ about </B><I>Teachers generally keep their views about politics hidden. </i><br><B>| ~ on </B><I>Experts hold widely differing views on this subject. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> an exchange of views </B><I>It's good to have a full and frank exchange of views. </i><br><B>| a point of view </B><I>From a teacher's point of view, activities that can be done with minimal preparation are invaluable. </i><br><B>| take a dim view of sth </B>(= have a poor opinion of sth) <I>My mother takes a pretty dim view of my cooking skills. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> good, grandstand, wonderful | poor, terrible </B><I>We had a poor view of the stage from where we were sitting. </i><br><B>| clear, unimpeded, uninterrupted, unobstructed | back, front, rear, side </B><I>The picture shows a front view of the car. </i><br><B>| close, close-up | public </B><I>Tensions within the band remained hidden from public view. </i><br><B>| overall </B><I>(figurative) The staff handbook gives an overall view of the company. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VIEW </U><B> get, have </B><I>The pillar prevented me getting a clear view of the action. </i><br><B>| give sb </B><I>The patio gave an unimpeded view across the headland to the sea. </i><br><B>| block </B><I>A woman in a very large hat was blocking my view of the procession. </i><br><B>| come into </B><I>A large truck suddenly came into view. </i><br><B>| disappear from </B><I>They stood waving on the platform, until the train disappeared from view. </i><br><B>| be hidden from </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>There was nobody in view. </i><br><B>| on ~ </B><I>The carriage was put on view for the public to see. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in full view (of sth) </B><I>He was shot in full view of a large crowd. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> breathtaking, fine, lovely, magnificent, spectacular, splendid, stunning, superb, wonderful </B><I>a room with a breathtaking view across the bay </i><br><B>| commanding, panoramic | mountain, sea, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VIEW </U><B> afford, boast, enjoy, give, have </B><I>Most rooms enjoy panoramic views of the sea. The large windows give fine views of the surrounding countryside. </i><br><B>| admire, enjoy </B><I>a place to unwind and enjoy the view </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ across/over </B><I>a view over the valley </i><br><B>| ~ from </B><I>the view from his apartment </i><br><B>| ~ of </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a room with a view</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> greater | relative | long-term | internal | economic, financial, monetary, price | political, social | emotional </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + STABILITY </U><B> achieve, bring, ensure, give sb, provide (sb with) </B><I>The policy should bring greater monetary stability to the country. </i><br><B>| lack | threaten, undermine | maintain, preserve </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a period of stability </B><I>The country was enjoying a period of political stability. </i><br><B>| a threat to stability </B><I>The conflict is becoming a threat to stability in the region. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big </B><I>The company needs to focus on its biggest clients. </i><br><B>| new | potential, prospective | established, existing, regular | business, corporate | private </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CLIENT </U><B> serve </B><I>A new branch has been opened to serve clients in East London. </i><br><B>| act for, represent | take on </B><I>She's so busy that she's not taking on any new clients. </i><br><B>| attract </B><I>a campaign to attract new clients </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on behalf of ~ </B><I>On behalf of my client, I would like to remind you of your obligations in this matter. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> precision | sophisticated | reliable | crude | blunt </B><I>The autopsy revealed that the deceased had been hit with a blunt instrument. (figurative) Even though it was a somewhat blunt instrument </i><br>(= not very precise)</B><I>, our questionnaire provided us with some interesting ideas. </i><br><B>| sharp | small | delicate | appropriate | research | drawing, measuring, writing | astronomical, flight, flying, mathematical, medical, navigation, navigational, optical, scientific, surgical | cockpit </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> set </B><I>a set of mathematical instruments </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INSTRUMENT </U><B> use </B><I>All pupils should learn to use drawing instruments. </i><br><B>| check, read </B><I>to read the instruments and make a note of the wind speed and direction </i><br><B>| design, develop, devise, invent | build, make </B><I>All the instruments are made from glass capillary tubing. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> INSTRUMENT + VERB </U><B> measure sth </B><I>an instrument that measures light intensity </i><br> </P> <P> <U> INSTRUMENT + NOUN </U><B> check </B><I>The pilot did his instrument checks and taxied towards the runway. </i><br><B>| maker | panel </B><I>There was a warning light flashing on the instrument panel. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> an instrument of torture </B><I>medieval instruments of torture such as the rack and the wheel </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> musical | beautiful, fine | classical | modern | period </B><I>baroque music played on period instruments </i><br><B>| solo | orchestral | brass, keyboard, percussion, string/stringed, wind, woodwind | acoustic, electric, electronic </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INSTRUMENT </U><B> play (on) </B><I>She plays three musical instruments. The score was written to be played on a keyboard instrument. </i><br><B>| learn, learn (how) to play | tune </B><I>Ensure the instrument is tuned to concert pitch. </i><br><B>| make </B><I>an instrument made by a woman guitar maker in Canada </i><br> </P> <P> <U> INSTRUMENT + VERB </U><B> sound </B><I>The instrument sounds like a cello. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> INSTRUMENT + NOUN </U><B> maker </B>> Special page at MUSIC </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> chief, key, main, major, prime, principal | good, great </B><I>They agreed that the UN was the best instrument for reaching agreement. </i><br><B>| ideal | important, valuable | powerful | useful | effective | flexible | mere </B><I>Some cynics say that sport is a mere instrument of capitalist domination. </i><br><B>| chosen </B><I>The despot claimed to be the chosen instrument of divine providence. </i><br><B>| divine | political </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INSTRUMENT </U><B> perceive sb/sth as, regard sb/sth as, see sb/sth as, view sb/sth as </B><I>They saw criminal law as an instrument for improving public morals. </i><br><B>| use sb/sth as | make sb/sth </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>Criminal law is not the best instrument for dealing with family matters. </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>She was accused of making a public service an instrument of private advantage. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> greatly, significantly </B><I>Next year we will greatly extend the range of goods that we sell. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from, to </B><I>The repayment period will be extended from 20 years to 25 years. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> legitimate, realistic, reasonable </B><I>I think your demand for higher wages is perfectly reasonable. </i><br><B>| unrealistic, unreasonable | radical | urgent | central, key, main, major | fresh, new, renewed </B><I>There have been renewed demands for the government to take action to reduce crime. </i><br><B>| growing, increasing | final </B><I>A final demand for payment had been issued. </i><br><B>| written | financial, political | government, opposition, popular, public, royal, union </B><I>The management had no intention of meeting union demands. </i><br><B>| pay, ransom, tax, wage </B><I>A ransom demand has been made for the kidnapped racehorse. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEMAND </U><B> issue, make, present, press, put forward </B><I>Demands have been made for the immediate distribution of food to the refugees. </i><br><B>| renew, repeat, step up </B><I>Campaigners have stepped up their demands for immediate government action. </i><br><B>| face | respond to | agree to, give in to, meet, satisfy, yield to </B><I>My government cannot give in to the demands of an illegal organization. </i><br><B>| reject, resist </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on ~ </B><I>Campaigners insist that abortion should be available on demand. </i><br><B>| ~ for, ~ from </B><I>demands from the opposition for a recount of the votes </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, buoyant, considerable, enormous, great, heavy, high, huge, insatiable, peak, strong, unprecedented </B><I>Demand for the product is buoyant. There's always a great demand for our soups in winter. </i><br><B>| burgeoning, growing, increased/increasing, rising | excess, extra | constant, steady </B><I>She is in constant demand to make public appearances and give interviews. </i><br><B>| changing, fluctuating, seasonal | current, future | latent, likely, pent-up, potential, projected, prospective | overall, total </B><I>We can estimate that total market demand for electrical goods will rise by 8%. </i><br><B>| declining, falling, limited, low, reduced, sluggish | consumer, customer, market, popular, public </B><I>By popular demand, the play will run for another week. </i><br><B>| domestic, export, foreign, local, world, worldwide </B><I>The slowdown in domestic demand was offset by an increase in exports. </i><br><B>| electricity, energy, housing, labour, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> level </B><I>a high level of demand </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEMAND </U><B> cope with, meet, satisfy </B><I>The factories are staying open all weekend to try to meet the consumer demand for this product. </i><br><B>| create, generate </B><I>It is the job of the marketing manager to create demand for the new product. </i><br><B>| boost, increase, stimulate | reduce | exceed, outstrip </B><I>Supply normally exceeds demand for the bulk of consumer goods. </i><br><B>| forecast </B><I>It can be difficult to forecast demand in the construction industry. </i><br><B>| manage </B><I>policies aimed at managing demand </i><br> </P> <P> <U> DEMAND + VERB </U><B> grow, increase, rise </B><I>Demand for personal computers has risen sharply. </i><br><B>| decline, fall, slow (down) </B><I>As demand slows, the need to export will return. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>These old machines are still in demand. </i><br><B>| ~ among </B><I>the potential demand among children </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>increased demand for health products </i><br><B>| ~ from </B><I>the demand from consumers </i><br><B>| ~ on </B><I>This section of the population makes a high demand on health care resources. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> supply and demand </B><I>the law of supply and demand </i><br> > Special page at BUSINESS </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, enormous, excessive, extra, great, heavy, high, impossible </B><I>I think the demands of this job are excessive. </i><br><B>| exacting, pressing | growing, increasing | competing, conflicting, contradictory | day-to-day, everyday </B><I>the day-to-day demands of the job </i><br><B>| immediate </B><I>the need for scientific research freed from the immediate demands of industry </i><br><B>| external </B><I>The person who cannot say ‘no’ to others' requests is likely to be overwhelmed by external demands. </i><br><B>| economic, emotional, financial, physical, practical, sexual, social, technical </B><I>Life is hard for nurses on children's wards, where the emotional demands can be overwhelming. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEMAND </U><B> impose, make, place </B><I>My elderly parents make a lot of demands on me. </i><br><B>| respond to | cope with </B><I>coping with the conflicting demands of work and family life </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ on/upon </B><I>My work seems to make more and more demands on my time. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> aggressively, angrily, coldly, fiercely, furiously, harshly, indignantly, irritably, roughly, sharply </B><I>‘Where are the keys?’ she demanded angrily. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>He had demanded money from her. </i><br><B>| of </B><I>They failed to provide the information demanded of them. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> 20/20, excellent, perfect </B><I>The eye test shows she has perfect vision. </i><br><B>| normal | clear </B><I>The rain prevented her having clear vision of the road ahead. </i><br><B>| blurred, defective, distorted, impaired, poor | double, tunnel </B><I>(often figurative) </i><br><B>| all-round </B><I>The high driving position gives excellent all-round vision. </i><br><B>| binocular, stereoscopic | X-ray | distance </B><I>I can read without glasses, but my distance vision is poor. </i><br><B>| night | peripheral </B><I>Use your peripheral vision widely when moving from place to place. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VISION </U><B> have | give (sb) | obscure, restrict | blur </B><I>The tears blurred her vision. </i><br><B>| improve </B> </P> <P> <U> VISION + VERB </U><B> clear </B><I>Her vision cleared and she realized Niall was standing beside her. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> across your ~ </B><I>A bird shot across her vision. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> your field of vision </B><I>She was aware of shapes moving across her field of vision. </i><br><B>| your line of vision </B><I>Someone was standing in my line of vision so I couldn't see the screen. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> disturbing, dreadful, ghastly, horrible | bleak | inner, intuitive, mental, spiritual | mystic/mystical, prophetic, religious </B><I>A young girl in the village experienced a prophetic vision. </i><br><B>| poetic | apocalyptic </B><I>an apocalyptic vision of the end of civilization </i><br><B>| momentary, sudden </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VISION </U><B> experience, have, receive </B><I>I had visions of us getting hopelessly lost. </i><br><B>| conjure up </B><I>The word ‘island’ conjures up a vision of a relaxing summer holiday. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VISION + VERB </U><B> fade </B><I>As he approached, the vision faded and there was no one there. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>The idea came to her in a vision. </i><br><B>| ~ of </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> great | imaginative | alternative | broad, comprehensive, global, wide </B><I>The company needs to develop a global vision. </i><br><B>| narrow | overall | personal | clear </B><I>The engineers had a clear vision of what they wanted to achieve. </i><br><B>| common </B><I>They share a common vision for the development of health services. </i><br><B>| strategic | political | revolutionary | romantic, Utopian </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VISION </U><B> have | develop | convey, expand on/upon, outline, promote </B><I>He outlined his vision for the new economic order. </i><br> <B>| impose </B><I>The new leader set about imposing his vision on the party. </i><br><B>| share | cloud </B><I>He was determined not to let emotions cloud his vision. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> of ~ </B><I>a statesman of great vision </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>a vision for the future </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>an alternative vision of society </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> breadth of vision </B><I>His plans for the country's future show a remarkable breadth of vision. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> seriously </B><I>Are you seriously proposing that we should allow this situation to continue? </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> as </B><I>The measures have been proposed as a way of improving standards. </i><br><B>| for </B><I>He was proposed for the job of treasurer. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> originally proposed </B><I>The plan originally proposed was ruled completely unrealistic. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complete, comprehensive | partial | effective, good, happy, ideal, neat, optimal, perfect, real </B><I>His plan does not offer a real solution to the problem. </i><br><B>| acceptable | satisfactory, workable | correct, right | easy, obvious, simple | possible | feasible, practical, realistic, viable | cost-effective | creative, imaginative, ingenious | drastic, radical | early, immediate, instant, quick, speedy </B><I>The UN representative stressed the urgency of an early solution. </i><br><B>| final, lasting, long-term, permanent, ultimate | interim, short-term, temporary | proposed | pragmatic | compromise, negotiated | diplomatic, peaceful, political | military | technical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SOLUTION </U><B> look for, seek, work towards | achieve, agree (on), arrive at, come up with, find, produce, reach, work out </B><I>attempts to find a comprehensive political solution to the crisis </i><br><B>| propose, put forward, suggest | adopt | offer, provide </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>a quick solution for dealing with the paper shortage </i><br><B>| ~ to </B><I>They were seeking an ultimate solution to the city's traffic problem. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> correct | logical, reasonable, valid | inescapable, inevitable, obvious | erroneous, false, wrong | main | hasty </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONCLUSION </U><B> arrive at, come to, draw, reach </B><I>I can't draw any conclusions from what she said. </i><br><B>| jump to, leap to </B><I>We don't want to jump to the wrong conclusion. Don't go jumping to conclusions before you know the facts. </i><br><B>| lead to, point to </B><I>It all points to the conclusion that nobody knew what was going on. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> satisfactory, successful | foregone </B><I>The result of the match was a foregone conclusion. </i><br><B>| hasty </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONCLUSION </U><B> bring about, bring sth to </B><I>The meeting was brought to a hasty conclusion. </i><br><B>| come to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>In conclusion, I would like to thank you all for your hard work. </i><br>> Special page at MEETING </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> mere </B><I>The mere presence of children in the room is enough to upset him. </i><br><B>| constant, continued, continuing, permanent | strong </B><I>The company now has a strong presence in Germany. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PRESENCE </U><B> indicate, reveal, show </B><I>These chemicals could indicate the presence of water on the planet. </i><br><B>| acknowledge </B><I>He acknowledged our presence with a nod of his head. </i><br><B>| detect | grace sb with </B><I>(ironic or humorous) How nice of you to grace us with your presence! </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in sb's ~ </B><I>He should never have made those remarks in your presence. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> make your presence felt/known </B><I>She certainly made her presence felt in the boardroom. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> constant | military, police </B><I>There was a strong police presence throughout the demonstration. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PRESENCE </U><B> maintain </B><I>The army maintains a constant presence in the area. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> justifiably, rightfully, rightly | falsely, wrongly </B><I>The company had falsely claimed that its products were biodegradable. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CLAIM </U><B> attempt to, try to </B><I>He tried to claim that he had acted in self-defence. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> back </B><I>You can claim back some of the cost of your treatment. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CLAIM </U><B> be able to, be entitled to, can/could </B><I>You might be entitled to claim compensation if you are injured at work. </i><br><B>| attempt to, try to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on </B><I>Can't you claim on your insurance? </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> considerably, fundamentally, profoundly, radically </B><I>The riots radically transformed the situation. </i><br><B>| completely, entirely, totally, utterly | quickly, rapidly | gradually, slowly | suddenly | apparently | miraculously </B><I>He seems to have been miraculously transformed into a first-class player. </i><br><B>| overnight </B><I>Things cannot be transformed overnight. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TRANSFORM </U><B> help (to) | manage to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from, into </B><I>The place was transformed from a quiet farming village into a busy port. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the power to transform sb/sth </B><I>the power of religion to transform our hearts and minds </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> quickly | automatically, spontaneously </B><I>People used to believe that dirt spontaneously generated disease. </i><br><B>| randomly </B><I>a sequence of randomly generated fractions </i><br><B>| externally, internally </B><I>internally generated revenue </i><br><B>| locally </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GENERATE </U><B> help (to) </B><I>the opportunity to help generate ideas </i><br><B>| be used to </B><I>The wind turbines are used to generate electricity. </i><br><B>| be expected to, be likely to </B><I>The lottery is expected to generate substantial funds for charities. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>Living cells generate energy from food. profits generated from the company's activities </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complete, total | abject, humiliating, ignominious </B><I>The attempt ended in abject failure. </i><br><B>| inevitable | costly | alleged, apparent, perceived | evident | comparative, relative | initial </B><I>Initial failure was followed by unexpected, if modest, success. </i><br><B>| ultimate </B><I>War is the ultimate failure of public communication. </i><br><B>| personal | moral | academic | economic, financial | military </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FAILURE </U><B> be doomed to, end in, result in </B><I>All her efforts were doomed to failure. </i><br><B>| admit, confess </B><I>He was too proud to admit failure. </i><br><B>| expect </B><I>Children who are doing badly tend to expect failure and criticism. </i><br><B>| fear | avoid </B> </P> <P> <U> FAILURE + NOUN </U><B> rate </B><I>There is a high failure rate with this treatment. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> fear of failure </B><I>Fear of failure should not deter you from trying. </i><br><B>| a history of failure </B><I>John had a long history of academic failure. </i><br><B>| a possibility/risk of failure, a sense of failure </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> great, serious | complete, total, utter | catastrophic, disastrous | abject, conspicuous, dismal, humiliating, ignominious, lamentable, miserable | costly | heroic </B><I>Her ideas were large: if she could not succeed, she would at least be a heroic failure. </i><br><B>| alleged, apparent, perceived | evident | comparative, relative | past </B><I>to learn from past failures </i><br><B>| rare </B><I>The film was one of the rare failures in his career. </i><br><B>| unexpected | personal | collective | moral | academic | economic, financial </B><I>economic failure and increasing unemployment </i><br><B>| military </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FAILURE </U><B> be, represent | prove </B><I>The venture proved a costly failure. </i><br><B>| feel </B><I>I felt a complete failure. </i><br><B>| consider sb/sth, regard sb/sth as | brand sb/sth, pronounce sb/sth </B><I>Her parents had long since branded her a failure. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> FAILURE + VERB </U><B> arise from sth </B><I>failures arising from circumstances beyond your control </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ of </B><I>The decision to withdraw funding represents a failure of imagination. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> fundamental | general | manifest | consistent, constant, continued/continuing, persistent, repeated | government, management </B><I>government failure to listen to the voice of the electorate </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FAILURE </U><B> excuse, justify </B><I>seeking to excuse his failure to ask her permission </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> battery, brake, component, computer, engine, equipment, mechanical, power, system, technical | bank, business, commercial, company, corporate, market </B><I>Business failures rose by 30% in 2001. </i><br><B>| brain, heart, kidney, liver | crop, harvest | communication </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FAILURE </U><B> cause, lead to, result in </B><I>a rare viral infection that can lead to heart failure </i><br> </P> <P> <U> FAILURE + VERB </U><B> occur </B><I>A power failure occurred between 4 and 5 p.m. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ in </B><I>a failure in the computer system </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> rapid | Allied, British, German, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADVANCE </U><B> make </B><I>The regiment made an advance on the enemy lines. </i><br><B>| order </B><I>The general ordered an advance to the front line. </i><br><B>| halt, resist, stop </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on ~ </B><I>the advance on Leningrad </i><br><B>| to ~, towards ~ </B><I>the Russian advance towards Berlin </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> amorous, sexual </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADVANCE </U><B> make </B><I>He made amorous advances to one of his students. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> quickly, rapidly | cautiously, slowly </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>advancing from the south </i><br><B>| into </B><I>The troops advanced into central Europe. </i><br><B>| on/upon </B><I>The army advanced on the capital. </i><br><B>| towards </B><I>He advanced towards me in aggressive style. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> clear, close, direct, intimate, strong </B><I>There is a close connection between family background and academic achievement. </i><br><B>| tenuous | obvious | causal </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONNECTION </U><B> have </B><I>His death had no connection with drugs. </i><br><B>| discover, establish, find, make, see </B><I>Researchers have now established a connection between air pollution and asthma. She did not make the connection between her diet and her poor health. </i><br><B>| break, sever </B><I>She wanted to sever all her connections with the firm. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ with </B><I>I am writing in connection with your recent job application. </i><br><B>| ~ between </B><I>the connection between crime and alcohol </i><br><B>| ~ to/with </B><I>What is your connection with the school? </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in that/this connection </B>(= for reasons connected with sth recently mentioned) </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> good | bus, rail/railway, train </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONNECTION </U><B> make | miss </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ between </B><I>There are good connections between the resort and major cities. </i><br><B>| ~ to </B><I>We'll be lucky if we make our connection to Paris. </i><br><B>| ~ with </B><I>good connections with New York </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> good | aristocratic | business, family, personal, political, professional, social </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONNECTION </U><B> have </B><I>I have some good business connections in New York. He has connections </i><br>(= he knows important people who would be able to help him)</B><I>. </i><br><B>| use </B><I>She used her connections to get the job. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> academic, learned, scholarly | professional, technical, trade | house/in-house </B><I>the house journal of the South Western Gas Board </i><br><B>| non-specialist, specialist | research, reviewing | business, literary, medical, science/scientific | august, highly-ranked/high-ranking, leading, major, prestigious </B><I>‘Nature’ was the highest-ranked journal in thte survey. </i><br><B>| official </B><I>It's the official journal of the Medical Foundation. </i><br><B>| international, national | monthly, quarterly, weekly </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> copy </B><I>Please send me two copies of your new journal. </i><br><B>| edition, issue, volume </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JOURNAL </U><B> read | edit, write for </B><I>an academic who writes for specialist journals </i><br><B>| produce, publish | buy, get, subscribe to </B><I>She subscribes to quite a few academic journals. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> JOURNAL + VERB </U><B> come out </B><I>The journal comes out five times a year. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> JOURNAL + NOUN </U><B> article | editor </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>an article in a medical journal </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>the British Journal of Geology </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> private | daily </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JOURNAL </U><B> keep, write </B><I>Lady Franklin kept a daily journal of the voyage. </i><br><B>| read </B> </P> <P> <U> JOURNAL + NOUN </U><B> entry </B><I>Her journal entry for that day describes a thunder storm. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>The events are all recorded in her journal. </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>He wrote a journal of his travels. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> fresh, new </B><I>fresh initiatives to find a peaceful end to the conflict </i><br><B>| pioneering </B><I>pioneering initiatives in bioengineering </i><br><B>| current, latest, recent | important, major | welcome | successful | practical | exciting | private | co-operative, joint | international, local, national, regional | government | business, diplomatic, economic, education/educational, environmental, marketing, peace, policy, political, research, training </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> range, series </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INITIATIVE </U><B> undertake </B><I>The research initiative is being undertaken by a group of environmentalists. </i><br><B>| plan | develop | announce | introduce, launch, set up, start </B><I>The government has launched a new policy initiative. </i><br><B>| be/become involved in </B><I>Ten schools have been involved in the initiative. </i><br><B>| lead | approve | reject </B><I>The peace initiative was rejected out of hand. </i><br><B>| sponsor </B><I>a peace initiative sponsored by the Organization of African Unity </i><br><B>| endorse, support </B><I>The committee endorsed an initiative by the chairman to enter discussion about a possible merger. </i><br><B>| welcome </B><I>We welcome the government's initiative to help the homeless. </i><br><B>| praise | encourage </B> </P> <P> <U> INITIATIVE + VERB </U><B> be aimed at sth, be designed to </B><I>a local initiative aimed at economic regeneration an initiative designed to promote collaborative research </i><br><B>| involve sth, relate to sth | founder </B><I>The initiative foundered because there was no market interest in redevelopment. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ against </B><I>a new initiative against car theft </i><br><B>| ~ by </B><I>the latest initiative by the UN Secretary General </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>an initiative for peace and human rights </i><br><B>| ~ on </B><I>the government's major new initiative on crime </i><br>> Special page at BUSINESS </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, great, real | individual, personal, private </B><I>It is a very hierarchical company and there's little place for individual initiative. </i><br><B>| entrepreneurial </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INITIATIVE </U><B> have </B><I>He had the initiative to ask what time the last train left. </i><br><B>| display, show | act/work on your own, use </B><I>He acted on his own initiative and wasn't following orders. Don't ask me what you should do all the time. Use your initiative! </i><br><B>| lack | encourage, promote | stifle </B><I>Raising taxes on small businesses will stifle initiative. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on sb's ~ </B><I>The project was set up on the initiative of a local landowner. </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>Some scientists show little initiative in applying their knowledge. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a lack of initiative, on your own initiative </B><I>In an unprecedented action, the army, on its own initiative, arrested seven civilians. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERB + INITIATIVE </U><B> have, hold </B><I>After their latest setback, the rebel forces no longer hold the initiative. </i><br><B>| gain, seize, take | regain </B><I>In the second half, Manchester United regained the initiative. </i><br><B>| lose </B> </P> <P> <U> INITIATIVE + VERB </U><B> comes from sb/sth, lie with sb </B><I>The initiative to re-open negotiations came from Moscow. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ in </B><I>She took the initiative in asking the board to conduct an enquiry. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> considerably, dramatically, enormously, greatly, much, significantly, substantially </B><I>The attractiveness of the book is much enhanced by Mark Stevens's drawings. </i><br><B>| directly | further | undoubtedly </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENHANCE </U><B> can/could, may/might </B><I>things that can significantly enhance the quality of your life </i><br><B>| help (to), serve to | be designed to, seek to </B><I>reforms designed to enhance market efficiency </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, prove </B><I>His predictions proved accurate. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> deadly, extremely, highly, very | amazingly, remarkably, surprisingly, uncannily | completely, perfectly, totally | not completely, not entirely, not quite, not strictly, not wholly </B><I>The figures he gave were not strictly accurate. </i><br><B>| partially | broadly, fairly, generally, largely, pretty, quite, reasonably, sufficiently | historically, statistically </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> full and accurate </B><I>He gave a full and accurate account of his movements. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> excellent, first-class, good | adequate, appropriate, proper, suitable | inadequate, poor | basic, limited </B><I>a hotel with only basic facilities </i><br><B>| modern, up-to-date | extensive | extra | available, existing </B><I>We are looking to upgrade the existing facilities. </i><br><B>| essential, necessary </B><I>to improve access to essential facilities </i><br><B>| local, community </B><I>hospitals, schools and other major community facilities </i><br><B>| communal, shared </B><I>The toilets and other communal facilities were in a shocking state. </i><br><B>| public | disabled </B><I>The railway station was criticized for its lack of disabled facilities. </i><br><B>| conference | airport, hotel | bar, holiday, leisure, play, recreational, social, sporting/sports | transport, travel | parking | shopping | storage | canteen, dining, restaurant | catering, cooking, kitchen | baby changing, bathroom, laundry, sanitary, shower, toilet, washing | en suite, private </B><I>All bedrooms offer private facilities </i><br>(= a private bathroom)</B><I>. </i><br><B>| health, health care, hospital, medical | childcare, cr</B>e<B>che, day care, nursery | educational, training | library, research | laboratory | computing </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FACILITY </U><B> have, offer, provide | improve, upgrade | make use of, use </B><I>I made full use of the computing facilities. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> FACILITY + VERB </U><B> be available, exist | include sth </B><I>Facilities include a large indoor pool, jacuzzi and sauna. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>The school has no facilities for the teaching of music. The hotel provides excellent facilities for children. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a range of facilities </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> central </B><I>The archive offers a central facility for cataloguing and indexing data. </i><br><B>| back-up </B><I>The report warns that there are no back-up facilities if the reprocessing plant breaks down. </i><br><B>| support </B><I>training and other support facilities </i><br><B>| special | useful | flexible </B><I>A First National Bank loan is an extremely flexible facility. </i><br><B>| technical | cheque book, credit, loan, overdraft </B><I>a bank account with an overdraft facility </i><br><B>| editing, graphics, help, mail, search, word processing </B><I>(all computing) </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FACILITY </U><B> have, offer, provide | use </B> </P> <P> <U> FACILITY + VERB </U><B> allow (for) sth </B><I>The cheque book facility allows for a minimum withdrawal of </i><br>£</B><I>200. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>The device has a facility for storing any sound you like. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> amazing, great </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FACILITY </U><B> have | show </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with ~ </B><I>He played with great facility. </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>She showed an amazing facility for mind-reading. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> adequate, effective | legal | police </B><I>Witnesses at the trial were given police protection. </i><br><B>| animal, child, consumer, data, environmental, personal, wildlife </B><I>Animal protection supporters gathered to protest against hunting. She carries a gun in her bag for personal protection. </i><br><B>| fire, flood </B><I>Fire protection equipment must be available on all floors. </i><br><B>| sun </B><I>sun protection products </i><br> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> degree </B><I>A helmet afford</i><br>s </B><I>the cyclist some degree o</i><br>f </B><I>protection against injury</i><br>. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROTECTION </U><B> afford (sb), give (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with) </B> </P> <P> <U> PROTECTION + NOUN </U><B> law, legislation, order </B><I>The couple wer</i><br>e </B><I>found guilty of violation of chil</i><br>d </B><I>protection laws. </i><br><B>| measures, mechanism, scheme, system </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> under the ~ of </B><I>Many Britis</i><br>h </B><I>wild animals are now under th</i><br>e </B><I>protection of the Wildlife an</i><br>d </B><I>Countryside Act. </i><br><B>| ~ against </B><I>Fil</i><br>l </B><I>the cooling system with antifreez</i><br>e </B><I>as a protection against frost. </i><br><B>| ~ from </B><I>The high walls give th</i><br>e </B><I>garden protection from the wind</i><br>. </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a means of protection </B><I>The skunk releases a pungent smell as a means of protection.</i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> full, greatest, maximum, overall </B><I>The overall extent of civilian casualties remained unclear. </i><br><B>| actual, exact, precise, true | geographical, territorial </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXTENT </U><B> reach </B><I>The railway network had reached its greatest extent in route mileage. </i><br><B>| see | consider, examine, explore, investigate | assess, calculate, estimate, evaluate, gauge, judge, measure | define, determine, establish, identify </B><I>a statement defining the extent of Latvia's territory </i><br><B>| discover | acknowledge, appreciate, realize, recognize | know, understand </B><I>We do not yet know the extent of her injuries. </i><br><B>| demonstrate, illustrate, indicate, make clear, reflect, reveal, show </B><I>The operation revealed the extent of the cancer. </i><br><B>| outline </B><I>a lengthy agenda outlining the extent of global environmental problems </i><br><B>| discuss | clarify, explain | emphasize, highlight, underline </B><I>The victory underlined the extent to which Prussia had become a major power. </i><br><B>| exaggerate, overstate </B><I>She was exaggerating the true extent of the problem. </i><br><B>| overestimate | underestimate | play down, underplay, understate </B><I>The government sought to play down the extent of the problem. </i><br><B>| ignore | conceal, obscure | limit, reduce, restrict </B><I>to reduce the extent of deforestation </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>The park is about 20 acres in extent. </i><br><B>| to an ~ </B><I>To an extent </i><br>(= to some degree) </B><I>East-West distrust continued throughout the war. </i><br><B>| to a … ~ </B><I>He had withdrawn from the company of his friends to an alarming extent. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> at sth's fullest/greatest extent </B><I>At its fullest extent the Angevin Empire comprised most of western France. </i><br><B>| to a considerable/great/large/significant extent, to a certain/to some extent </B><I>To some extent, we are all responsible for this tragic situation. </i><br><B>| to a lesser/limited/small extent </B><I>The pollution of the forest has seriously affected plant life and, to a lesser extent, wildlife. </i><br><B>| to the same extent </B><I>People no longer live in small communities to the same extent as they used to. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> full | far-reaching, important, profound | adverse, bad, catastrophic, damaging, dangerous, devastating, dire, disastrous, fatal, harmful, negative, serious, severe, terrible, tragic, unfortunate, unpleasant | beneficial, good, positive | major, main | direct, immediate | indirect | inevitable, necessary | likely, possible, potential | logical, natural | long-term, short-term | unintended | ecological, economic, electoral, environmental, financial, legal, physical, political, social </B><I>to face up to the physical consequences of ageing </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONSEQUENCE </U><B> have, lead to </B><I>The practice had far-reaching environmental consequences. </i><br><B>| accept, bear, face (up to), suffer, take </B><I>You must accept the full consequences of your behaviour. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> CONSEQUENCE + VERB </U><B> arise, ensue, follow </B><I>the important electoral consequences that will follow from this decision </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> as a ~ </B><I>Hundreds of people lost their jobs as a direct consequence of the merger. </i><br><B>| in ~ (of) </B><I>(formal) The child was born deformed in consequence of an injury to its mother. </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>This could have serious consequences for the economy. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> professional | independent | government | international, national | economic, education, educational, research, scientific, technical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INSTITUTE </U><B> establish, found, set up | open | belong to </B><I>She belongs to the Chartered Institute of Management. </i><br><B>| join </B> </P> <P> <U> INSTITUTE + VERB </U><B> find sth </B><I>The environmental research institute found that the global average temperature had risen by 1.2°C. </i><br><B>| claim sth, say sth </B><I>The Institute says that an unidentified virus is to blame for the syndrome. </i><br><B>| publish sth | provide sth </B><I>an institute providing opportunities to veterinary graduates </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> at an/the ~ </B><I>She used to give lectures at the Mechanics' Institute. </i><br><B>| in/within an/the ~ </B><I>He is a key figure in the Institute of Mathematics. </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>the International Institute for Economic Development </i><br><B>| ~ of </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a founder of an institute, a member of an institute </B>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> clever, ingenious | labour-saving, useful | complex, sophisticated | simple | hi-tech | hand-held | automatic, electrical, electronic, mechanical | bugging, contraceptive, measuring, safety, timing, warning </B><I>Police found several bugging devices in the room. </i><br><B>| explosive, incendiary </B><I>An incendiary device exploded in the store, setting fire to furniture. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEVICE </U><B> be fitted with, have </B><I>All new cars are now fitted with these safety devices. </i><br><B>| design, develop, make | use </B><I>He measured the room using an ingenious new electronic device. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> DEVICE + VERB </U><B> consist of sth </B><I>The device consists of a large wheel mounted on a metal post. </i><br><B>| be designed to </B><I>a tiny device designed to trace telephone calls </i><br><B>| work </B><I>The device worked exactly as I'd hoped. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>a useful device for checking electrical circuits </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be | make sb/sth </B><I>Its magnificent proportions make this palace unique among the buildings of the world. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> quite, totally, truly </B><I>The city has an atmosphere which is quite unique. </i><br><B>| by no means, far from, hardly </B><I>Although such a case is rare, it is by no means unique. </i><br><B>| almost, virtually | apparently </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>This monkey is unique to the island. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> effective, firm, good, strong </B><I>We need better discipline in our schools. </i><br><B>| harsh, iron, rigid, strict </B><I>strict military discipline </i><br><B>| lax, poor </B><I>Discipline was too lax. </i><br><B>| staff, team | military, naval, party, prison, school, work </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISCIPLINE </U><B> enforce, exercise, exert, impose </B><I>the discipline that the party exercises over its members </i><br><B>| keep, maintain </B><I>The teacher was unable to maintain discipline. </i><br><B>| accept, submit to </B><I>They submitted to the discipline imposed by their leaders. </i><br> <B>| have </B><I>The school was criticized for having very poor discipline. </i><br><B>| lack </B><I>Modern schools lack discipline. </i><br><B>| tighten </B><I>The new headmaster tightened discipline in the school. </i><br><B>| relax | restore </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a breach of discipline </B><I>It's unfair to dismiss somebody for a single breach of discipline. </i><br><B>| a breakdown of discipline </B><I>a breakdown of discipline in the classroom </i><br><B>| a lack of discipline </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> good, great, useful, valuable </B><I>It is good discipline to learn to delegate. </i><br><B>| strict | personal | mental, spiritual | business, commercial, financial, fiscal, industrial, market, monetary </B><I>The chancellor has stabilized the economy through strict fiscal discipline. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISCIPLINE </U><B> have </B><I>He'll never get anywhere working for himself?he's got no discipline. </i><br><B>| show | lack | demand, require, take </B><I>It takes great discipline to learn a musical instrument. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a lack of discipline </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> core, main, major </B><I>Students are to be tested on the three core disciplines: maths, English and science. </i><br><B>| distinct, independent </B><I>When did sociology emerge as a distinct discipline? </i><br><B>| established, traditional | subject | academic, intellectual </B><I>They established psychology as an academic discipline. </i><br><B>| professional | humanities, science/scientific </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> across ~s </B><I>There is a lack of communication across disciplines </i><br> (= between teachers and students of different subjects)</B><I>. </i><br><B>| within a/the ~ </B><I>Within a discipline there may be more than one school of thought. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a range of disciplines </B><I>The university offers a wide range of disciplines. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> long </B><I>The soil was so badly eroded it could no longer sustain crop production. </i><br><B>| indefinitely | still </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SUSTAIN </U><B> be able/unable to, can/could | help (to) | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to </B><I>This relationship would be very difficult to sustain. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high, large </B><I>a high capacity electric pump large capacity disk drives </i><br><B>| limited, small | maximum, total </B><I>a total capacity of 50 litres </i><br><B>| excess, spare </B><I>spare capacity in the health service </i><br><B>| economic, productive | earning </B><I>The qualification should increase my earning capacity. </i><br><B>| carrying, nuclear, seating, storage | engine, lung </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CAPACITY </U><B> have | be filled/packed to </B><I>The theatre was filled to capacity </i><br>(= was full) </B><I>for every performance. </i><br><B>| expand, increase | reduce </B> </P> <P> <U> CAPACITY + NOUN </U><B> audience, crowd </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> operate/work at full capacity </B>(= to produce the maximum amount possible) </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> amazing, enormous, great, remarkable | limited | innate, natural </B><I>Children have an innate capacity to understand language. </i><br><B>| intellectual, mental | human </B><I>the human capacity for compassion </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CAPACITY </U><B> have | lose </B><I>She seems to have lost the capacity to enjoy herself. </i><br><B>| increase | reduce, restrict </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> beyond your ~ </B><I>This maths is beyond the capacity of most school children. </i><br><B>| within your ~ </B><I>The mountain walk is well within the capacity of most fit people. </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>her amazing capacity for organization </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> official | personal, private, unofficial, voluntary | professional | acting, caretaker | advisory | judicial </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CAPACITY </U><B> act in, work in </B><I>I have worked in an advisory capacity with many hospitals. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in your ~ </B><I>In my capacity as president, I would like to thank Jack for his hard work. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> clearly | dimly </B><I>Babies are weak and vulnerable in the presence of huge shapes that they can only dimly perceive. </i><br><B>| directly </B><I>the world of directly perceived objects </i><br><B>| differently </B><I>Risks are perceived differently by different people. </i><br><B>| easily, readily </B><I>The industrial bias of canal building can be readily perceived by looking at Figure 7.3. </i><br><B>| correctly | immediately </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PERCEIVE </U><B> be able/unable to, can/could | fail to | be difficult to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> as </B><I>The General's words were perceived as a threat by neighbouring countries. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> commonly/generally/widely perceived </B><I>It is widely perceived as a women's health problem, but it does also affect men. </i><br><B>| a failure/an inability to perceive sth</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERB + ENSURE </U><B> must | aim to, try to | take action/care/steps to </B><I>We must take steps now to ensure the survival of these animals. </i><br><B>| be designed to </B><I>provisions designed to ensure safe conditions of work </i><br><B>| help (to) | be important to, be necessary to, be sufficient to </B><I>It is important to ensure that delegates have been properly briefed. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> an attempt to ensure sth, efforts/measures to ensure sth</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> perfect, right, unbeatable, winning </B><I>The orchestra played with a winning combination of gusto and precision. </i><br><B>| attractive, delicious, good, happy, powerful | curious, rare, strange, unique, unusual | colour </B><I>an unusual colour combination </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ (with) </B><I>The materials can be used singly or in combination. Hepatitis D exists only in combination with the hepatitis B virus. </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>a delicious combination of flavours </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> strongly | rightly </B><I>The new law rightly emphasizes parental responsibility. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EMPHASIZE </U><B> must, should </B><I>I must emphasize that this is only a summary, and the full report will not be available until next week. </i><br><B>| be important to </B><I>It is important to emphasize this point. </i><br><B>| seem to, serve to, tend to </B><I>All the arguments and counter-arguments serve to emphasize the controversy surrounding this disease. </i><br><B>| fail to | be at pains to, be keen to </B><I>I have been at pains to emphasize the positive aspects of discipline. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERB + SECTOR </U><B> divide sth into </B><I>Berlin was divided into four sectors after the war. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a sector of the population/society</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> absolute, complete, full, total | clear, deep, firm, genuine, great, passionate, real, serious, strong | continued, continuing, increased, increasing, lifelong, long-term, ongoing | general, open-ended | government, personal, professional, public | emotional, ideological, moral, political, religious </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> degree, level </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + COMMITMENT </U><B> give, make </B><I>The prime minister made a firm commitment to increasing spending on health. </i><br><B>| demonstrate, display, show </B><I>to demonstrate a commitment to human rights </i><br><B>| lack | affirm, reaffirm | require </B><I>Learning to play the violin requires strong commitment. </i><br><B>| gain </B><I>The government has managed to gain the commitment of employers to the scheme. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ on </B><I>The government avoided giving any commitments on pensions. </i><br><B>| ~ to </B><I>his lifelong commitment to the socialist cause </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a lack of commitment </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, considerable, major | binding | prior | international, overseas | business, domestic, family, financial, military, social, teaching, work </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + COMMITMENT </U><B> have, take on </B><I>I don't want to take on any more commitments. </i><br><B>| fulfil, honour, meet </B><I>She can't meet her financial commitments. </i><br><B>| get out of, wriggle out of </B><I>He is trying to wriggle out of his various domestic commitments. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ on </B><I>to honour commitments on reduction of air pollution </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> animal </B><I>protesting against animal experiments </i><br><B>| field, laboratory | educational, medical, psychological, scientific | practical | thought </B><I>His efforts involved thought experiments and analogies, rather than detailed experimentation. </i><br><B>| simple | brief | careful, control </B><I>(science)</i><br>, <B>controlled | interesting | ingenious | pioneering | bold </B><I>the country's bold experiment with economic reform </i><br><B>| successful, unsuccessful | pilot, preliminary | further </B><I>Further experiments will be carried out to verify this result. </i><br><B>| celebrated, classic/classical, famous, well-known </B><I>Pavlov's famous experiment with the dog and the dinner bell </i><br><B>| unique </B><I>Brazil's unique experiment with alcohol-fuelled cars </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPERIMENT </U><B> carry out, conduct, do, perform | try </B><I>The school decided to try an experiment in single-sex teaching. </i><br><B>| design | set up | describe, report </B><I>a classic experiment reported in 1964 </i><br> </P> <P> <U> EXPERIMENT + VERB </U><B> confirm sth, demonstrate sth, find sth, illustrate sth, prove sth, show sth | indicate sth, suggest sth | be aimed at sth, be designed to do sth </B><I>an experiment aimed at cutting road deaths resulting from excessive speeding </i><br><B>| involve sth, use sth | be successful, work </B><I>If the conditions are not right, the experiment will not work. </i><br><B>| fail </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>The appropriate concentration of the drug is best determined by experiment. </i><br><B>| during an/the ~ </B><I>The animals seemed healthy during the experiment. </i><br><B>| in an/the ~ </B><I>In these experiments, chilling is necessary. </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>the country's brief experiment in multi-party democracy </i><br><B>| ~ on </B><I>The team carried out experiments on cancer tissue. </i><br><B>| ~ with </B><I>conducting an experiment with zinc chips and hydrochloric acid </i><br> </P>",
"<p> <u> ADV. </u><b> successfully </b> </p> <p> <u> VERB + EXPERIMENT </u><b> begin to <br>| continue to </b> </p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> on </b><i>They experimented successfully on the plants to discover disease-resistant varieties. </i><br><b>| with </b><i>We have experimented with various different designs of kite. </i><br> </p>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, crucial, enormous, important, major, massive, strong | main | deeper, fundamental, profound | broad, far-reaching, wider </B><I>discussing the broader implications of the medical plan </i><br><B>| full </B><I>Now they realized the full implications of the new system. </i><br><B>| direct | clear, obvious | underlying | general | further | possible, potential | future, long-term | grave, serious | disturbing, frightening, ominous, sinister | adverse, damaging, negative | interesting | radical, revolutionary | practical </B><I>These results have important practical implications. </i><br><B>| commercial, constitutional, economic, educational, environmental, ethical, financial, ideological, legal, moral, philosophical, political, psychological, social </B><I>the constitutional implications of a royal divorce </i><br><B>| cost, health, policy, resource, safety, security, tax </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + IMPLICATION </U><B> carry, have </B><I>The emphasis on testing leads to greater stress among students and carries implications of failure. </i><br><B>| grasp, realize, understand | assess, consider, examine, explore, ponder, study </B><I>You need to consider the legal implications before you publish anything. </i><br><B>| digest | discuss | explain | accept </B><I>a society that fully accepts the implications of disability </i><br><B>| reject | ignore </B> </P> <P> <U> IMPLICATION + VERB </U><B> arise </B><I>Several interesting implications arise from these developments. </i><br><B>| be involved </B><I>Given the resource implications involved, the plan will have to be scaled down. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ about </B><I>disturbing implications about the company's future </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>The research has far-reaching implications for medicine as a whole. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> clear, obvious </B><I>The implication is clear: young females do better if they mate with a new male. </i><br><B>| possible </B><I>His remark seemed to have various possible implications. </i><br> <B>| unspoken </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + IMPLICATION </U><B> carry, have | understand | digest </B><I>Brian paused for a moment while he digested the implications of this statement. </i><br> | resent </B><I>I resent the implication that I don't care about my father. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>In refusing to believe our story, he is saying by implication that we are lying. </i><br> </P>",
"<p> <u> ADV. </u><b> fully, properly, thoroughly | carefully, systematically </b><i>The evidence should be carefully evaluated. </i><br><b>| critically | positively </b><i>The role of stay-at-home mother is more positively evaluated in working-class communities. </i><br> </p> <p> <u> VERB + EVALUATE </u><b> aim to, attempt to, be designed to | help (to) </b><i>to help evaluate the success of the campaign </i><br><b>| be used to </b><i>criteria used to evaluate employees' performance </i><br><b>| be difficult to, be hard to</b> </p>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> absurd, peculiar, ridiculous | hazy, vague | faintest, foggiest </B><I>I haven't the faintest notion how to get there. </i><br><B>| romantic | accepted, conventional, traditional | preconceived | general </B><I>There seems to be a general notion that nothing can be done about the problem. </i><br><B>| simple, simplistic </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + NOTION </U><B> have </B><I>He's got some vague notion that people will be queueing up to finance the project. </i><br><B>| reject | accept | support | dispel </B><I>We must dispel this notion that you can rely on the state for everything. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ of </B><I>They have come to reject the traditional notion of womanhood. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> severe, tight, tough | major | petty </B><I>The removal of petty restrictions has made life easier. </i><br><B>| absolute | further | artificial </B><I>free movement of goods between member countries without any artificial restrictions </i><br><B>| proposed | contractual, government, legal, statutory | advertising, age, credit, financial, import, parking, price, reporting </B>(= restrictions on information that newspapers may report), <B>speed, time, trade, travel, visa </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESTRICTION </U><B> impose, introduce, place </B><I>The government has introduced tough new import restrictions. </i><br><B>| lift, remove </B><I>The press asked for restrictions on reporting the war to be lifted. </i><br><B>| accept | be subject to </B><I>The right of sale is subject to certain restrictions. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> RESTRICTION + VERB </U><B> affect sth, apply </B><I>The 30 mph speed restriction applies in all built-up areas. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> RESTRICTION + NOUN </U><B> order </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> without ~ </B><I>Citizens of the EU can travel without restriction within the EU. </i><br><B>| ~ on/upon </B><I>The regulations were seen as a restriction on personal freedom. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, seem, sound | become </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> extremely, very | strictly </B><I>Learning was by rote and strictly formal. </i><br><B>| almost </B><I>The greeting was polite, almost formal. </i><br><B>| fairly, quite, rather, relatively | oddly </B><I>Her words sounded oddly formal. </i><br><B>| stiffly </B><I>His manner was stiffly formal. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> merely, purely </B><I>Getting approval for the plan is a purely formal matter: nobody will seriously oppose it. </i><br><B>| largely </B><I>The monarch retains largely formal duties. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> successful | bloody, violent </B><I>Thousands of people were killed in the bloody revolution that toppled the government. </i><br><B>| bloodless, peaceful | popular | political | anti-communist, anti-democratic, etc. | communist, socialist, etc. | palace | bourgeois, proletarian | world </B><I>Some Marxists still believe that socialism will one day triumph through world revolution. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + REVOLUTION </U><B> carry out, conduct, fight, foment, stage </B><I>The activists were charged with fomenting revolution. </i><br><B>| crush, put down | call for </B> </P> <P> <U> REVOLUTION + VERB </U><B> break out | spread | overthrow sth, topple sth </B><I>the revolution which overthrew the old regime </i><br><B>| fail </B><I>the failed 1911 revolution </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ against </B><I>a revolution against communist rule </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the outbreak of the revolution, revolution from above/below </B>(= fought by people already in power/by people without political power), <B>the threat of revolution </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> quiet </B><I>There has been a quiet revolution in the way writing is taught. </i><br><B>| complete | virtual | minor | agrarian, agricultural, computer, cultural, economic, electronic, environmental, industrial, political, scientific, sexual, social, technological </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + REVOLUTION </U><B> achieve, bring (about) </B><I>The coming of television brought about a revolution in people's leisure activities. </i><br><B>| undergo </B><I>Marketing has undergone a revolution in recent years. </i><br><B>| embrace, welcome </B><I>Doctors have welcomed the fitness revolution. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> REVOLUTION + VERB </U><B> take place </B><I>As the eighteenth century wore on, an agricultural revolution took place. </i><br><B>| transform sth </B><I>The computer revolution has transformed the workplace. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ in </B><I>He achieved a virtual revolution in the way music is recorded. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> successfully, well </B><I>The children have adapted well to the heat. </i><br><B>| quickly | easily, readily </B><I>The company can easily adapt to changing demand. </i><br><B>| accordingly </B><I>We need to assess the new situation and adapt accordingly. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADAPT </U><B> be able/unable to, can/cannot | have to, must | need to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the ability to adapt </B><I>Some animals have a remarkable ability to adapt to changing environments. </i><br><B>| find it difficult/hard to adapt </B><I>A lot of companies have found it hard to adapt to the new system. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>to adapt a book for television. </i><br><B>| from </B><I>The radio play had been adapted from a novel. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> specially adapted </B><I>The classroom has been specially adapted to take wheelchairs. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> close </B><I>She is still in close contact with Sarah. </i><br><B>| regular | direct </B><I>Have you had any direct contact with the director of the company? </i><br><B>| face-to-face </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTACT </U><B> be in, have | come into, establish, get in, make </B><I>In his job, he comes into contact with many different people. We first established contact with the organization in 1999. When I arrive in New York, I'll get in contact with him. </i><br><B>| put sb in </B><I>I put my cousin in contact with a friend who works at the company. </i><br><B>| keep, maintain, stay in </B><I>Maintaining contact after many years can be difficult. </i><br><B>| break off | lose </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ between </B><I>There has been no contact between them for several years. </i><br><B>| ~ with </B><I>I have very little contact with Simon now. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> good, useful, valuable | business, personal </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTACT </U><B> have </B><I>He has a lot of good contacts in the music industry. </i><br><B>| build up, make </B><I>It takes time to build up contacts. I made a lot of useful business contacts at the conference. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> physical, sexual </B><I>The disease is transmitted through physical contact. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTACT </U><B> come into </B><I>Do not let the glue come into contact with water. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>For a brief moment their lips were in contact. </i><br><B>| on ~ </B><I>The light will go out on contact with water. </i><br><B>| ~ between </B><I>There should be no contact between the separate samples. </i><br><B>| ~ with</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> long-term, permanent | casual, fixed-term, short-term | three-year, two-year, etc. | formal, written | verbal | legal, valid | void </B><I>The contract was declared void. </i><br><B>| enforceable, unenforceable </B><I>(law) </i><br><B>| big, important, major | lucrative | business, commercial | employment, maintenance, research, service | catering, construction, haulage | marriage </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONTRACT </U><B> have </B><I>Many workers do not have written contracts. </i><br><B>| bid for, tender for </B><I>Eighteen companies are bidding for the contract. </i><br><B>| award (sb), give sb | get, win | lose </B><I>The firm lost the contract to a large London company. </i><br><B>| negotiate </B><I>She managed to negotiate a permanent contract with the firm. </i><br><B>| draw up, write | conclude, enter into, make, sign </B><I>He entered into a contract with his former employer. </i><br><B>| carry out, execute </B><I>the firm carrying out the construction contract </i><br><B>| cancel, end, repudiate </B><I>(law)</i><br>, <B>rescind </B><I>(law)</i><br>, <B>terminate </B><I>Either party can terminate the contract at any time. </i><br><B>| be subject to </B><I>The offer has been accepted, subject to contract </i><br>(= the agreement is not legally binding before contracts are signed)</B><I>. </i><br><B>| be in breach of, break, violate </B><I>If you go on strike you will be in breach of contract. </i><br><B>| enforce </B><I>(law) </i><br><B>| exchange </B><I>(law) When a house is auctioned the successful bidder must exchange contracts immediately and pay a deposit. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + VERB </U><B> expire </B><I>The contract expires at the end of next year. </i><br><B>| be worth sth </B><I>a series of major contracts worth millions of pounds </i><br> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + NOUN </U><B> worker </B>(= one on a fixed-term contract) <B>| law </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>They put a clause in the contract stipulating that the work should be finished by next month. </i><br><B>| on a ~ </B><I>He's on a three-year fixed-term contract. </i><br><B>| under ~ (to) </B><I>At that stage of her career she was still under contract to one of the big Hollywood studios. </i><br><B>| under a/the ~ </B><I>Under her contract of employment, Mrs Lee could not be required to work at a different site. </i><br><B>| ~ between </B><I>the contract between the employer and the employee </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>They won a contract for the delivery of five fighter planes. </i><br><B>| ~ with </B><I>Do you have a contract with your employer? </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> (a) breach of contract </B><I>The company is being sued for breach of contract. </i><br><B>| a contract of employment/sale </B><I>You should make sure that you have a formal contract of employment. </i><br><B>| the terms of a contract </B><I>By using cheaper materials, the company has broken the terms of its contract. </i><br><B>| under the terms of a contract </B><I>Under the terms of the contract the job should have been finished yesterday. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERB + CONTRACT </U><B> take out | have out </B><I>He has a contract out on you. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> CONTRACT + NOUN </U><B> killer, killing </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ on </B><I>She took out a contract on her ex-husband. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> approximate | exact, precise </B><I>It is important to measure the exact dimensions of the room. </i><br><B>| overall | compact </B><I>Despite the unit's compact dimensions, there's still plenty of room for expansion. </i><br><B>| considerable </B><I>a structure of considerable dimensions </i><br><B>| fourth, second, third </B><I>The fourth dimension, time, is also finite in extent. </i><br><B>| physical, space/spatial, temporal/time | horizontal, vertical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DIMENSION </U><B> check, measure </B><I>Can we just check the dimensions of the bedroom again? </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in two/three dimensions </B><I>a model in three dimensions </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> added, additional, different, extra, further, new | distinct </B><I>In looking at population ageing we will consider two distinct dimensions. </i><br><B>| wider </B><I>There is a wider dimension to the question. </i><br><B>| crucial, essential, important, main, major, significant | global, international, local, national, regional </B><I>Communication via the Internet gives an important international dimension to the project. </i><br><B>| aesthetic, class, cultural, economic, ethical, historical, human, ideological, moral, personal, political, religious, social, spiritual </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DIMENSION </U><B> add, give (sth) </B><I>Her illness adds an extra dimension to the problem. </i><br><B>| have </B><I>The affair had a different dimension now. </i><br><B>| acquire, take on </B><I>The crisis acquired a new dimension. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to </B><I>the spiritual dimension to our lives </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> brief, short | blow-by-blow, comprehensive, detailed, full, graphic, vivid </B><I>He gave us a blow-by-blow account of the incident. </i><br><B>| accurate, clear, eyewitness, factual, first-hand, true, verbatim | glowing, good </B><I>She received a glowing account of her son's progress. </i><br><B>| newspaper </B><I>the newspaper account of the trial </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ACCOUNT </U><B> give (sb), provide (sb with), write (sb) </B><I>Can you give us an account of what happened? </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in an/the ~ </B><I>Dr Richards describes this very well in his account of the events. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> by all accounts </B>(= according to what people say) <I>I've never been there, but it's a lovely place by all accounts. </i><br><B>| by sb's own account </B><I>By his own account he had an unhappy childhood. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> bank, building society | current | deposit, investment, savings | personal | business | joint, separate </B><I>My husband and I have separate accounts. </i><br><B>| numbered </B><I>They have a numbered account in Switzerland. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ACCOUNT </U><B> have, hold </B><I>Go and see the manager of the bank where your account is held. </i><br><B>| open </B><I>She opened a savings account at the building society. </i><br><B>| close | credit sth to, pay/put sth into </B><I>The money will be credited to your account tomorrow. </i><br><B>| debit (sth from), draw sth out (of), pay sth from, take sth out (of), withdraw sth (from) </B><I>She had taken all her money out of her account. </i><br><B>| overdraw </B><I>Your account is overdrawn. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ at </B><I>He opened an account at a bank in Germany. </i><br><B>| ~ with </B><I>an account with Barclays Bank </i><br> </P>",
"<p> <u> VERB + ACCOUNT </u><b> do, keep </b><i>Try to keep accurate accounts. </i><br><b>| audit, check, look at | submit </b><i>Your accounts will need to be submitted to the tax office. </i><br> </p> <p> <u> ACCOUNT + VERB </u><b> be in order </b><i>The accounts are all in order. </i></p>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> expense </B>(= an arrangement to charge expenses to your own employers) <I>taking clients for expense account lunches </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ACCOUNT </U><B> have | open </B><I>I'd like to open an account, please. </i><br><B>| close | pay off, settle </B><I>It is best to settle the account each month. </i><br> | charge sth to, debit (sth from), put sth on </B><I>Charge this to my account, please. </i><br><B>| credit sth to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on ~ </B><I>Ring for a cab on account. </i><br><B>| ~ at/with </B><I>an account with a large store </i><br> </P> </DIV><DIV class=\"item\"><P class=\"word\"><B>account </B><I>verb </i><br><B>PHRASAL VERBS account for sth </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> fully </B><I>The increase can be fully accounted for. </i><br><B>| partly </B><I>The differences in achievement between the pupils are partly accounted for by differences in age. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> annual, monthly | latest | reliable | vital | bald, raw </B><I>The bald statistics tell us nothing about the underlying trends. </i><br><B>| government, national, official, police | accident, crime, criminal, economic, health, population, transport, unemployment, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + STATISTICS </U><B> prepare, produce | keep </B><I>We no longer keep statistics on former employees. </i><br><B>| release </B> </P> <P> <U> STATISTICS + VERB </U><B> indicate sth, prove sth, reveal sth, show sth, tell sb sth | suggest sth </B> </P> <P> <U> STATISTICS + NOUN </U><B> office </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> according to ~ </B><I>According to official statistics, the island had 37 inhabitants. </i><br><B>| ~ on </B><I>The government has released new statistics on the cost of living. </i><br>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> basic, central, dominant, important, key, main, major, underlying | broad, general | common, popular, universal </B><I>universal themes of love and loneliness </i><br><B>| constant, familiar, favourite, recurrent, recurring | related | unifying | contemporary, topical | historical, religious, etc. | campaign, conference, research | musical </B><I>The film's haunting musical theme stayed in my head for days. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + THEME </U><B> develop, discuss, examine, explore </B><I>His later novels develop the theme of alienation. </i><br><B>| warm to </B><I>‘Our work’, he continued, warming to his theme, ‘will be a milestone in scientific history.’ </i><br> </P> <P> <U> THEME + VERB </U><B> emerge </B><I>Several familiar themes emerged from the discussion. </i><br><B>| run through sth </B><I>The same themes run through all her novels. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> THEME + NOUN </U><B> music, song, tune | park, pub </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on the ~ of </B><I>He gave a talk on the theme of teenage unemployment. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> variations on a theme </B><I>Most of the essays appear to be variations on a few central themes. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> accurately, precisely </B><I>The machine can accurately locate radioactive material. </i><br><B>| quickly | easily </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + LOCATE </U><B> be able/unable to, can/could </B><I>We haven't yet been able to locate a suitable site. </i><br><B>| try to | fail to | be easy to </B><I>Some stars are quite easy to locate with a telescope. </i><br><B>| be difficult to 2 be located </B>be in a place </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> centrally </B><I>The hotel is centrally located between Dam Square and Central Station. </i><br><B>| conveniently, ideally, strategically | physically </B><I>Two people can meet in virtual reality even if physically located in different continents. </i><br><B>| abroad </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> at, between, close to, in, on, near, outside, within, etc. </B><I>Your accommodation is conveniently located within walking distance of the town centre. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, prove, seem | remain | consider sth, think sth </B><I>The trains were not considered adequate for use on the modern railways. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> really, very | perfectly, quite, totally | more than </B><I>The system is more than adequate to deal with any problems. </i><br><B>| barely, hardly, less than, not entirely, not wholly </B><I>The grants given to students are less than adequate. </i><br><B>| more or less </B><I>The amount of money we have been given is more or less adequate. </i><br><B>| still | no longer </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>The old computer is still perfectly adequate for most tasks. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, look, seem, sound | make sth </B><I>The hotel's size makes it ideal for large conferences. </i><br><B>| consider sth </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> absolutely | almost | less than </B><I>Language learning often takes place in a less than ideal environment. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>The houses are absolutely ideal for families with young children. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high, lofty, noble </B><I>Sam was a real leader who had high moral ideals. </i><br><B>| unattainable </B><I>This is not an unattainable ideal. </i><br><B>| aesthetic, artistic, ethical, moral, political | democratic, liberal, revolutionary, socialist </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + IDEAL </U><B> be committed to, be devoted to, believe in, cling to, espouse, have, support </B><I>They still clung to the old ideals. </i><br><B>| pursue, strive for | achieve, attain, be true to, conform to, live up to </B><I>A journalist should always live up to the ideals of truth, decency, and justice. </i><br><B>| fall short of </B><I>This agreement falls far short of the ideal. </i><br><B>| abandon, betray </B><I>She was accused of betraying her political ideals. </i><br><B>| embody, reflect </B><I>the democratic ideals embodied in the charter </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> competing, differing | prevailing </B><I>humanism?the prevailing philosophy today in the Western world </i><br><B>| basic, general, underlying | personal | homespun, simple </B><I>the homespun philosophy that kept her going during this difficult period </i><br><B>| liberal | design, economic, educational, management, market, political, religious, social </B><I>a furniture-maker's design philosophy </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PHILOSOPHY </U><B> develop, formulate </B><I>developing a personal philosophy </i><br><B>| articulate | adopt, embrace, espouse | reject </B> </P> <P> <U> PHILOSOPHY + VERB </U><B> inform sth, underlie sth, underpin sth </B><I>the philosophy underlying the education system </i><br><B>| prevail </B><I>the management philosophy which prevailed at that time </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ behind </B><I>The new measures were introduced with no explanation of the philosophy behind them. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a philosophy of life/mind</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> large, significant, sizeable, substantial | small, tiny | vociferous </B><I>the view of a small but vociferous minority </i><br><B>| ethnic, national, racial, religious | oppressed, persecuted </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MINORITY </U><B> belong to | discriminate against </B> </P> <P> <U> MINORITY + NOUN </U><B> opinion, view | community, group | government </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> among a/the ~ </B><I>You are definitely among the minority. </i><br><B>| from a/the~ </B><I>people from ethnic minorities </i><br><B>| in a/the ~ </B><I>We are in the minority on this issue. </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>a sizeable minority of the population </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> only a minority </B><I>Only a tiny minority of holidays are affected. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> acceptable, plausible | bold </B><I>Scientists have proposed a bold hypothesis. </i><br><B>| unlikely | speculative | testable | working </B><I>These observations appear to support our working hypothesis. </i><br><B>| scientific </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + HYPOTHESIS </U><B> construct, form, formulate, have, make, propose, put forward, suggest </B><I>It is possible to make a hypothesis on the basis of this graph. A number of hypotheses have been put forward. </i><br><B>| consider, discuss, examine, test (out) </B><I>using this data to test her hypothesis </i><br><B>| confirm, prove, support | accept | reject </B><I>None of the hypotheses can be rejected at this stage. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + HYPOTHESIS </U><B> concern sth </B><I>Her hypothesis concerns the role of electromagnetic radiation. </i><br><B>| predict sth </B><I>The hypothesis predicts that children will perform better on task A than on task B. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on a/the ~ </B><I>Her study is based on the hypothesis that language simplification is possible. </i><br><B>| ~ about </B><I>an interesting hypothesis about the development of language </i><br><B>| ~ on </B><I>The results confirmed his hypothesis on the use of modal verbs. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> strong | consistent, constant, steady | accelerating, growing, increasing | underlying </B><I>Despite this month's disappointing figures, the underlying trend is healthy. </i><br><B>| dominant, main, major, prevailing | gradual | clear, marked | general | apparent, discernible | global, national, international, universal, worldwide | wider </B><I>The increase in crime in London was just part of a wider trend. </i><br><B>| positive, upward | downward, negative | contrary, opposite | healthy, welcome | adverse, dangerous, disturbing, unfortunate, worrying | fashion | demographic, population | cultural, social | evolutionary, historical | economic, market | growth, inflationary </B><I>The latest figures show a clear growth trend in the service sector. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TREND </U><B> begin, create, set, start </B><I>In the 1960s, Britain set the fashion trends. </i><br><B>| continue | follow </B><I>We are following the American trend towards more flexible working conditions. </i><br><B>| reinforce | buck, counteract, go against </B><I>efforts to buck the current downward trend in sales </i><br><B>| reverse | halt | detect, notice | indicate, reflect, show, suggest </B><I>The data indicates a trend towards earlier retirement. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> TREND + VERB </U><B> develop, emerge | continue | indicate sth, reflect sth, suggest sth </B><I>Current trends suggest that car traffic will continue to grow. </i><br><B>| grow </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ away from </B><I>a trend away from narrow specialization </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>A trend for romance and nostalgia has emerged. </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>future trends in the volume of employment </i><br><B>| ~ towards </B><I>the trend towards privatization </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> fair | mutual, two-way </B><I>We get together once a month for a mutual exchange of ideas. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ (for) </B><I>Woollen cloth and timber were sent to Egypt in exchange for linen or papyrus. </i><br><B>| ~ between </B><I>There were exchanges of goods between the two regions. </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>She considered free language lessons a fair exchange for free accommodation. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> brief | acrimonious, angry, bitter, heated, sharp | verbal </B><I>a bitter verbal exchange </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ about </B><I>angry exchanges about the problem of unemployment </i><br><B>| ~ between </B><I>There were many acrimonious exchanges between the two men. </i><br><B>| ~ with </B><I>Opposition MPs were involved in heated exchanges with the prime minister. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> an exchange of views </B><I>She had a full and frank exchange of views with her boss before resigning. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> academic, cultural | student, youth | official </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXCHANGE </U><B> go on </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on an/the ~ </B><I>She is in France on a student exchange. </i><br><B>| ~ to </B><I>He's gone on an exchange to Rome. </i><br><B>| ~ with </B><I>an exchange with a German student </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high, large </B><I>The area has a high percentage of unemployed men. </i><br><B>| low, small </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PERCENTAGE </U><B> calculate | express sth as </B><I>This figure can be expressed as a percentage of the total. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PERCENTAGE + NOUN </U><B> point </B><I>Unemployment has fallen by two percentage points this month. </i><br><B>| rate </B><I>Insurance contributions are paid at a fixed percentage rate on all earnings. </i><br><B>| figure | increase, rise </B><I>the percentage rise in the average salary </i><br><B>| decline, fall, reduction | share </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ of </B><I>What percentage of women own a car? </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in percentage terms </B><I>The numbers are relatively low in percentage terms. </i><br><B>| on a percentage basis </B><I>The artist's agent receives commission on a percentage basis. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, prove, seem, sound | consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as </B><I>Do you really regard that explanation as sufficient? </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> quite | far from | barely, hardly, scarcely </B><I>Our budget is scarcely sufficient to pay people, let alone buy any new equipment. </i><br><B>| just | almost </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>The salary proved sufficient for his needs. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> convincing, credible, good, likely, logical, natural, obvious, plausible, probable, rational </B><I>The most likely explanation is that his plane was delayed. </i><br><B>| implausible, inadequate, unlikely | acceptable, adequate, reasonable, satisfactory, sufficient | no apparent </B><I>There was no apparent explanation for the attack. </i><br><B>| clear, coherent | complete, comprehensive, detailed, full | partial | complex, complicated | easy, simple | innocent, prosaic </B><I>There's sure to be a perfectly innocent explanation for all this?though I admit it looks bizarre. </i><br><B>| convenient | accepted, traditional </B><I>There is no generally accepted explanation of this practice. </i><br><B>| official | possible </B> | correct, real, true | brief | <B>lengthy, long | verbal | general | common </B><I>the common explanations for hooliganism </i><br><B>| only, sole </B><I>It's the only explanation that makes any kind of sense. </i><br><B>| causal </B><I>The causal explanation must be that old age causes poverty, not that poverty causes people to be old. </i><br><B>| ad hoc, post hoc </B><I>post hoc </i><br>(= after the event) </B><I>explanations of historical changes that would have made no sense to anyone living at the time </i><br> <B>| cultural, historical, political, psychological, scientific, sociological, technical, theoretical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPLANATION </U><B> have </B><I>I had no explanation for her strange behaviour. </i><br><B>| give (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with) </B><I>He only offered a partial explanation for his lateness. </i><br><B>| enter into, go into, launch into </B><I>She launched into a detailed explanation of every aspect of her work. </i><br><B>| advance, propose, put forward </B><I>one explanation advanced by Marxist historians </i><br><B>| call for, need, require </B><I>An explanation is clearly called for. </i><br><B>| look for, seek | find, think of </B><I>I can think of one possible explanation for her behaviour. </i><br><B>| ask for, demand </B><I>She wrote to the company demanding an explanation. </i><br><B>| wait for | deserve, merit </B><I>I suppose you deserve an explanation. </i><br><B>| owe sb </B><I>I think you owe me an explanation. </i><br><B>| accept | defy </B><I>Her success has been so remarkable as to defy explanation. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> EXPLANATION + VERB </U><B> lie </B><I>The simplest explanation for his achievements lies in his greater ability and superiority over his contemporaries at university. </i><br><B>| emerge, occur to sb, present itself, suggest itself </B><I>No single clear explanation emerged from the experiments. A more credible explanation now occurred to her. Another quite plausible explanation presented itself. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>‘I've worked with them before, you see,’ he added, in explanation. </i><br><B>| without ~ </B><I>She left suddenly and without explanation. </i><br> <B>| ~ about </B><I>He entered into a technical explanation about software and programming. </i><br><B>| ~ as to </B><I>He provided no explanation as to why he was late. </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>There is probably some perfectly logical explanation for their behaviour. </i><br><B>| ~ from </B><I>We are still waiting for a full explanation from the teacher concerned. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> an attempt at explanation </B><I>The men left quickly with no attempt at explanation. </i><br><B>| by way of explanation </B><I>‘I had to see you, ’ he said, by way of explanation. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, feel, look, sound | become, get, grow </B><I>He got quite emotional during the speech. </i><br><B>| make sb </B><I>Having all her friends around her made her very emotional. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> deeply, extremely, highly, very | quite, rather </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> about </B><I>Don't be so emotional about everything! </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in an emotional state </B><I>He was in a very emotional state. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> clear, definite, marked, strong | slight | individual, personal </B><I>It's a matter of personal preference. </i><br><B>| consumer | first, second, etc. </B><I>Local voters gave Harry West first preference. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PREFERENCE </U><B> have </B><I>Do you have any particular preference? </i><br><B>| demonstrate | express, indicate, show, state | give sb </B><I>Preference is given to students who have passed maths and chemistry. </i><br><B>| receive </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for ~ </B><I>I choose motorways when driving, for preference. </i><br><B>| in ~ to </B><I>They bought French planes in preference to British ones. </i><br><B>| ~ as to/with regard to </B><I>He has not expressed a preference as to which school he wants to go to. </i><br><B>| ~ between </B><I>people's preferences between brown, white and wholemeal bread </i><br><B>| ~ for sth (over sth) </B><I>the government's preference for tax cuts over greater public spending </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>changing preferences in furniture styles </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in order of preference </B><I>List the candidates in order of preference. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> accurately, exactly </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> according to </B><I>The amount is calculated according to the number of years you have paid into the scheme. </i><br><B>| at </B><I>The sum involved was calculated at $82 million. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> area, dialling </B><I>What's the area code for Bath? </i><br><B>| post/postal | bar, charge | DNA, genetic | binary </B>(= a system of computer programming instructions) <B>| error </B>(= on a computer) </P> <P> <U> CODE + NOUN </U><B> number </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> strict | ethical, moral | civil, criminal, disciplinary, penal | Highway </B><I>the Highway Code </i><br>(= the official rules for users of public roads in Britain) <B>| dress </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CODE </U><B> have | devise, draw up, establish, formulate, lay down </B><I>The company has drawn up a new disciplinary code. </i><br><B>| comply with, follow | break, infringe, violate </B><I>He was thrown out for infringing the club's strict dress code. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a code of behaviour/conduct/ethics/honour/practice </B><I>The profession has a strict code of practice. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> heavy, large, massive | good | adequate | poor </B><I>Our shower doesn't work very well because of the poor water flow. </i><br><B>| main | increased, increasing | ceaseless, constant, continuous, endless | free, uninterrupted </B><I>the uninterrupted flow of traffic </i><br><B>| even, smooth, steady </B><I>to maintain an even flow of work through the department </i><br><B>| easy, natural </B><I>I liked the concerto for its natural flow. </i><br><B>| outward </B><I>the outward flow of investment from the country </i><br><B>| annual, daily, seasonal | data, information | air, blood, gas, lava, menstrual, river, water | capital, cash, financial, investment, production, trade </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FLOW </U><B> have </B><I>Big pension funds have a constant flow of cash. </i><br> <B>| get, obtain </B><I>Squeeze the tube of sealant slowly to obtain an even flow. </i><br><B>| allow </B><I>We like to allow a free flow of ideas in our company. </i><br> <B>| produce, provide </B><I>The system provides a continuous flow of information to the market. </i><br><B>| keep, maintain </B><I>He kept up a flow of chatter. </i><br><B>| ensure </B><I>You must use a wide pipe to ensure an adequate flow of water. </i><br><B>| control, regulate | assist, encourage, facilitate, stimulate </B><I>to encourage the flow of revenue into the country </i><br><B>| enhance, improve, increase </B><I>The company is trying to enhance its cash flow. </i><br><B>| disrupt, impede, reduce, restrict, slow (down) </B><I>The continual bombing disrupted the flow of supplies to the ground troops. </i><br><B>| block, break (up), cut (off), halt, interrupt, staunch, stem, stop </B><I>They tried to staunch the flow of blood. </i><br><B>| divert </B><I>The main flow of water has been diverted to a new course. </i><br><B>| join | measure </B> </P> <P> <U> FLOW + NOUN </U><B> rate </B><I>The flow rate was measured at 9.5 litres per second. </i><br> <B>| chart, diagram </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> against the ~ </B><I>They have to swim against the flow of the river. </i><br> <B>| ~ around/round </B><I>air flows around the wings of an aircraft </i><br><B>| ~ from </B><I>First cut off the water flow from the boiler. </i><br><B>| ~ into </B><I>She joined the flow of immigrants to the country. </i><br><B>| ~ through </B><I>the flow of data through the system </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> changes in the flow </B><I>Changes in the flow of patients have reduced the number of beds available. </i><br><B>| the ebb and flow </B><I>the ebb and flow of the tide </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> abrupt, immediate, rapid, sudden | direct | gradual, phased, slow | awkward, difficult, painful | easy, smooth | non-violent, orderly, peaceful </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TRANSITION </U><B> bring about, cause, effect </B><I>The negotiators hoped to effect a smooth transition to an interim administration. </i><br><B>| complete, make </B><I>The company was slow to make the transition from paper to computer. </i><br><B>| undergo | mark </B><I>The ceremony marks the transition of the student to graduate status. </i><br><B>| ease, smooth </B> </P> <P> <U> TRANSITION + VERB </U><B> occur, take place | be complete </B><I>Her transition from girl to woman was complete. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> TRANSITION + NOUN </U><B> period, process | phase </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> during (the) ~ </B><I>He will remain head of state during the transition to democracy. </i><br><B>| in ~ </B><I>The country is in transition from an agricultural to an industrial society. </i><br><B>| ~ between </B><I>This training course aims to smooth the transition between education and employment. </i><br><B>| ~ from, ~ to </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a period of transition, a process of transition, a state of transition</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> early, first, initial, primary | second, secondary, etc. | current, latest, new, present | final, last | intermediate, transition | temporary | critical, crucial, important </B><I>the critical phase of the operation </i><br><B>| distinct </B><I>The period can be divided into three distinct phases. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PHASE </U><B> begin, enter, open, start </B><I>Society has entered a technological phase of evolution. </i><br><B>| go through </B><I>It's just a phase he's going through. </i><br><B>| complete, pass </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> during a/the ~ </B><I>During the first phase of expansion staff will move to the new offices. </i><br><B>| in a/the ~ </B><I>In the earliest phase of mental disorder, relatives feel confused. </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>a new phase in the European economy </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> extremely, overwhelmingly, truly, very </B><I>At the end of the 17th century England was still overwhelmingly rural. </i><br><B>| completely | largely, mainly, predominantly | semi-</B><I>the ideal of suburban or semi-rural living </i><br><B>| quite | essentially | pleasantly</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high, low </B><I>a band of light with high intensity </i><br><B>| fierce, great </B><I>The sun beat down with fierce intensity. He studied the report with great intensity. </i><br><B>| emotional | passionate </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INTENSITY </U><B> decrease (in), reduce (in) | grow in, increase (in) </B><I>Her headaches started to increase in intensity. </i><br><B>| vary in </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>The pain was growing in intensity. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> colour | CCTV, computer, television/TV, video </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on a/the ~ </B><I>The security staff can see all the outside of the building on their CCTV monitors. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> carefully, closely, rigorously, strictly </B><I>Television advertising is strictly monitored. </i><br><B>| regularly, routinely, systematically | constantly, continuously | effectively, properly | automatically </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MONITOR </U><B> be able to </B><I>We will now be able to monitor its progress more closely. </i><br><B>| continue to </B><I>The authorities will continue to monitor the situation. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>The workers are constantly monitored for exposure to radiation. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be | become | remain, stay | make sth </B><I>skills training to make our industries more competitive in world markets </i><br><B>| keep sth </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> extremely, fiercely, highly, intensely, very </B><I>a fiercely competitive sport highly competitive prices a very competitive person </i><br><B>| fairly, quite, rather </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with </B><I>Investment in research is needed to keep Britain competitive with countries like Japan. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> hollow </B><I>Each fibre has a hollow core trapping still air and aiding warmth. (figurative) There was a hollow core of sadness inside me. </i><br><B>| solid | copper, iron, etc. | reactor </B><I>nuclear reactor cores </i><br><B>| central, essential, inner, innermost, very </B><I>This is seen as the central core of the government's policy. A new spirit welled up from the very core of the nation. </i><br><B>| common </B><I>a common core of shared understanding about law and government </i><br><B>| hard </B><I>A hard core of supporters, mostly teenage girls, gathered at the airport to see the star arrive. </i><br><B>| emotional </B><I>the emotional core of her music </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CORE </U><B> form, make up </B><I>These ideas formed the core of his philosophy. </i><br><B>| get to </B><I>We want to get to the core of the problem. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> CORE + NOUN </U><B> activity, area, course, curriculum, discipline, module, programme, skill, subject </B><I>the core area of management studies Students study five core subjects. </i><br><B>| component, element, group | business, service </B><I>We need to stop this expansion and concentrate on the core business. </i><br><B>| belief, value | vocabulary </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> at sth's ~ </B><I>At the core of our convictions is belief in individual liberty. </i><br><B>| to the ~ </B><I>She was shaken to the core by the news. He's a politician to the core </i><br>(= in all his attitudes, beliefs and actions)</B><I>. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> total </B><I>the total volume of the containers </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>They sell screws and nails by volume. </i><br><B>| in ~ </B><I>2 litres in volume </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high | full, maximum | low </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VOLUME </U><B> increase, turn up | decrease, turn down | grow/increase/rise in | decrease/fall in </B> </P> <P> <U> VOLUME + NOUN </U><B> control </B><I>the volume control on the television </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> at … ~ </B><I>The car stereo was on at full volume. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> bound, leather-bound </B><I>a library full of bound volumes </i><br><B>| companion </B><I>a companion volume to the one on African wildlife </i><br><B>| rare </B><I>Only a specialist shop would have this rare volume. </i><br><B>| bulky, massive, substantial, thick, weighty | compact, slim | glossy </B><I>a forty-page, glossy volume about the company's products </i><br><B>| dusty | old | single | separate </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> series </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + VOLUME </U><B> publish </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>Her poems are now available in a single volume. </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>a volume of short stories </i><br><B>| ~ on </B><I>a volume on ancient history </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> run to five, several, etc. volumes </B><I>The encyclopedia is a huge work, running to 20 volumes. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> basic, broad, general | wider </B><I>The needs of individual schools need to be considered in a wider framework. </i><br><B>| existing | flexible | comprehensive | coherent | analytical, conceptual, theoretical | legal, political | administrative, management, policy | economic, financial | chronological, historical </B><I>Carbon dating provides the archaeologist with a basic chronological framework. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FRAMEWORK </U><B> establish, have, set </B><I>They established a basic framework of ground rules for discussions. </i><br><B>| offer (sb), provide (sb with) </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> outside a/the ~ </B><I>Negotiations were also conducted outside the framework of the treaty talks proper. </i><br><B>| within a/the ~ </B><I>The committee will work within the framework of certain broad objectives. </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>a legal framework for the regulation of public access to databases </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> fully | largely | clearly | expressly </B><I>These conditions must be expressly incorporated into the contract of employment. </i><br><B>| properly | gradually | quickly | eventually, finally | easily, readily </B><I>These new features can easily be incorporated. </i><br><B>| neatly | effectively | satisfactorily, successfully | necessarily | forcibly </B><I>the countries which Stalin forcibly incorporated into the Soviet empire </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> as </B><I>In 1940 the area was incorporated as part of the city of London. </i><br><B>| in </B><I>The data is now incorporated in the total figures. </i><br><B>| into </B><I>We can incorporate this information into our report. </i><br><B>| within </B><I>Results are incorporated within personalized medical records. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> brief </B><I>I did not see him again, except for a brief encounter on a train. </i><br><B>| casual, chance, unexpected </B><I>It was a chance encounter that led to the setting up of the new political party. </i><br><B>| close </B><I>I decided not to risk a second close encounter with the snakes. </i><br><B>| face-to-face | direct </B><I>The press conference was her first direct encounter with the media. </i><br><B>| unpleasant, violent | social </B><I>the language we use in everyday social encounters </i><br><B>| sexual </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENCOUNTER </U><B> have </B><I>I had my first encounter with the president two years ago. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ENCOUNTER + VERB </U><B> take place </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ between </B><I>violent encounters between police and protesters </i><br><B>| ~ with </B><I>my first encounter with my new boss </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> commonly, frequently, often, regularly </B><I>Walruses were commonly encountered in the Shetland Islands until quite recently. </i><br><B>| rarely | inevitably </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENCOUNTER </U><B> be likely to </B><I>What are the difficulties you are most likely to encounter? </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> above, already, earlier, previously </B><I>This is similar to the example cited above. </i><br><B>| commonly, frequently, often </B><I>The most commonly cited reasons for stopping the treatment were lack of efficacy and side effects. </i><br><B>| widely </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> as </B><I>He cited the fall in unemployment as one of the government's successes. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> chief, great, key, main | desirable, essential, important, necessary, positive, useful </B><I>Patience is an essential attribute for a teacher. </i><br><B>| common | divine, human | cultural, personal, physical, social </B><I>Her physical attributes were much admired. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ATTRIBUTE </U><B> have, possess</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> directly | solely | in large measure, largely, mainly | in part, partly </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>They claim that one i</i><br>n </B><I>twenty deaths can be directl</i><br>y </B><I>attributed to air pollution</i><br>. </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> be commonly/generally/usually/widely attributed to </B><I>The goals commonly attributed to management are status, power, salary and security. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, great, heavy, increased </B><I>schools that put a heavy emphasis on sporting achievement </i><br><B>| strong | main </B><I>discussing where the main emphasis should be placed </i><br><B>| particular, special </B><I>Examine the events leading to the war, with particular emphasis on France's role in them. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EMPHASIS </U><B> give, lay, place, put </B><I>The company lays great emphasis on customer care. </i><br><B>| shift </B><I>The Democrats shifted the emphasis away from direct taxation. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> EMPHASIS + VERB </U><B> move, shift </B><I>In recent years, the emphasis has moved away from punishing drug addicts towards helping them. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ on/upon </B><I>The emphasis is on keeping fit rather than developing lots of muscles. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a change/shift of emphasis </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> great </B><I>‘I’, he said with great emphasis, ‘was the one.’ </i><br><B>| slight </B><I>His slight emphasis on the word ‘Lady’ was definitely mocking. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EMPHASIS </U><B> put </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with ~ </B><I>She repeated the question with emphasis. </i><br><B>| ~ on </B><I>Put the emphasis on the second syllable. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> absolute, complete, total, utter </B><I>The whole thing has been a complete waste of time. </i><br><B>| colossal, great, tremendous | awful, criminal, senseless, shocking, terrible </B><I>a criminal waste of public money </i><br><B>| needless, unnecessary, useless | tragic </B><I>a tragic waste of human life </i><br><B>| expensive | conspicuous </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + WASTE </U><B> go to </B><I>If nobody comes all this food will go to waste. </i><br><B>| cause | avoid </B><I>Try to avoid unnecessary waste. </i><br><B>| cut down on, reduce | minimize </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ of </B><I>a waste of energy/resources </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> (not) entirely, (not) totally </B><I>In the end her efforts were not entirely wasted. </i><br><B>| just, simply </B><I>You're just wasting your breath. She never listens. </i><br><B>| largely </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + WASTE </U><B> can't afford to, not want to </B><I>He didn't want to waste valuable time in idle gossip. </i><br><B>| be/seem a shame to </B><I>It seems a shame to waste this good food. </i><br><B>| not be going to </B><I>I'm not going to waste any more time on the problem. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on </B><I>Don't waste your money on a hotel room. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> no time to waste </B><I>Hurry up?there's no time to waste! </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> favourable | hostile, unfavourable | current, present, prevailing | changed, changing | business, economic, emotional, financial, ideological, intellectual, moral, political, social </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CLIMATE </U><B> create </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>His ideas on equality are viewed as utopian in the current political climate. </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>a climate for economic recovery </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>The new policies have created a climate of fear. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a climate of opinion</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> considerably, enormously, fundamentally, greatly, markedly, radically, sharply, significantly, substantially, widely </B><I>The two approaches differ markedly Opinions differ widely on this issue. </i><br><B>| little | slightly, somewhat | clearly </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> according to </B><I>Conditions of employment differ according to the type of company you are working for. </i><br><B>| between </B><I>Social organization differs significantly between the different groups. </i><br><B>| from </B><I>His ideas differ little from those of his father. </i><br><B>| in </B><I>The models differ in size and shape. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERB + DIFFER </U><B> agree to </B><I>In the end we agreed to differ. </i><br><B>| beg to </B><I>I beg to differ </i><br>(= I disagree with you)</B><I>. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> about/over </B><I>The two sides still differ over details of the plan. </i><br><B>| on </B><I>The two parties differ on all the major issues. </i><br><B>| with </B><I>It didn't seem right that I should differ with him. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, sound | become, get </B><I>The conversation was getting a bit technical for me, so I left them to it. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> extremely, highly, very </B><I>A lot of the discussions were highly technical. </i><br><B>| purely </B><I>This is a purely technical problem. </i><br><B>| a bit, quite, rather, somewhat</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> effective, precise </B><I>an effective mechanism for enforcing the rules </i><br><B>| underlying | complex | social </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MECHANISM </U><B> provide </B><I>The system provides a mechanism whereby information is channelled into the market. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> MECHANISM + VERB </U><B> operate, work | allow sth, ensure sth </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by/through the ~ of </B><I>The government is held accountable through the mechanism of regular general elections. </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>a mechanism for dealing with complaints </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complete, comprehensive, detailed, full </B><I>The catalogue gives a full description of each product. </i><br><B>| accurate, apt, exact, excellent, fair, fitting, good, perfect </B><I>‘Like a fish out of water’ was an apt description of how I felt in my new job. </i><br><B>| vivid </B><I>a vivid description of life in Ancient Rome </i><br><B>| graphic, lurid </B><I>She gave us a lurid description of the birth. </i><br><B>| lengthy, long | brief, short | basic, simple | vague | objective </B><I>A report is generally an objective description rather than a statement of opinion. </i><br><B>| physical | job </B><I>There was no mention of any cleaning in my job description. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DESCRIPTION </U><B> give (sb), issue, provide (sb with) </B><I>Police have issued a description of the gunman. She was able to provide a description of the intruder. </i><br><B>| fit </B><I>A man fitting your description was seen entering the building. </i><br><B>| beggar, defy </B><I>His face was so odd that it defies description. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> DESCRIPTION + VERB </U><B> apply to sb, fit sb </B><I>I realized to my horror that the description of the killer fitted me. </i><br> </P>",
"<p> <u> ADV. </u><b> boldly, confidently, emphatically, forcefully, strongly </b><i>The report asserts confidently that the industry will grow. </i><br><b>| directly, explicitly | simply </b><i>He had no real evidence?he simply asserted that what he said was true. </i><br><b>| repeatedly | rightly</b></p>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, great, real, substantial | limited | invaluable, valuable | practical | special | direct, emergency, immediate </B><I>People in the flooded areas are in need of direct assistance. </i><br><B>| mutual </B><I>The treaty pledged mutual assistance in the event of an attack on either country. </i><br><B>| expert, professional | external, outside | foreign, international | government, national </B><I>They argued the case for extra government assistance for the poorest regions. </i><br><B>| public, social, welfare </B><I>the stigma attached to receiving social assistance </i><br><B>| personal </B><I>disabled people who need personal assistance to enable them to live in their own homes </i><br><B>| humanitarian | economic, financial, legal, material, medical, military, technical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSISTANCE </U><B> give sb, offer (sb), provide, render </B><I>We provide assistance if your car breaks down. </i><br><B>| get, receive </B><I>Did you receive any assistance from the authorities? </i><br><B>| pledge, promise (sb) </B><I>The World Bank promised assistance to the value of $5 million. </i><br><B>| be in need of, need, require | expect | ask for, call for, seek </B><I>I advise you to seek assistance from the police. </i><br><B>| turn to sb for </B><I>She had no one to turn to for assistance. </i><br><B>| be of, come to sb's </B><I>Do let us know if we can be of any assistance to you. A sympathetic neighbour came to his assistance. </i><br><B>| welcome </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with/without ~ </B><I>The work was completed with the assistance of local carpenters. </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>humanitarian assistance for refugees </i><br><B>| ~ from </B><I>assistance from friends and family </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>assistance in finding suitable accommodation </i><br><B>| ~ with </B><I>assistance with rent for people on a low income </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> considerably, drastically, greatly, heavily, profoundly, radically, significantly, substantially </B><I>The original text has been modified so radically that it is barely recognizable. </i><br><B>| a little, partially, partly, slightly, somewhat | gradually | constantly | specially | appropriately, suitably | accordingly | chemically, genetically </B><I>genetically modified organisms </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MODIFY </U><B> have to, need to </B><I>You may need to modify your plans a little. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> highly modified, in a modified form </B><I>These ideas are still used today, though in a slightly modified form. </i><br><B>| a modified version </B><I>using a highly modified version of the program </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complete, total | enforced </B><I>the enforced isolation of life in an Arctic weather station </i><br><B>| diplomatic, geographical, political | international </B><I>The country could face international isolation if it does not withdraw its troops. </i><br><B>| emotional, social </B><I>the social isolation of single mothers at home with their babies </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ISOLATION </U><B> experience, suffer (from) </B><I>Many immigrants experience isolation. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ISOLATION + NOUN </U><B> hospital, ward </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>The figures should not be looked at in isolation but as part of a pattern. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in splendid isolation </B><I>The tower stands in splendid isolation on the cliff edge. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> vast | new </B><I>The explorers set off to conquer new territories. </i><br><B>| former </B><I>former French territories </i><br><B>| neighbouring, surrounding | home, national | alien, foreign, overseas | enemy, hostile | neutral | colonial, dependent | sovereign </B><I>Troops were stationed on sovereign German territory. </i><br><B>| conquered, lost, occupied </B><I>a town in British-occupied territory </i><br><B>| unoccupied | disputed | familiar | uncharted, unexplored, unknown, virgin | dangerous </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TERRITORY </U><B> hold | annex, capture, conquer, invade, occupy, recapture, take | control, govern, rule </B><I>The territory had been controlled by Azerbaijan for many years. </i><br><B>| cede, surrender | explore </B><I>(often figurative) Tired of writing detective novels, she began to explore new territory. </i><br><B>| settle </B><I>The territory was never densely settled. </i><br><B>| enter | leave | overfly </B><I>The plane was shot down while overflying enemy territory. </i><br><B>| stray into </B><I>The soldiers strayed into hostile territory. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> common | doubtful, obscure, unknown </B><I>a letter of doubtful origin </i><br><B>| true | ancient, early, primitive | recent </B><I>The term ‘black hole’ is of very recent origin. </i><br><B>| immediate </B><I>The development had its immediate origins in discussions with management. </i><br><B>| African, English, etc. | foreign | local | mixed | natural | supernatural | environmental, geographical, historical, intellectual | animal, human, mineral, plant, vegetable </B><I>foods of animal origin We shouldn't forget our animal origins. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ORIGIN </U><B> have, share </B><I>The vases share common origins. </i><br><B>| investigate, trace | owe </B><I>Population genetics owes its origin to Francis Galton. </i><br><B>| explain | reflect </B> </P> <P> <U> ORIGIN + VERB </U><B> go back to sth, lie in sth </B><I>The origins of Gdansk go back to the tenth century. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>The rock is volcanic in origin. </i><br><B>| of … ~ </B><I>a painting of unknown origin </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> sth's country of origin </B><I>Bottles are labelled by country of origin. </i><br><B>| have its origin in sth </B><I>The dispute had its origin in the Battle of Wakefield. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> African, English, etc. | foreign | mixed | class, ethnic, national, racial, social | middle-class, noble, peasant, slave, working-class | humble, lowly </B><I>He had risen from humble origins through hard work. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ORIGIN </U><B> trace </B><I>Their family can trace its origins back to the Norman Conquest. </i><br><B>| betray </B><I>Her accent betrayed her working-class origins. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>He is a Londoner by origin. </i><br><B>| in ~ </B><I>Her family is Portuguese in origin. </i><br><B>| of … ~ </B><I>He was of lowly origins. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> sb's country of origin</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> accurate | balanced | impartial, independent, objective | personal, subjective | intuitive | qualitative | harsh | snap </B><I>I hate having to make snap judgements. </i><br><B>| definitive </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JUDGEMENT </U><B> form, make </B><I>It's difficult to form a judgement when you don't have all the facts. </i><br><B>| express </B><I>Remember to be tactful when expressing a personal judgement. </i><br><B>| confirm </B><I>This latest case confirms my earlier judgement. </i><br><B>| come to, reach </B><I>It is too soon to reach any definitive judgement. </i><br><B>| deliver, give, pass, pronounce </B><I>The school inspector's function is not merely to pronounce judgement, but also to suggest improvements. </i><br><B>| reserve, suspend </B><I>The court reserved judgement on the two appeals. </i><br><B>| obtain, win </B><I>They obtained a judgement in their favour. </i><br><B>| reverse </B><I>They are trying to get the judgement reversed. </i><br><B>| abide by </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in sb's ~ </B><I>What, in your judgement, would be the best way to deal with the problem? </i><br><B>| ~ about </B><I>She must make her own judgement about when to go. </i><br><B>| ~ against </B><I>The sacked workers won a judgement against the company. </i><br><B>| ~ as to </B><I>Experience helps us to form judgements as to the best course of action in given circumstances. </i><br><B>| ~ on </B><I>I'm not equipped to pass judgement on such matters. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> fine, good, remarkable, shrewd, sound </B><I>Landing a plane requires fine judgement. </i><br><B>| impartial, independent | impaired, weak | aesthetic, artistic, critical, ethical, moral, political, professional </B><I>She has a reputation for sound professional judgement. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JUDGEMENT </U><B> display, show | rely on | respect, trust </B><I>He trusted his wife's judgement. </i><br><B>| doubt | back </B><I>The company backed her judgement and implemented all her recommendations. </i><br><B>| exercise, use | colour, influence </B><I>He never allows any prejudices to colour his judgement. </i><br><B>| sit in </B><I>He felt he had no right to sit in judgement on someone he had only just met. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ about </B><I>You will need to exercise your own judgement about what clothes to wear. </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>The speaker showed good judgement in his choice of topic. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> an error of judgement </B><I>Accepting the gift was an error of judgement on the part of the party chairman. </i><br><B>| a lack of judgement, a matter of judgement </B><I>How much money you should invest is a matter of judgement. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> annual, daily, monthly, regular, seasonal, weekly </B><I>the annual cycle of church festivals </i><br><B>| complete, entire, whole | endless </B><I>the endless cycle of birth, death and rebirth </i><br><B>| natural </B><I>Life is a natural cycle, just like the changing seasons. </i><br><B>| vicious </B><I>caught up in a vicious cycle of bingeing and dieting </i><br><B>| lunar, solar </B><I>the 76-year solar cycle </i><br><B>| breeding, menstrual, reproductive | business, economic | water </B><I>a diagram of the water cycle </i><br><B>| life </B><I>the life cycle of the butterfly </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CYCLE </U><B> go through </B><I>The European market is simply going through an economic cycle. </i><br><B>| complete </B><I>To complete the cycle, oxygen is necessary. </i><br><B>| repeat </B> </P> <P> <U> CYCLE + VERB </U><B> begin again </B><I>Male and female adults mate, the female lays eggs, and the cycle begins all over again. </i><br><B>| repeat (itself) </B><I>This cycle of events continually repeats itself. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> CYCLE + NOUN </U><B> length, time </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>at this point in the cycle </i><br><B>| per ~ </B><I>The number of young produced per breeding cycle varies from species to species. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> part of the cycle (of sth) </B><I>part of the cycle of birth and death </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> motor </B>(also <B>motorcycle</B>), <B>pedal </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CYCLE </U><B> ride </B> </P> <P> <U> CYCLE + NOUN </U><B> ride, tour </B><I>We're going for a cycle ride this afternoon. </i><br><B>| helmet | lane, path, route, track </B><I>Cars are not allowed in the cycle lanes. </i><br><B>| race </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>They completed their journey by cycle. </i><br><B>| on a/the ~ </B><I>lots of people in cars or on cycles </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> basic, fundamental, hidden, implicit, tacit, underlying, unspoken | common, conventional, general, shared, widespread </B><I>shared assumptions between teachers and parents </i><br><B>| correct, reasonable, valid | erroneous, false, flawed, incorrect, mistaken, questionable, wrong </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> number, series, set </B><I>Your argument is based on a set of questionable assumptions. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ASSUMPTION </U><B> make </B><I>She's always making assumptions about how much money people have. </i><br><B>| base sth on, start from, work on </B><I>We are working on the assumption that the techniques are safe. </i><br><B>| accept | challenge, disprove, question, test </B> </P> <P> <U> ASSUMPTION + VERB </U><B> underly sth, underpin sth </B><I>the assumptions underlying their beliefs </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on the ~ that </B><I>I set the table for eight people, on the assumption that Jo would come. </i><br><B>| ~ about </B><I>assumptions about how women should behave </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> amply | admirably, aptly, neatly, nicely, well </B><I>The dire consequences of chronic underfunding are nowhere better illustrated than in the nation's schools. </i><br><B>| perfectly | merely, simply </B><I>His question merely illustrates his ignorance of the subject. </i><br><B>| clearly, dramatically, graphically, strikingly, vividly | brutally, starkly, tragically </B><I>The case tragically illustrates the dangers of fireworks. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ILLUSTRATE </U><B> serve to </B><I>Two examples serve to illustrate this point. </i><br><B>| be chosen to, be designed to, be intended to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>a way of illustrating to the chairman the folly of his decision </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> really, truly </B><I>Can you really justify the destruction of such a fine old building? </i><br><B>| hardly </B><I>The meagre result hardly justified the risks they took to get it. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JUSTIFY </U><B> can/could | attempt to, seek to, try to | need to | be difficult to, be hard to </B><I>He found it very difficult to justify his decision. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on the grounds of/that </B><I>The decision is justified on the grounds that there is no realistic alternative. </i><br><B>| to </B><I>How will you justify this pay cut to your employees? </i><br> </P>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> conventional, customary, normal, standard, time-honoured, traditional, usual | correct </b><i>You are not approaching the problem in the correct manner. </i><br><b>| appropriate, satisfactory </b><i>I did my best to behave in the appropriate manner. </i><br><b>| prudent, reasonable, responsible, safe, sensible </b><i>Chemical waste must be disposed of in an environmentally-responsible manner. </i><br><b>| efficient, productive, profitable | logical, methodical, orderly, rational, systematic | consistent, uniform | objective | arbitrary, haphazard </b><i>Files have been stored in such a haphazard manner that they are impossible to find. </i><br><b>| professional | constructive, positive </b><i>The dispute could have been handled in a more constructive manner. </i><br><b>| non-violent, peaceful | straightforward | suspicious </b><i>He was behaving in a highly suspicious manner. </i><br><b>| light-hearted | casual, easy, informal, leisurely, relaxed | formal | calm | off-hand </b><i>He answered in such an off-hand manner that I wondered if he'd misheard me. </i><br><b>| confident, decisive | dignified | diffident, mild, quiet, shy | charming, cheerful, friendly, jovial, kindly, pleasant, sympathetic | abrasive, aggressive, arrogant, unfriendly, unpleasant | forthright | brusque, cold | businesslike, no-nonsense </b><i>His no-nonsense manner gave him the reputation of being a good doctor. </i><br><b>| authoritarian, autocratic, high-handed | condescending, dismissive | authoritative </b><i>The authoritative manner in which he talked concealed his ignorance. </i><br><b>| bedside, telephone </b><i>He's a good doctor with a sympathetic bedside manner. She has a very pleasant telephone manner. </i><br> </p> <p> <u> VERB + MANNER </u><b> have | adopt </b><i>He tends to adopt a condescending manner when talking to young women. </i><br><b>| act in </b><i>She accused the teacher of not acting in a professional manner. </i><br> </p> <p> <u> MANNER + VERB </u><b> change </b><i>His manner changed abruptly when he heard how much I wanted. </i><br><b>| conceal sth </b><i>Her brusque m </i><br><b>| suggest sth </b><i>He was not as loutish as his manner suggested. </i><br> </p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> in a/the ~ </b><i>The inspection was conducted in a thoroughl</i>y <i>professional manner. </i><br><b>| in the ~ of </b><i>He lectured us in the manner of </i>a <i>headmaster. </i><br><b>| in your ~ </b><i>Ther</i>e <i>was something in his manner that I found very irritating.</i><br> </p> <p> <u> PHRASES </u><b> in a timely manner </b><i>All claims must be settled in </i>a <i>professional and timely manner. </i><br>| <b>in no uncertain manner </b><i>He told her in no uncertain manner that her behaviour was unacceptable.</i><br> </p>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> beautiful, charming, excellent, good, impeccable, nice, perfect </b><i>It's not good manners to stare at people. </i><br><b>| bad | table </b><i>His children have no table manners. </i><br> </p> <p> <u> VERB + MANNER </u><b> have | teach sb </b><i>Didn't your parents teach you any manners? </i><br><b>| learn | forget </b><i>I'm sorry, I was forgetting my manners. Can I offer you a drink? </i><br> </p> <p> <u> PHRASES </u><b> have the (good) manners to do sth </b><i>He could at least have had the manners to answer my letter. </i><br><b>| a lack of manners </b><i>Her lack of manners is quite appalling. </i><br> </p>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, seem | become | consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> especially, extremely, highly, particularly, specially, very | barely, hardly, not really, scarcely </B><I>Past imperial glories are hardly relevant to the present day. </i><br><B>| (only) marginally, partially | not necessarily, not strictly </B><I>Resist the temptation to discuss topics that are not strictly relevant to the essay question. </i><br><B>| directly | only indirectly | immediately | no longer | potentially | apparently | clearly, obviously | universally | morally, politically, socially </B><I>Is there a morally relevant difference between human life and animal life? </i><br><B>| vocationally </B><I>vocationally relevant qualifications </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>information relevant to this case </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> closely | directly, exactly, precisely | approximately, broadly, roughly </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>Their nursery schools correspond roughly to our infant schools. </i><br><B>| with </B><I>The movement of the dot on the screen corresponds exactly with the movement of the control lever. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> purely, strictly </B><I>He insisted that his relationship with the duchess was purely professional. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, look </B><I>Their designs look very professional. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> extremely, highly, really, truly, very </B><I>He dealt with the problem in a highly professional way. </i><br><B>| thoroughly | increasingly | almost | quite, rather </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> basic, simple </B><I>The children cut the paper into various simple shapes. </i><br><B>| characteristic, distinctive </B><I>I recognized the distinctive shape of a Boeing-747. </i><br><B>| curious, interesting, unusual, weird | awkward </B><I>The desk was an awkward shape and wouldn't fit through the door. </i><br><B>| original | geometric/geometrical, regular, symmetrical | complex | asymmetrical, irregular | odd, random </B><I>tiles of random shape </i><br><B>| solid, three-dimensional | aerodynamic | angular, arch, circular, cone/conical, cylindrical, diamond, dome, egg, elliptical, elongated, hemispherical, hexagonal, oblong, pentagonal, pointed, pyramid/pyramidal, rectangular, round, spherical, triangular, wedge | rounded, smooth | arrow, banana, cross, pear, star, T, etc. </B><I>The road forms an L shape. The bruise was a sort of mushroom shape. </i><br><B>| blurred, ghostly, shadowy, vague | huge, massive | black, dark, grey | human | body </B><I>You can't change your natural body shape. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHAPE </U><B> cut out, draw, make, trace </B><I>First draw the rough shape of your chosen animal. Fold the paper to make the shape of a cone. </i><br><B>| cut sth into, make sth in, produce sth in </B><I>a cheese similar to Brie but produced in a different shape </i><br><B>| come in, have </B><I>Tables come in various shapes. </i><br><B>| assume, make, take on </B><I>Ordinary things assumed different shapes in the mist. </i><br><B>| keep, retain </B><I>These garments will retain their shape even with repeated washing. </i><br><B>| regain | change | lose | distort </B><I>The wide-angle lens distorts shapes. </i><br><B>| distinguish, make out, see </B><I>I could just make out the shapes of animals in the field. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> SHAPE + VERB </U><B> appear, emerge, loom </B><I>Ghostly shapes loomed out of the fog. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in the ~ of </B><I>a doormat in the shape of a cat </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> out of shape </B><I>The bicycle had been battered out of shape. </i><br><B>| oblong/rectangular/hexagonal, etc. in shape </B><I>The island is roughly circular in shape. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> fine, good, great | bad, poor | physical </B><I>He's 64, but he's in better physical shape than I am. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHAPE </U><B> get sb/sth into, knock/lick/whip sb/sth into </B><I>Get your body into shape for the summer! Leave the boy with me?I'll soon knock him into shape! </i><br><B>| be in, keep in, stay in </B><I>You are in pretty good shape for your age. She likes to stay in shape. </i><br><B>| be out of</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> tour, tourist </B><I>Our tour guide showed us around the old town. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GUIDE </U><B> act as, be </B><I>He agreed to go with them and act as their guide. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> gently </B><I>He took her arm, gently guiding her. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> across, along, etc. </B><I>She guided him across the busy road. </i><br><B>| to/towards </B><I>He guided her hand to his face. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, considerable, enormous, great, huge, major, massive, significant, substantial, vast </B><I>The company was now set for major expansion. </i><br><B>| maximum | dramatic, marked, remarkable, unprecedented </B><I>an unprecedented expansion in linguistic studies at British universities </i><br><B>| rapid | gradual | steady | continued, further, sustained | eastward, westward, etc. | global, international, overseas, worldwide | successful | aggressive </B><I>The board decided to embark on aggressive overseas expansion. </i><br><B>| healthy | planned, proposed | uncontrolled | business, commercial, company | economic, industrial | colonial, imperial, territorial | population | urban </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXPANSION </U><B> show </B><I>The economy is still showing healthy expansion. </i><br><B>| allow (for), provide for </B><I>The design of the front pockets allows for expansion. </i><br><B>| be ripe for </B><I>a ready-made hotel chain ripe for further expansion </i><br><B>| be set for </B><I>The company is set for further expansion into niche areas. </i><br><B>| call for | go for, look for </B><I>We are going for maximum expansion. </i><br><B>| encourage, facilitate, promote | impede, limit, restrict | halt, stop | prevent | embark on | finance, fund </B><I>In order to finance expansion on this scale, the government has relied heavily on borrowing. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> EXPANSION + VERB </U><B> occur, take place </B> </P> <P> <U> EXPANSION + NOUN </U><B> plan, programme </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ into </B><I>expansion into the luxury car market </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>a great age of expansion in trade and science </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a period of expansion </B><I>a period of rapid economic expansion </i><br><B>| the rate of expansion </B><I>The rate of expansion of our overseas trade has been spectacular. </i><br><B>| potential/room/scope/space for expansion </B><I>The company believes there is scope for expansion in this sector. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> considerably, enormously, greatly, immeasurably, significantly, substantially </B><I>The success in the election strengthened the party's position considerably. </i><br><B>| further </B><I>This merger will further strengthen the company and ensure its continued success. </i><br><B>| merely </B><I>This temporary setback merely strengthened her resolve. </i><br><B>| gradually </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + STRENGTHEN </U><B> help (to), serve to | be designed to </B><I>These exercises are designed to strengthen your stomach muscles. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> against </B><I>The euro has strengthened against the dollar. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> an attempt/effort to strengthen sth, be aimed at strengthening sth </B><I>The new law is aimed at strengthening protective measures for workers. </i><br><B>| measures to strengthen sth</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, considerable, great, massive | powerful, strong | adequate, sufficient | main, major | added, additional, extra, more | less | real | direct </B><I>The most direct financial incentive to prevent rubbish is to charge people by the amount of rubbish they put out. </i><br><B>| important | positive | special | commercial, economic, financial, fiscal, monetary | cash | price, tax | sales | work | government </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INCENTIVE </U><B> act as, be </B><I>He argues that the free supply of skilled labour will act as an incentive for employees to be more diligent. </i><br><B>| have </B><I>She had the added incentive of being within reach of the world record. </i><br><B>| need | give (sb/sth), offer (sb/sth), provide (sb/sth with) | create </B><I>The government has created tax incentives to encourage investment. </i><br><B>| increase | reduce | undermine </B><I>High taxation rates have undermined work incentives. </i><br><B>| remove </B> </P> <P> <U> INCENTIVE + NOUN </U><B> programme, scheme, system </B><I>The company operates a share incentive scheme for its workers. </i><br><B>| payment </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to </B><I>an incentive to investment </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> have every incentive </B><I>The absence of penalties for anti-competitive behaviour means that firms have every incentive to engage in price-fixing. </i><br><B>| a lack of incentive </B><I>Low levels of profitability mean there is a lack of incentive to undertake new investment. </i><br> </P>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> official, unofficial | current, recent </b><i>Current estimates suggest that supplies will run out within six months. </i><br><b>| early, initial, preliminary | accurate, fair, good, realistic, reasonable, reliable | best </b><i>Flight times in the brochure are based on our best estimate, and will be confirmed as soon as possible. </i><br><b>| approximate, rough | conservative, low </b><i>I think 15,000 will turn out to be a very low estimate. </i><br><b>| high </b><i>According to the highest estimate, over 100,000 men died in the battle. </i><br><b>| optimistic, pessimistic | cost </b> </p> <p> <u> VERB + ESTIMATE </u><b> make </b><i>Can you make an estimate of the numbers involved? </i><br><b>| give (sb), provide (sb with), submit </b><i>Three firms submitted estimates for the work. </i><br><b>| revise </b> </p> <p> <u> ESTIMATE + VERB </u><b> be based on sth | indicate sth, predict sth, show sth, suggest sth </b><i>One estimate suggests that 30,000 jobs may be lost. </i><br><b>| put sth at </b><i>Some estimates put the figure as high as 50%. </i><br><b>| range, vary </b><i>Cost estimates vary from $50,000 to $200,000. </i><br> </p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> according to an/the ~ </b><i>According to the revised estimate, four million people will be without homes. </i><br><b>| at an ~ </b><i>Even at a conservative estimate, there is a lot of work to be done. </i><br><b>| in an/the ~ </b><i>In his first estimate, he suggested a figure of </i>£<i>5,000. </i><br><b>| ~ by, ~ from </b><i>According to an estimate by a leading newspaper, she earns </i>£<i>40 million a year. </i><br><b>| ~ for </b><i>We will send you an estimate for the repairs. </i><br><b>| ~ of </b><i>an estimate of profits an estimate of </i>£<i>300 </i><br> </p>",
"<p> <u> VERBS </u><b> be, feel, seem, sound | become | remain </b> </p> <p> <u> ADV. </u><b> distinctly, extremely, strongly, terribly, very </b><i>the strongly negative implications of these survey results. Their attitude was terribly negative. </i><br><b>| completely, entirely, exclusively, purely, totally, wholly </b><i>She spoke in entirely negative terms. </i><br><b>| largely, mainly, overwhelmingly | fairly, rather, slightly, somewhat | apparently | essentially </b><i>Critical thinking is essentially negative as it seeks to dissect and not to build. </i><br><b>| generally </b> </p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> about </b><i>He's been rather negative about the idea. </i><br> </p>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, prove, test </B><I>The breathalyser test proved negative. He tested negative for HIV infection. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>The urine tests were negative for protein. </i><br> </P>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> leadership, title </b><i>his title challenge to the heavyweight champion </i><br> </p> <p> <u> VERB + CHALLENGE </u><b> issue, mount </b><i>plans to mount a leadership challenge within the party </i><br><b>| accept, take up </b><i>I accepted his challenge to a game of chess. </i><br><b>| beat off, fight off </b><i>Our team will have to fight off the challenge from better trained teams. </i><br> </p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> ~ from </b><i>a challenge from the other political party </i><br> </p> ",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> basic, broad, central, fundamental, general </b><i>the basic principles of car maintenance </i><br><br><b>| cardinal, essential, key | universal | democratic, legal, market, political, scientific, theoretical </b> </p> <p> <u> VERB + PRINCIPLE </u><b> establish, formulate, lay down | apply | explain </b> </p> <p> <u> PRINCIPLE + VERB </u><b> apply </b><i>This principle applies to all kinds of selling. </i><br><br><b>| underlie sth, underpin sth </b><i>the principles underlying Western philosophy </i><br><br> </p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> in ~ </b><i>I agree with you in principle, but we'll need to discuss the details. </i><br><br><b>| ~ behind </b><i>She went on to explain the principles behind what she was doing. </i><br><br> </p>",
"<p> <u> ADV. </u><b> crucially, greatly, very much </b><i>The future of the company will depend crucially on how consumers respond. </i><br><br><b>| entirely, solely | largely, mainly | partly, rather, to some extent | ultimately </b><i>Whether or not we can go ultimately depends on the weather. </i><br><br> </p> <p> <u> VERB + DEPEND </u><b> seem to </b><i>The outcome seems to depend on the type of soil used. </i><br><br> </p>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> true | complete, full | close, seamless | further, greater, improved, increased | rapid | economic, monetary, political, racial, social </b><i>We are working to bring about closer political integration in the EU. </i><br><br><b>| internal | systems </b><i>(computing) </i><br><br> </p> <p> <u> QUANT. </u><b> degree, level </b> </p> <p> <u> VERB + INTEGRATION </u><b> achieve, bring about | accelerate, encourage, facilitate, promote, speed up, stimulate </b><i>measures to promote the social integration of mentally handicapped people </i><br><br><b>| require | lead to </b> </p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> ~ between </b><i>integration between research and higher education </i><br><br><b>| ~ into </b><i>the integration of disabled pupils into the general education system </i><br><br><b>| ~ with </b><i>He called for greater integration with Europe. </i><br><br><b>| ~ within </b><i>economic integration within the three communities </i><br><br> </p> <p> <u> PHRASES </u><b> a move towards integration </b><i>a move towards greater internal integration in Europe </i><br><br><b>| a need for integration, a process of integration</b></p>",
"<p> <u> VERB + EXPLORE </u><b> be keen to, want to, wish to | be free to </b><i>In the afternoon you'll be free to explore a little on your own. </i><br><br> </p>\n<p> <u> PREP. </u><b> for </b><i>exploring for oil </i><br><br> </p>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> whole </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on the ~ of </B><I>We made our decision on the basis of the information we had. </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>The whole basis for your argument is false. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> whole </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on the ~ of </B><I>We made our decision on the basis of the information we had. </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>The whole basis for your argument is false. </i><br> </P>",
"<p> <u> ADV. </u><b> greatly, strongly </b><i>We were greatly encouraged by the support we received. </i><br><br><b>| actively, positively </b><i>The government must actively encourage investment in these areas. </i><br><br> </p> <p> <u> VERB + ENCOURAGE </u><b> aim to | try to | be designed to </b><i>These questions are designed to encourage debate. </i><br><br><b>| be likely to </b><i>Newspapers should not publish material that is likely to encourage discrimination on the grounds of race or colour. </i><br><br> </p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> in </b><i>Her head of department encouraged her in her research work. </i><br><br> </p>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, considerable, dramatic, enormous, great, spectacular, substantial, tremendous | important, major, notable, remarkable, significant | rapid, steady </B><I>rapid advances in science and technology </i><br><B>| recent | economic, educational, medical, political, scientific, social, technical, technological | theoretical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADVANCE </U><B> make </B><I>We need more money if we are to make any further advances in this area of science. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>two major advances in orthopaedic medicine </i><br><B>| on ~ </B><I>an advance on the existing techniques </i><br><B>| towards ~ </B><I>an advance towards a better understanding of God </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> large | cash </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADVANCE </U><B> give, pay </B><I>The publishers have paid me an advance. </i><br><B>| get, receive </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ of </B><I>an advance of </i><br>£</B><I>10,000 </i><br><B>| ~ on </B><I>He was paid </i><br>£</B><I>5,000 as an advance on royalties. </i><br></P>",
"<p> <u> VERBS </u><b> be, look, prove, seem, sound | become, get </b><i>It is getting more and more difficult to find a job. </i><br><br><b>| make sth </b><i>The fog made driving very difficult. </i><br><br><b>| find sth </b> </p>\n<p> <u> ADV. </u><b> exceedingly, extraordinarily, extremely, incredibly, particularly, really, very | doubly </b><i>Her disability made taking care of the home and raising a family doubly difficult. </i><br><br><b>| increasingly | a bit, quite, rather | notoriously </b><i>Birth rates are notoriously difficult to predict. </i><br><br> </p>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> considerable, enormous, grave, great, major, real, serious, severe </b><i>We had enormous difficulty in getting hold of the right equipment. </i><br><br><b>| insurmountable | increasing </b><i>questions of increasing difficulty </i><br><br><b>| inherent </b><i>the difficulties inherent in treating overdose patients </i><br><br><b>| particular, special </b><i>English spelling presents special difficulties for foreign learners. </i><br><br><b>| economic, financial | practical, technical </b><i>I think we've managed to overcome most of the practical difficulties. </i><br><br><b>| behavioural, emotional, learning </b><i>children with learning difficulties </i><br><br> </p> <p> <u> QUANT. </u><b> level </b><i>The games have various different levels of difficulty. </i><br><br> </p> <p> <u> VERB + DIFFICULTY </u><b> encounter, experience, face, get into, have, run into </b><i>Among the difficulties encountered was a lack of cooperation on the part of the authorities. Anyone experiencing difficulty with radio reception should call us on the new helpline. Let me know if you have any difficulties. I had little difficulty in persuading the others to come. The scheme has run into serious difficulties. </i><br><br><b>| cause, create, make, present </b><i>Will it cause any difficulties if I go early? She is always making difficulties for herself. </i><br><br><b>| cope with, deal with, overcome, resolve, solve, surmount | avoid </b><i>how to avoid technical difficulties </i><br><br><b>| be fraught with </b><i>The situation was fraught with difficulty. </i><br><br> </p> <p> <u> DIFFICULTY + VERB </u><b> arise, crop up </b><i>Difficulties arise when people fail to consult their colleagues. </i><br><br><b>| lie (in sth) </b><i>The difficulty lies in identifying the precise nature of the problem. </i><br><br> </p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> despite a/the ~ </b><i>Despite all the difficulties, he still remains optimistic. </i><br><br><b>| in ~ </b><i>We could see that the swimmer was in difficulties. </i><br><br><b>| with/without ~ </b><i>We crossed the border without any difficulty. Life in the city was not without its difficulties. </i><br><br><b>| ~ in </b><i>She had difficulty in starting her car. </i><br><br><b>| ~ of </b><i>the difficulty of finding affordable accommodation </i><br><br><b>| ~ with </b><i>having difficulty with the engine </i><br><br> </p>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> continuing | unlawful </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INDUSTRIAL ACTION </U><B> take | threaten | call for | vote for | start | step up </B><I>The union is considering stepping up its industrial action. </i><br><B>| suspend | stop | take part in, be/become involved in </B><I>His research indicates an increase in the number of women involved in industrial action. </i><br><B>| support </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ against </B><I>The union is threatening industrial action against the company. </i><br><B>| ~ by </B><I>industrial action by railway workers </i><br><B>| ~ in support of </B><I>industrial action in support of demands for a ten per cent salary adjustment </i><br><B>| ~ over </B><I>to take industrial action over pay </i><br> </P>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> complete, full </b><i>One full revolution of the knob will open the hatch. </i><br><br> </p> <p> <u> VERB + REVOLUTION </u><b> make </b> </p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> through a ~ </b><i>The earth turns through one complete revolution approximately every twenty-four hours. </i><br><br><b>| ~ about/around/round </b><i>How long does it take for the planet Jupiter to make a complete revolution around the sun? </i><br><br> </p> <p> <u> PHRASES </u><b> revolutions a/per minute </b></p>",
"<p> <u> VERBS </u><b> be, seem | remain | consider sth, regard sth as </b><i>We consider these freedoms fundamental to democracy. </i><br><br> </p> <p> <u> ADV. </u><b> truly, very | absolutely, quite </b><i>This principle is clear and absolutely fundamental. </i><br><br><b>| fairly, rather </b> </p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> to </b><i>Improved funding is fundamental to the success of the project. </i><br><br> </p> <p> </p>",
"<u> ADJ. </u><b> basic | very </b><i>The new law strikes at the very fundamentals of a free press. </i><br><br> <p> <u> VERB + FUNDAMENTALS </u><b> teach | grasp, learn, master </b><i>We quickly mastered the basic fundamentals of navigation. </i><br><br><b>| go back to, return to </b><i>The government went back to fundamentals, concentrating on avoiding food shortages. </i><br><br> </p>",
"<p> <u> VERBS </u><b> appear, be, seem | become </b><i>It is becoming almost essential for students to have a second language. </i><br><br><b>| remain | make sth </b><i>Increased competition makes it essential for the business to innovate. </i><br><br><b>| consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as, think sth </b><i>Do you consider these textbooks essential for the course? </i><br><br> </p> <p> <u> ADV. </u><b> really | absolutely | almost, virtually | fairly | by no means </b><i>Although useful, the accessories are by no means essential. </i><br><br> </p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> for </b><i>the skills essential for success </i><br><br><b>| to </b><i>He believed that some form of religion was essential to human life. </i><br><br> </p>",
" <p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> bare, basic </b><i>the bare essentials for existence </i><br><br> </p> <p> <u> VERB + ESSENTIALS </u><b> grasp </b><i>Just try and grasp the essentials of the argument. </i><br><br><b>| provide </b><i>The relief agencies are trying to provide food and other basic essentials. </i><br><br><b>| concentrate on </b><i>Don't let's worry about the details at this stage. Let's concentrate on the essentials. </i><br><br> </p>",
"<p> <u> ADV. </u><b> immediately | directly | personally | by email, by phone/telephone </b><i>He can be contacted by phone on the telephone number given below. </i><br><br> </p>\n<p> <u> PHRASES </u><b> do not hesitate to contact sb </b><i>Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions. </i><br><br> </p>",
"<p> <u> ADV. </u><b> fully </b><i>The increase can be fully accounted for. </i><br><br><b>| partly </b><i>The differences in achievement between the pupils are partly accounted for by differences in age. </i><br><br> </p>",
"<p> <u> ADV. </u><b> successfully </b><i>They successfully asserted their right to protect their homes. </i><br><br> </p> <p> <u> VERB + ASSERT </u><b> need to | be determined to, wish to </b><i>She wished to assert her independence from her parents. </i><br><br><b>| seek to, try to | be able to, manage to </b><i>He managed to assert his power over the media. </i><br><br><b>| be unable to, fail to</b> </p> ",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> careful, detailed, meticulous, thoughtful | initial </B><I>the initial planning stage </i><br><B>| advance, forward </B><I>The trip calls for careful advance planning. </i><br><B>| pre-match, pre-retirement, etc. </B><I>Deciding the agenda is the most vital aspect of pre-meeting planning. </i><br><B>| long-range, long-term | short-range, short-term | corporate | family </B><I>They give free advice on contraception at the family planning clinic. </i><br><B>| town, urban | economic, educational, environmental, financial, military, strategic </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PLANNING </U><B> call for, demand, need, require | do </B><I>The industry needs to do some long-term planning. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PLANNING + NOUN </U><B> phase, stage </B><I>The scheme is still at the planning stage. </i><br><B>| process | decisions | meeting | application | approval, consent, permission </B><I>We've applied for planning permission to build an extension to the house. </i><br><B>| authority, committee, department </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in the ~ </B><I>The festival was four years in the planning. </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>Planning for future development is vital for the community. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> fundamental, glaring, grave, great, major, monumental, serious </B><I>The report contained some glaring errors. </i><br><B>| fatal </B><I>He made the fatal error of borrowing more than he could pay back. </i><br><B>| minor, small | embarrassing, unfortunate | past </B><I>The ability to learn from past errors is vital in business. </i><br><B>| common | grammatical, spelling, typing | factual | tactical </B><I>The Kenyan athlete made a tactical error in starting too fast. </i><br><B>| administrative, clerical | human, pilot </B><I>The plane crash was caused by human error, not mechanical failure. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ERROR </U><B> commit, make </B><I>He had committed a grave error in letting them see the document. She made several serious errors during the race. </i><br><B>| contain </B><I>The document contained a lot of typing errors. </i><br><B>| detect, discover, find, spot </B><I>I found several factual errors in the report. </i><br><B>| point out </B><I>The error was pointed out to her by one of her colleagues. </i><br><B>| realize </B><I>I only realized my error when it was too late. </i><br><B>| avoid </B><I>She has avoided the common error of writing too much. </i><br><B>| correct, rectify </B><I>Glasses can correct most errors in your vision. </i><br><B>| compound </B><I>The paper accidentally printed the victim's address, then compounded their error by printing her name the next day. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ERROR + VERB </U><B> arise (from sth), occur </B><I>errors arising from inadequate information </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ERROR + NOUN </U><B> detection | correction | message </B><I>An error message comes up when I try to open the program. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>The machine had been switched off in error </i><br>(= by mistake)</B><I>. </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>He checked his letter for errors in spelling. He realized his error in not attending the funeral. </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>The speech contained many errors of fact. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a comedy of errors </B><I>His attempts to arrange a party ended up as a comedy of errors. </i><br><B>| an error of judgement </B><I>The minister had made an amazing error of judgement. </i><br><B>| a margin of error </B><I>The margin of error for a racing driver is tiny. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> average </B><I>The average household pays 27p a day in water rates. </i><br><B>| domestic, private, etc. | rural, urban | middle-class, working-class | high-income, low-income, poor, etc. | family, married-couple, single-person, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + HOUSEHOLD </U><B> manage, run | set up </B><I>Becoming an adult and setting up a household no longer mean the same thing. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> HOUSEHOLD + NOUN </U><B> appliance, contents, furniture, goods, item, product </B><I>The household contents are covered by a separate insurance policy. </i><br><B>| bills, budget, expenditure, expenses, income | chore, duties, task | rubbish, waste </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the head of the household </B><I>The head of the household is responsible for completing the council tax form. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> chemistry, physics, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PRACTICAL </U><B> sit, take | pass | fail </B><I>I passed the written exam but failed the practical. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> committed, dedicated, experienced | real, true </B><I>This is the work of a real professional. </i><br><B>| leading, senior, top </B><I>a top golf professional </i><br><B>| independent </B><I>The survey should be performed by an independent professional. </i><br><B>| fellow </B><I>an actor revered by his fellow professionals </i><br><B>| computer, health (care), medical | golf, tennis, etc. </B> <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> chosen | legal, medical, teaching, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROFESSION </U><B> practise </B><I>In the 1930s he was forbidden to practise his profession. </i><br><B>| enter, go into, join </B><I>She entered the legal profession after university. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>He was a consultant physician by profession. </i><br><B>| in a/sb's/the ~ </B><I>making an impact in her chosen profession </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a choice of profession </B><I>She was shocked at her daughter's choice of profession. </i><br><B>| the top of sb's profession </B><I>He reached the top of his profession in very little time. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> committed, dedicated, experienced | real, true </B><I>This is the work of a real professional. </i><br><B>| leading, senior, top </B><I>a top golf professional </i><br><B>| independent </B><I>The survey should be performed by an independent professional. </i><br><B>| fellow </B><I>an actor revered by his fellow professionals </i><br><B>| computer, health (care), medical | golf, tennis, etc. </B> <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> chosen | legal, medical, teaching, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROFESSION </U><B> practise </B><I>In the 1930s he was forbidden to practise his profession. </i><br><B>| enter, go into, join </B><I>She entered the legal profession after university. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>He was a consultant physician by profession. </i><br><B>| in a/sb's/the ~ </B><I>making an impact in her chosen profession </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a choice of profession </B><I>She was shocked at her daughter's choice of profession. </i><br><B>| the top of sb's profession </B><I>He reached the top of his profession in very little time. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> accurate, apt, clear, excellent, fair, good, useful </B><I>Is that a fair summary of the situation? </i><br><B>| comprehensive, detailed, full | general, overall | brief, concise, quick, short | bald, crude | financial, statistical | news, plot </B><I>Details of new titles, with plot summaries, are included in the catalogue. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SUMMARY </U><B> make, prepare, write </B><I>Could you make a short summary of this article for me? </i><br><B>| give (sb), provide (sb with), supply (sb with) </B><I>He has provided a useful summary of the main categories. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> SUMMARY + NOUN </U><B> sheet, table | report, statement </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>In summary, his views are out of date. </i><br><B>| in a/the ~ </B><I>She decided not to include this incident in her summary of the day's events. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in summary form </B><I>The information is shown in summary form in the following tables. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> black, deep, serious, severe | acute, chronic | mild | clinical | manic | post-natal </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> bout, fit, period </B><I>The actor says he suffers frequent bouts of depression. In a fit of depression, she threw away all her favourite books. A period of acute depression can sometimes follow childbirth. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEPRESSION </U><B> develop, fall into, go into, succumb to </B><I>She fell into a black depression and refused to leave her room. </i><br><B>| experience, have, suffer (from) </B><I>She was diagnosed as having clinical depression. </i><br><B>| be treated for </B><I>His wife had left him and he was being treated for depression. </i><br><B>| come out of, get over </B><I>She was gradually coming out of her depression. </i><br><B>| cause, lead to </B><I>Bereavement can often lead to depression. </i><br><B>| relieve, treat </B><I>a new drug used to treat depression </i><br> </P> <P> <U> DEPRESSION + VERB </U><B> deepen | lift </B><I>Her depression has lifted now. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>He may have killed himself in depression. </i><br><B>| with ~ </B><I>He's been off work for months with depression. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> (a) cause for depression </B><I>These results should not be a cause for depression. </i><br><B>| the depths of depression </B><I>I was in the depths of depression after receiving my exam results. </i><br><B>| feelings of depression, the onset of depression </B><I>The onset of depression often follows a traumatic event. </i><br><B>| a state of depression </B><I>He was in a state of acute depression. </i><br><B>| symptoms of depression, treatment for depression </B><I>She had been receiving medical treatment for depression. </i><br> > Special page at ILLNESS </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> great, major, serious, severe | economic </B><I>The country is experiencing a severe economic depression. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DEPRESSION </U><B> be in the grip of, experience | go into </B><I>The housing market has gone into depression. </i><br><B>| face </B> </P> <P> <U> DEPRESSION + VERB </U><B> deepen </B><I>The depression seems to be deepening. </i><br> <B>| end </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> during/in a/the ~ </B><I>Many people lost their jobs in the great depression of the 1930s. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the depths of a depression, a period of depression </B><I>periods of severe economic depression </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> shallow, slight | deep </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ in, ~ on </B><I>From the air, the photos show a shallow depression on the planet's surface. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complete, whole | continuous | complex | correct | opening | closing | alphabetical, chronological, logical, natural, random </B><I>The article describes the chronological sequence of events. </i><br><B>| action, dance, dream, film | DNA, gene </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SEQUENCE </U><B> complete </B><I>Complete the following sequence: 1, 4, 8, 13 … </i><br><B>| follow </B><I>We had to follow a complex sequence of movements. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>The book is more satisfying if you read each chapter in sequence. </i><br><B>| in a/the ~ </B><I>The heroine dies in the closing sequence of the film. </i><br><B>| ~ of </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a sequence of events</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> careful, detailed, full, serious | adequate, due, proper, sufficient | special, urgent | active </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONSIDERATION </U><B> give sth, take sth into </B><I>We will give your proposals serious consideration. You must take the size of the room into consideration. </i><br><B>| deserve, need, require | receive </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> after ~ </B><I>After due consideration, it was decided not to offer her the job. </i><br><B>| for sb's ~ </B><I>I enclose the report for your consideration. </i><br><B>| in ~ of </B><I>(formal) </i><br>(= as payment for sth), <B>on ~ </B><I>On consideration, we have decided not to come. </i><br><B>| under ~ </B><I>proposals under active consideration </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERB + CONSIDERATION </U><B> have </B><I>Have some consideration for those without a job. </i><br><B>| show sb, treat sb with </B><I>She showed little consideration for the beginners. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> out of ~ </B><I>He did it out of consideration for his daughter. </i><br><B>| ~ for </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> main, major, important, prime | overriding, paramount | minor | aesthetic, commercial, economic, environmental, ethical, financial, health, legal, moral, personal, political, practical, safety, security </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONSIDERATION </U><B> take account of, take into account </B><I>There are several important safety considerations that must be taken into account. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> clearly </B><I>Females and cubs clearly derive some benefit from living in groups. </i><br><B>| largely, mainly, primarily | partly | solely | directly </B><I>This income was derived directly from his writing. </i><br><B>| originally, ultimately </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>We can derive some comfort from this fact. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> naturally, spontaneously | directly </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ARISE </U><B> may, might | be likely/unlikely to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>Some learning difficulties arise from the way children are taught at school. </i><br><B>| out of </B><I>The current debate arose out of the concerns of parents. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> immediate, instant | early </B><I>the early recognition of a disease </i><br><B>| dawning | character, face, handwriting, speech, text </B><I>(computing) </i><br><B>| automatic, computer </B><I>the automatic recognition of handwriting by computer </i><br> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> flicker, sign </B><I>She stared directly at the witness but he did not show a flicker of recognition </i><br>(= he did not show that he recognized her)</B><I>. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RECOGNITION </U><B> show | avoid </B><I>He pulled the hood of his cloak over his head to avoid recognition. </i><br><B>| allow </B><I>The monitoring system allows recognition of pollution hot spots. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> RECOGNITION + VERB </U><B> dawn </B><I>Recognition slowly dawned, ‘Oh, it's you Mrs Foster!’ </i><br> </P> <P> <U> RECOGNITION + NOUN </U><B> software, system </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> beyond (all) ~ </B><I>(figurative) Many of those interviewed said their job had changed beyond recognition </i><br>(= changed completely) </B><I>over the past five years. </i><br><B>| out of (all) ~ </B><I>(figurative) The equipment and methods of production have improved out of all recognition </i><br>(= greatly improved)</B><I>. </i><br><B>| without ~ </B><I>He looked up, glanced at them without recognition, and went on his way. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> recognition in sb's eyes </B><I>There was no recognition in his eyes </i><br>(= he did not look as if he recognized her)</B><I>. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> full | appropriate, due, proper | insufficient | greater, growing, increasing </B><I>There needs to be a greater recognition of corporate crime as a social problem. </i><br><B>| clear, explicit, overt | implicit | apparent | grudging | positive | equal </B><I>equal recognition for the work women do </i><br><B>| mutual | immediate, instant | belated </B><I>The award is being made in belated recognition of her services to the industry. </i><br><B>| individual, personal </B><I>personal recognition for your achievements </i><br><B>| general, universal, wide, widespread </B><I>The young talent at the club deserves wider recognition. </i><br><B>| international, national, worldwide | public, social | professional | diplomatic | formal, legal, legislative, official | de facto </B><I>Twelve states have accorded de facto recognition to the new regime. </i><br><B>| government </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RECOGNITION </U><B> achieve, earn sb, gain, get, obtain, receive, win </B><I>His recitals have earned him recognition as a talented performer. </i><br><B>| deserve | require </B><I>Both of these perspectives are valid and require recognition. </i><br><B>| imply </B><I>They claim that signature of the peace accord did not imply recognition of the state's sovereignty. </i><br><B>| ask for, call for, demand, request, seek | apply for | qualify for </B><I>to qualify for UN recognition as an International Biosphere Reserve </i><br><B>| accord sb/sth, give sb/sth, grant sb/sth | refuse sb/sth </B> </P> <P> <U> RECOGNITION + VERB </U><B> come </B><I>Official recognition of the change came fast. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ of </B><I>an award in recognition of his outstanding work </i><br><B>| without ~ </B><I>She has worked actively but without recognition. </i><br><B>| ~ as </B><I>a country that has long sought recognition as a major power </i><br><B>| ~ by/from </B><I>recognition by his superiors of the service he had performed </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>They received recognition for their 20-year commitment to safety at sea. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a lack of recognition, recognition of the importance of sth, recognition of the need for sth, a struggle for recognition</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> normal, traditional, usual | effective </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MODE </U><B> use </B><I>Try using some other mode of organization. </i><br><B>| change, switch to </B><I>He had no intention of changing his mode of attire. Switch from ‘receive’ mode to ‘transmit’ mode. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in … ~ </B><I>The machine is in its ‘suspend’ mode. </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>Their main mode of subsistence is hunting. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a mode of address, a mode of communication/expression, a mode of transport</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, great, stiff, strong, substantial | determined, fierce, heroic, serious, spirited, stubborn | effective | token | active | passive | collective, organized | widespread | armed, military | political | popular, public | guerrilla, peasant </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESISTANCE </U><B> mount, offer, put up </B><I>They mounted stiff resistance to the proposal. </i><br><B>| encounter, meet (with), run into </B><I>The advancing army met with little resistance. </i><br><B>| break (down), crush, overcome </B> </P> <P> <U> RESISTANCE + VERB </U><B> stiffen | collapse, crumble </B> </P> <P> <U> RESISTANCE + NOUN </U><B> movement | fighter, forces, group, leader, worker </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> without ~ </B><I>The attacks did not take place without resistance. </i><br><B>| ~ against </B><I>armed resistance against the Nazis </i><br><B>| ~ to </B><I>There was fierce resistance to the new laws. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the line/path of least resistance </B>(= the easiest way of doing sth), <B>a pocket of resistance </B>(= an area of resistance) </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high | low | disease | antibiotic, drug </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESISTANCE </U><B> have | build up, develop </B><I>You need to build up your resistance to colds. </i><br><B>| lower </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to </B><I>Aids lowers the body's resistance to infection. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, enormous, extraordinary, great, immense, rich, wide </B><I>There is need for greater diversity and choice in education. the rich diversity of the city's cultural life </i><br><B>| growing, increased, increasing | biological, genetic </B><I>the need to preserve biological diversity </i><br><B>| cultural, ethnic, linguistic, political, regional </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DIVERSITY </U><B> create | encourage, promote </B><I>Our party believes in encouraging cultural diversity, not division. </i><br><B>| maintain, preserve, protect </B><I>The producer was under pressure to maintain a diversity in his output. </i><br><B>| decrease, increase | allow (for) </B><I>Tyrannies do not allow diversity and disagreement. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ in </B><I>diversity in the style of the reports </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>There is a wide diversity of views on this subject. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> acute, considerable, deep, great | chronic, constant, nagging | growing, increasing, mounting | natural, understandable | needless, unnecessary | public </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> level </B><I>the high level of anxiety created by entering a new environment </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ANXIETY </U><B> arouse, bring, cause, create, provoke | lead to | experience, feel, suffer from </B><I>She felt a nagging anxiety that could not be relieved. </i><br><B>| express, share </B><I>The mothers were able to share their anxieties with each other. </i><br><B>| cope with, deal with </B><I>skills to cope with anxiety </i><br><B>| allay, alleviate, dispel, reduce, relieve </B><I>The aim is to reduce anxiety and help the patients relax. </i><br><B>| aggravate, increase </B> </P> <P> <U> ANXIETY + VERB </U><B> grow </B><I>The more reports I study the more my anxiety grows. </i><br><B>| arise (from/out of sth), surface </B><I>A few anxieties surfaced during the meeting. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ANXIETY + NOUN </U><B> attack | level </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ about </B><I>her growing anxiety about her health </i><br><B>| ~ at </B><I>anxiety at the deterioration of relations between the powers </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>deep anxiety for the whole family </i><br><B>| ~ over </B><I>There are anxieties over the effects of unemployment. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> fear and anxiety </B><I>They were encouraged to express their fears and anxieties. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> compelling, exquisite, impeccable, inexorable </B><I>There is a compelling logic to his main theory. </i><br><B>| strict | internal, underlying | commercial, economic, political, scientific </B><I>There is sound commercial logic in never giving credit to retailers. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + LOGIC </U><B> accept, follow, understand </B><I>I can't follow the logic of what you are saying. </i><br><B>| defy </B><I>It's a stupid decision that completely defies logic. </i><br><B>| apply, use </B><I>You can't use the same logic in dealing with children. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ behind </B><I>What's the logic behind this decision? </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>There doesn't seem to be any logic in the move. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERB + WHOLE </U><B> cover, embrace, encompass, involve, span </B><I>The project involved the whole of the university. </i><br><B>| fill, occupy, take up </B><I>The library takes up the whole of the first floor. </i><br><B>| permeate, pervade </B><I>Technology permeates the whole of our lives. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> coherent, cohesive, harmonious, homogeneous, integrated, organized, seamless </B><I>She was struggling to organize her ideas into a coherent whole. </i><br><B>| single | complex </B><I>The author examines each aspect of Roman society, then attempts to summarize the complex whole. </i><br><B>| meaningful </B><I>At this age, babies do not yet combine sounds into a meaningful whole. </i><br><B>| organic </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + WHOLE </U><B> form, make (up) </B><I>He tried to fit the pieces of evidence together to make a coherent whole. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> as a whole </B><I>Unemployment is higher in the north than in the country as a whole. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> close | full | greater, increased | active | effective | international, local | mutual </B><I>a society founded on mutual cooperation and shared prosperity </i><br><B>| cultural, economic, military, political, social, technical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + COOPERATION </U><B> need, require | ask for, call for, demand, seek </B><I>She called for closer cooperation on drugs control. They are seeking the cooperation of senior medical staff. </i><br><B>| enlist, get </B><I>We are hoping to enlist the cooperation of women's groups. </i><br><B>| give (sb), offer (sb) | encourage, promote </B><I>promoting cooperation between universities and industry </i><br><B>| ensure </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ with </B><I>The film was made in cooperation with the Sports Council. </i><br><B>| with/without sb's ~ </B><I>With the cooperation of the public, the police may be able to catch this man. </i><br><B>| ~ among </B><I>increased technical cooperation among large companies </i><br><B>| ~ between </B><I>political cooperation between the two groups </i><br><B>| ~ from </B><I>You will need a bit of cooperation from your family. </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>We asked for their cooperation in the collection of data. </i><br><B>| ~ on </B><I>They offered their cooperation on the project. </i><br><B>| ~ with </B><I>We should like to thank you for your cooperation with us. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a lack of cooperation, a need for cooperation </B><I>There is a need for greater economic cooperation. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> effective, successful | complete, full | detailed </B><I>Detailed implementation of the plans was left to the regional offices. </i><br><B>| strict | smooth </B><I>We will consult widely to ensure smooth implementation. </i><br><B>| practical </B><I>The practical implementation of the regulations proved difficult. </i><br><B>| early, immediate | gradual | policy </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + IMPLEMENTATION </U><B> achieve, ensure, secure </B><I>To achieve implementation of the programme is a long, slow task. </i><br><B>| monitor, oversee, supervise </B><I>The UN is to supervise the implementation of the peace treaty. </i><br><B>| consider, discuss </B> </P> <P> <U> IMPLEMENTATION + NOUN </U><B> plan | process </B><I>The restructuring will take place in phases, to simplify the implementation process. </i><br><B>| problem</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, seem | become | remain </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> truly | by no means, far from </B><I>Some of the teachers are technical specialists, but this is far from universal. </i><br><B>| almost, near, nearly, virtually | pretty | apparently | supposedly </B><I>supposedly universal standards </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> among </B><I>These practices remain universal among the islanders. </i><br><B>| in </B><I>a scheme that is universal in scope </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, criminal, deep, enormous, great, immense, major, profound, real | full, general, wider </B><I>The scientists are cautious about the wider significance of their findings. </i><br><B>| limited, minor | particular, special | real, true </B><I>They failed to appreciate the true significance of these discoveries. </i><br><B>| functional, practical, statistical, strategic, symbolic, theoretical | constitutional, cultural, economic, moral, historical, political, religious, social </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SIGNIFICANCE </U><B> have </B><I>The ceremony has great symbolic significance. </i><br><B>| acquire, assume, gain, take on </B><I>Suddenly his son's relationship with the girl took on a new significance. </i><br><B>| attach </B><I>Let us not attach too much significance to these meetings. </i><br><B>| assess | appreciate, be aware of, grasp, understand | exaggerate | minimize, play down, underestimate </B> </P> <P> <U> SIGNIFICANCE + VERB </U><B> lie in sth </B><I>The significance of this lies in the fact that he had previously denied all knowledge of the fund. </i><br><B>| attach to sth </B><I>Does any significance attach to the use of the technical terms? </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for/to </B><I>a meal that has particular significance for a Jewish family </i><br><B>| of ~ </B><I>a policy of special significance to women </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> be of little, no, etc. significance</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> early, quick, rapid | final, ultimate | peaceful </B><I>Hopes of a peaceful resolution to the conflict were fading. </i><br><B>| satisfactory, successful | conflict, dispute </B><I>methods of conflict resolution </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESOLUTION </U><B> require | press for </B><I>The government is pressing for an early resolution of the hostage crisis. </i><br><B>| achieve, reach </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to </B><I>the likelihood of achieving a satisfactory resolution to the problem </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> great </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESOLUTION </U><B> have | show </B><I>She showed great resolution in her dealings with management. </i><br><B>| lack </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> firm, good | New Year/New Year's </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESOLUTION </U><B> make </B><I>I made a New Year resolution to give up smoking. </i><br><B>| keep </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be | become </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> especially, particularly, very | increasingly | reasonably, relatively | enough, sufficiently </B><I>By the mid-twelfth century pilgrims were numerous enough to merit a guidebook. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> too numerous to list/mention </B><I>The related publications are far too numerous to list individually. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> attractive, beautiful, colourful, dazzling, excellent, eye-catching, fascinating, fine, good, interesting, stunning | special | public | permanent, temporary | static </B><I>The locomotive is normally kept on static display in the National Railway Museum. </i><br><B>| audio-visual, visual </B><I>An audio-visual display gives visitors an idea of what life was like aboard a sailing ship. </i><br><B>| floral, photographic </B><I>a beautiful floral display outside the Town Hall </i><br><B>| in-store, wall, window | museum, shop </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISPLAY </U><B> have </B><I>The museum has a fine display of old medical instruments. </i><br><B>| mount </B><I>We plan to mount a display of the children's work in the lobby area. </i><br><B>| go on </B><I>Examples of her work will go on permanent display in the new museum. </i><br><B>| put sth on </B><I>The birds were put on display at the zoological society. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> DISPLAY + VERB </U><B> illustrate sth, show sth </B><I>The display illustrates the traditional industries of the town. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> DISPLAY + NOUN </U><B> board, cabinet, case, stand </B><I>a glass-fronted display cabinet </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on ~ </B><I>Designs for the new sports hall are on public display in the library. On display are earrings, necklaces and bracelets made from jade, amber and amethyst. </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>a display of Roman coins </i><br> <br><a href=\"#\" class=\"show_hide\" id=\"plus\">More information about ART WORKS </a> <DIV class=\"slidingDiv\"> <a><I>ART WORKS:</i><br></a> <P><B>of art a piece/work of art </B><I>Michelangelo's Pietà is a magnificent work of art. </i><br></P> <P><B>collect ~ </B><I>She collects Jacobean portraits. </i><br></P> <P><B>display, exhibit, show ~ </B><I>The works will be displayed in the new wing of the museum. </i><br></P> <P><B>~ be (put) on display/exhibition/show ~ go on display/exhibition/show </B><I>paintings put on show for the first time The photographs are on exhibition until the end of September. </i><br></P> <P><B>house ~ </B><I>An annexe was built to house the sculptures. </i><br></P> <P><B>a series of ~ </B><I>a series of paintings by Van Gogh </i><br></P> <P><B>a collection/exhibition of ~ </B><I>an exhibition of early 20th century French masterpieces </i><br></P> <P><B>an art/photographic/photography exhibition </B><I>The open art exhibition will allow new artists to exhibit their work. </i><br></P> <P><B>by ~ </B><I>a sculpture by Barbara Hepworth </i><br></P> <P></P> </DIV> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> astonishing, awesome, breathtaking, brilliant, devastating, flamboyant, great, impressive, magnificent, outstanding, spectacular, spirited, superb, virtuoso </B><I>a flamboyant display of footballing skills </i><br><B>| disappointing, lacklustre, poor | firework | pyrotechnic </B><I>The sun set in a pyrotechnic display that burnt up the whole western sky. </i><br><B>| aerial, aerobatic, air, flying, parachute | courtship, mating, sexual </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISPLAY </U><B> give, perform, put on </B><I>The male performs a magnificent courtship display. They put on a spectacular firework display. </i><br><B>| treat sb to </B><I>The crowd was treated to an impressive display of power tennis. </i><br><B>| watch </B> </P> <P> <U> DISPLAY + NOUN </U><B> team </B><I>an aerobatic display team </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ of </B><I>They gave a virtuoso display of disco dancing. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> brief | rare | impressive, incredible, striking </B><I>Members of the community closed ranks in an impressive display of unity. </i><br><B>| open, public </B><I>an open display of affection for her husband </i><br><B>| outward </B><I>Despite his outward display of friendliness, I sensed he was concealing something. </i><br><B>| ostentatious, overt </B><I>an ostentatious display of wealth </i><br><B>| aggressive </B><I>There may be specific events which trigger aggressive displays in your dog. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ of </B><I>She slammed the door behind her in a display of ill-temper. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> clearly, prominently </B><I>His football trophies were prominently displayed in the kitchen. </i><br><B>| proudly </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>She proudly displayed her degree certificate to her parents. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERB + PUBLICATION </U><B> begin | cease, stop | prepare sth for | be due/scheduled for </B><I>The book is scheduled for publication in the autumn. </i><br><B>| accept sth for </B> </P> <P> <U> PUBLICATION + VERB </U><B> be due/scheduled </B><I>The publication of her memoirs is scheduled for the autumn. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PUBLICATION + NOUN </U><B> date </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the date/time of publication </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> new, recent | forthcoming | leading, major | sister </B><I>‘This Week’'s German sister publication, ‘Diese Woche’, went out of business. </i><br><B>| government, official | specialist | academic, business, scientific, trade </B> </P> <P> <U> PUBLICATION + NOUN </U><B> publications catalogue/list </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ about </B><I>specialist publications about bees </i><br><B>| ~ on </B><I>She has several publications to her name on local history. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> government, official | export, import | residence, residency | work | travel | resident's, visitor's | building, filming, fishing, landing, parking </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PERMIT </U><B> have | give (sb), grant (sb), issue | get, obtain, receive | revoke | renew | apply for | need, require </B> </P> <P> <U> PERMIT + VERB </U><B> expire, run out </B> </P> <P> <U> PERMIT + NOUN </U><B> holder </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>Entry is by permit only. </i><br><B>| with/without a ~ </B><I>You can't park here without a permit. </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>They applied for a permit for a street demonstration against university fees. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> legally | generally, normally </B><I>Development is not normally permitted in conservation areas. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PERMIT </U><B> refuse to | be designed to </B><I>The bill was designed to permit workers to take up to twelve weeks' unpaid leave annually for family reasons. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> elbow, hip, knee, etc. | inflamed, painful, rheumatic, stiff, swollen | artificial </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + JOINT </U><B> replace </B><I>He's going to have his hip joint replaced. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> JOINT + VERB </U><B> ache | move </B><I>The joint should be able to move freely. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>You've got fluid in the joint. </i><br><B>| ~ between </B><I>the joint between the lower and upper parts of the arm </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> put sth out of joint </B><I>She fell and put her knee out of joint. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> considerably, dramatically, drastically, fundamentally, greatly, radically, significantly, substantially </B><I>He had not altered greatly in the last ten years. </i><br><B>| slightly </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> not alter the fact that </B><I>Unemployment has come down slightly but this does not alter the fact that it is still a major problem. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, great, real, significant | deep | detailed | brief | good, remarkable </B><I>The objective of the research is to gain a better insight into labour market processes. </i><br><B>| penetrating, profound, revealing, illuminating | crucial, important, invaluable, valuable | useful | fascinating, interesting | startling | fresh, new | original, unique </B><I>Freud's original insights into the working of the mind </i><br><B>| rare | clear | basic | direct </B><I>The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. </i><br><B>| further | sufficient | individual, personal | critical, historical, theoretical </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> flash </B><I>With a flash of insight, she found the solution to the problem. </i><br><B>| degree </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INSIGHT </U><B> have </B><I>The experienced specialist has professional skills and insight. </i><br><B>| be lacking in, lack | show | allow (sb), afford (sb), give (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with), produce, yield | gain, get, obtain | apply </B><I>Teachers have to apply in the classroom the insights that they gain in educational courses. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ about </B><I>Schopenhauer's insight about music </i><br><B>| ~ into </B><I>a fresh insight into Picasso's mind </i><br><B>| ~ (as) to </B><I>an insight as to how the gene works </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a lack of insight</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> active, current </B><I>Highlight </i><br>a </B><I>passage in the active documen</i><br>t </B><I>and click on the print icon. </i><br>| <B>printed </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DOCUMENT </U><B> open | close | display </B><I>to display documents o</i><br>n </B><I>screen </i><br><B>| retrieve | scroll through </B><I>Scroll through the document usin</i><br>g </B><I>the slider bar on the right of th</i><br>e </B><I>window. </i><br><B>| search </B><I>a software too</i><br>l </B><I>for searching documents an</i><br>d </B><I>retrieving information </i><br><B>| create </B><I>T</i><br>o </B><I>create a new document, selec</i><br>t </B><I>New from the File menu. </i><br><B>| edit | save </B><I>Save the document befor</i><br>e </B><I>closing. </i><br><B>| format | spell check | send </B><I>Send and receive document</i><br>s </B><I>at the click of a button. </i><br><B>| receive | print (out) </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>Cut and paste i</i><br>s </B><I>used to move text to a new plac</i><br>e </B><I>in the document</i><br>. > Special page at COMPUTER </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> clearly, heavily, strongly | simply | generally, normally, usually | automatically | not necessarily </B><I>This does not necessarily imply that children achieve better results in private schools. </i><br><B>| in no way </B><I>They believe that submission in no way implies inferiority. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + IMPLY </U><B> seem to </B><I>The letter seems to imply that the minister knew about the business deals. </i><br><B>| intend to, mean to </B><I>I never meant to imply any criticism. </i><br><B>| take sth to </B><I>This statement should not be taken to imply that the government is exonerated of all blame. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> express or implied </B><I>the express or implied terms of the contract </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> lengthy, long, prolonged | brief, temporary | unauthorized </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> period, spell </B><I>You will not be paid for the full period of absence. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> during/in sb's ~ </B>(= while sb is not there) <I>My father did all the cooking in my mother's absence. </i><br><B>| ~ from </B><I>absence from work </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> conspicuous/notable by your absence </B>(= very obviously absent when you ought to be present) <I>When it came to clearing up afterwards, Anne was conspicuous by her absence. </i><br><B>| leave of absence </B>(= permission to be absent) <I>He asked for leave of absence from the army. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complete, total | virtual | conspicuous, notable </B><I>a conspicuous absence of evidence </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in the ~ of </B><I>In the absence of stone, most houses in the area are built of wood. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> comprehensive, complete | detailed | general | alphabetical </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INDEX </U><B> appear in, be in </B><I>Although the book was devoted to cancer, the word ‘cancer’ did not even appear in the index. </i><br><B>| consult, look (sth up) in </B><I>Why don't you look up her name in the index? </i><br><B>| compile </B> </P> <P> <U> INDEX + VERB </U><B> give sth, list sth </B><I>The index only gives the main towns. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>Is there any reference to it in the index? </i><br><B>| ~ to </B><I>It's a general index to the whole work. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> subject, title | card | computer, computerized </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INDEX </U><B> have, keep </B><I>We keep a card index of all the titles on the shelves. </i><br><B>| compile, create | consult, look (sth up) in, search </B><I>Look up ‘The Waste Land’ in the index. Search the index to find the address of the data file. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> INDEX + NOUN </U><B> card </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>cards in a card index </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> good, reliable, sensitive | high | low | weighted | official | general </B><I>a general index calculated from death and population information </i><br><B>| world </B><I>The world index fell 3.1%. </i><br><B>| cost-of-living, market, retail price | futures, share, stock | Dow Jones, FT-SE 100, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INDEX </U><B> have </B><I>Those who lived in the inner cities had a high index of deprivation. </i><br><B>| use (sth as) </B><I>The test results were used as an index of language proficiency. </i><br><B>| compile, construct, create | calculate, compute </B><I>The index was calculated with a computer. </i><br><B>| publish </B><I>The retail price index is published monthly. </i><br><B>| drag, drive, push, take </B><I>A wave of frenzied buying pushed the index up 136.2 points. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> INDEX + VERB </U><B> measure sth </B><I>an index designed to measure monthly changes in the volume of industrial production </i><br><B>| be based on sth </B><I>an index based on incidents causing a loss of production </i><br><B>| be linked to sth </B><I>The increase in our standard rates will be linked to the retail price index. </i><br><B>| cover sth </B><I>an index covering some 1,700 companies </i><br><B>| open | close, end </B><I>The hundred shares index closed down 15 points. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in an/the ~ </B><I>dividends on shares in the index </i><br><B>| on an/the ~ </B><I>people dealing in options on the FT-SE 100 index </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a drop/fall in an index </B><I>a 28.2 point drop in the FT-SE 100 index </i><br><B>| changes in an index, an increase in an index, as measured by an index </B><I>Inflation, as measured by the retail price index, is expected to drop. </i><br> <br><a href=\"#\" class=\"show_hide\" id=\"plus\">More information about PER CENT</a> <DIV class=\"slidingDiv\"> <a><I>FINANCIAL:</i><br></a> <P><B>indicators ~ be down/up </B><I>With the share price down at 234p, it might be time to start buying. The CAC index was up 18.84 points. </i><br></P> <P><B>~ reach sth, stand at sth </B><I>Consumer confidence reached a 30-year high. Second quarter sales stood at £ 18 billion. </i><br></P> <P><B>~ be/remain unchanged </B><I>The 100 Share Index remained unchanged at 5297. </i><br></P> <P><B>~ gain (sth) </B><I>The share gained 19 cents to close at 4.38. </i><br></P> <P><B>~ suffer (sth) </B><I>Profit margins suffered when the company lowered prices to remain competitive. </i><br></P> <P><B>~ climb, edge up, go up, increase ( ~ increase in value </B>for currencies<B>), jump, rise, rocket, shoot up, skyrocket, soar (</B>+ <I>by, from, to or no preposition</i><br><B>) </B><I>Earnings per share climbed from 3.5p to 5.1p. The pound has increased in value relative to the euro. Profits have shot up by a staggering 25%. Oil prices have skyrocketed. </i><br></P> <P><B>~ come/go down, crash, decline, decrease ( ~ decrease in value </B>for currencies<B>), dive, drop, fall, plummet, plunge, shrink, slip, slump (</B>+ <I>by, from, to or no preposition</i><br><B>) </B><I>Banana exports crashed nearly 50%. The pound fell to a 14-year low against the dollar. Net income plummeted to USD 3.7 million. </i><br></P> <P></P> </DIV> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> greatly </B><I>The use of computers has greatly facilitated the firm's ability to keep accurate records. </i><br><B>| further </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FACILITATE </U><B> be designed to, help (to)</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> gradual | rapid | continuous | natural | peaceful </B><I>the peaceful evolution to democracy </i><br><B>| biological, cultural, historical, political, social, technological | animal, human | Darwinian </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EVOLUTION </U><B> trace </B><I>a book tracing the evolution of the English language </i><br> </P> <P> <U> EVOLUTION + VERB </U><B> occur, proceed, take place </B><I>Evolution proceeds by a series of small changes. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ from … to … </B><I>his evolution from comedian to serious actor </i><br><B>| ~ towards </B><I>the country's gradual evolution towards democracy </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the theory of evolution </B><I>people who reject the theory of evolution </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> well | directly </B><I>The colony was governed directly from Paris. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GOVERN </U><B> be fit/unfit to </B><I>He accused the opposition party of being unfit to govern. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> clear, unmistakable | agreed, pre-arranged | conflicting, confusing, contradictory, mixed | wrong </B><I>Laughing when you should be crying sends out the wrong signals to people. </i><br><B>| alarm, danger, distress, warning | hand, non-verbal, semaphore, smoke, verbal, visual </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SIGNAL </U><B> arrange </B><I>He had arranged a signal for the band to begin. </i><br><B>| give (sb), make, send (out) </B><I>When I give the signal, run! </i><br> <B>| interpret (sth as), read, see sth as </B><I>The remark was seen as a signal that their government was ready to return to the peace talks. </i><br> <B>| pick up, respond to </B><I>Interviewers quickly learn to pick up non-verbal signals. </i><br><B>| act as </B><I>The insect's bright colours act as warning signals to its predators. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> SIGNAL + VERB </U><B> come from sth </B><I>trying to read the signals coming from the patient </i><br><B>| indicate sth </B><I>the signals that can indicate danger </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> at/on a ~ </B><I>At a pre-arranged signal, everyone started cheering. </i><br> <B>| ~ for </B><I>She made a signal for the car to stop. </i><br><B>| ~ from/to </B><I>Wait for the signal from the leader of your group. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> faint, weak | strong | high-frequency, low-frequency | acoustic, analogue, audio, chemical, digital, electrical, electronic, light, radar, radio, sonar, sound, television/TV, video, wireless </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SIGNAL </U><B> carry, pass </B><I>The nerves carry these signals to the brain. </i><br><B>| convert (sth into), scramble, unscramble </B><I>The signal is scrambled into code before it is sent. </i><br><B>| emit, generate, send, transmit | detect, pick up, receive, respond to </B><I>This equipment can detect very low frequency signals. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> SIGNAL + VERB </U><B> travel </B><I>A light signal can travel well over 16km before it halves in intensity. </i><br><B>| fade </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ from </B><I>a faint signal from the satellite </i><br><B>| ~ to </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> frantically, wildly </B><I>She signalled frantically to us. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>He raised his hand and signalled for the waiter. </i><br><B>| to </B><I>She signalled to the bus driver to stop. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> clearly </B><I>These changes clearly signal the end of the welfare state as we know it. </i><br><B>| effectively | not necessarily </B><I>A change of mind in one instance does not necessarily signal a change in overall policy. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> long, short | narrow, small | wide | twisting, winding | connecting, side | subterranean, underground | dark, secret </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PASSAGE </U><B> clear </B><I>to clear a passage for ships through the ice </i><br><B>| force </B><I>He forced a passage for the singer through the crowd. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> along/down/through a/the~ </B><I>We ran through the dark passage. </i><br><B>| in/into a/the ~ </B><I>Someone was waiting outside in the passage. </i><br><B>| ~ between </B><I>the passage between the cottage and the house </i><br><B>| ~ from </B><I>There is an underground passage from the church to the house. </i><br><B>| ~ through </B><I>a narrow passage through the bushes </i><br><B>| ~ to </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the end of a passage </B><I>There was a door at the end of the passage. </i><br><B>| a maze of passages </B><I>the maze of secret passages which wound their way under the building </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> lengthy, long | short | opening | famous, well-known | descriptive, purple </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PASSAGE </U><B> quote, read </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>There's a lot of slang in this passage. </i><br><B>| ~ from </B><I>a passage from the Bible </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> rapid, speedy | slow | safe | smooth | free </B><I>The UN Security Council has demanded free passage for families fleeing from the fighting. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PASSAGE </U><B> deny sb, refuse sb </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ across </B><I>the slow passage of a snail across the veranda </i><br><B>| ~ down </B><I>Steps cut in the hillside give walkers an easy passage down the mountain. </i><br><B>| ~ from … to … </B><I>We are not aware of our passage from consciousness to sleep. </i><br><B>| ~ into </B><I>Portugal's passage into the next round of the tournament </i><br><B>| ~ out of </B><I>a safe passage out of the war zone </i><br><B>| ~ over </B><I>State-of-the-art suspension guarantees a smooth passage over the bumpiest road. </i><br><B>| ~ through </B><I>They denied him passage through the territory. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the passage of time </B><I>The problems only got worse with the passage of time. </i><br><B>| a rite of passage </B><I>Marriage is seen as a rite of passage. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> long, short | rough, stormy | homeward, outward | sea </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PASSAGE </U><B> have | book | work </B><I>He worked his passage </i><br>(= he worked to pay for his journey) </B><I>to Australia. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> during a/the ~ </B><I>During the passage, she taught herself basic Arabic. </i><br><B>| on sb's/the ~ </B><I>We met him on our outward passage. </i><br><B>| ~ across </B><I>a rough passage across the Atlantic </i><br><B>| ~ to </B><I>We had a stormy passage to India. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> smooth | speedy </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PASSAGE </U><B> begin, complete </B><I>The bill will complete its passage in November. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> during the ~ </B><I>There was much controversy during the passage of the bill. </i><br><B>| ~ through </B><I>a strategy to ensure the bill's smooth passage through Parliament </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> amazing, big, exciting, great, important, major, remarkable, significant, startling, surprising, unexpected </B><I>potentially the biggest archaeological discovery in Norway for fifty years </i><br><B>| awful, chilling, grim, terrible </B><I>the awful discovery that he had been deceiving her </i><br><B>| latest, new, recent | accidental, chance </B><I>All these were chance discoveries made by scientists engaged in other investigations. </i><br><B>| archaeological, medical, scientific | personal </B><I>The story tells of a man's journey of personal discovery up an African river. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISCOVERY </U><B> make </B><I>New scientific discoveries are being made all the time. </i><br><B>| lead to </B><I>Their work led to some important medical discoveries. </i><br><B>| await </B><I>There may be many unexpected treasures awaiting discovery. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ by </B><I>a discovery by a French scientist </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>the discovery of oil in the North Sea </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a process of discovery, a journey/voyage of discovery </B><I>(figurative) To tour Sri Lanka is to take a voyage of discovery through a land of endless variety. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> brief, short </B><I>He began with a brief introduction. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in an/the ~ </B><I>His mother is mentioned in the introduction. </i><br><B>| ~ to </B><I>the introduction to her latest book </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> formal </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INTRODUCTION </U><B> make </B><I>I can never remember names, so I don't like to make the introductions. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a letter of introduction </B><I>He gave me a letter of introduction to the manager. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> common | northern, southern, etc. | national, state | district, parish </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BOUNDARY </U><B> have | form, mark </B><I>The river forms the boundary. </i><br><B>| share | draw, establish, fix, set </B><I>The boundary was fixed just south of the farm. </i><br><B>| redraw | cross </B><I>We've just crossed the boundary into Sussex. </i><br><B>| extend </B> </P> <P> <U> BOUNDARY + NOUN </U><B> fence, hedge, line, wall | dispute </B><I>a boundary dispute with their neighbours </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> across/over the ~ </B><I>They drove across the boundary. </i><br><B>| along the ~ </B><I>We continued along the southern boundary of the county. </i><br><B>| at/on the ~ </B><I>We had to stop at the boundary. on the boundary of the two countries </i><br><B>| beyond the ~ </B><I>She had never strayed beyond the city boundaries. </i><br><B>| within the ~s </B><I>within the boundaries of the old city walls </i><br><B>| ~ between </B><I>the boundary between Sussex and Surrey </i><br><B>| ~ with </B><I>The state has a boundary with Ontario. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> traditional </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BOUNDARY </U><B> cross </B><I>This job crosses the traditional boundary between social work and health care. </i><br><B>| extend, push back </B><I>research which extends the boundaries of human knowledge </i><br><B>| overstep </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> across ~s </B><I>His policies appeal across party political boundaries. </i><br><B>| beyond the ~s </B><I>going beyond the boundaries of accepted behaviour </i><br><B>| on the ~ </B><I>on the boundary of physics and chemistry </i><br><B>| within the ~s </B><I>keeping within the boundaries of the law </i><br><B>| ~ between </B><I>the boundary between sanity and insanity </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the boundaries of taste </B><I>In her performance she had clearly overstepped the boundaries of good taste. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, considerable, huge, major, real, significant, substantial </B><I>This change in the tax system will mean big gains for some companies. </i><br><B>| modest, small | long-term, short-term | potential | pre-tax | net, overall </B><I>Labour made an overall gain of 39 seats. </i><br><B>| ill-gotten </B><I>She tucked her ill-gotten gains into her purse and left. </i><br><B>| personal, private </B><I>using the investments for their private gain </i><br><B>| commercial, economic, financial, material </B><I>There will be no financial gain for mothers from this new system. </i><br><B>| electoral, political </B><I>the far right made huge electoral gains </i><br><B>| military, territorial | weight </B><I>She was most upset by her recent weight gain. </i><br><B>| efficiency, productivity </B><I>There is still scope for efficiency gains </i><br>(= gains to be made by being more efficient)</B><I>. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GAIN </U><B> make | bring (sb) </B><I>Better workplace design can bring real gains in productivity. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for ~ </B><I>It's amazing what some people will do for gain. </i><br><B>| ~ from </B>£</B><I>3.9 million gains from the sale of stock </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>Last year there was only a modest gain in earnings. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> catastrophic, considerable, dramatic, drastic, massive, marked, precipitate, precipitous, rapid, serious, sharp, significant, steep, substantial | gentle, gradual, modest, slight, slow | continuing, progressive, steady </B><I>a steady decline in manufacturing </i><br><B>| general, long-term, overall | absolute, inevitable, inexorable, irreversible, terminal </B><I>an industry in terminal decline </i><br><B>| economic, industrial, moral, political, urban </B><I>the moral decline of the nation </i><br><B>| national </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DECLINE </U><B> fall into, go into, suffer </B><I>The cloth trade went into gradual decline. </i><br><B>| cause, lead to </B><I>The increased gold price lead to the decline of his jewellery business. </i><br><B>| arrest, halt, stop </B><I>We must halt this decline in health services. </i><br><B>| prevent | accelerate | see </B><I>We have seen a sharp decline in educational standards over recent years. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>The motor industry is still in decline. </i><br><B>| on the ~ </B><I>This area has been on the decline for some years now. </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>a steep decline in sales </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>the decline of British farming </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the decline and fall of sth </B><I>the decline and fall of a great civilization </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> considerably, dramatically, drastically, markedly, sharply, significantly, steeply </B><I>The economy has declined sharply in recent years. </i><br><B>| a little, slightly | fast, rapidly </B><I>The market for these products is declining fast. </i><br><B>| steadily | gradually, slowly | further </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by </B><I>Profits declined by 6% this year. </i><br><B>| from, to </B><I>The number of full-time staff has declined from 300 to just 50. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> decline in importance/numbers/size </B><I>This section of the market has slowly declined in importance. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high, low | male/female, pupil/teacher, etc. | benefit-to-risk, power-to-weight, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RATIO </U><B> achieve, have </B><I>They have a high ratio of imports to exports. </i><br><B>| improve, increase </B><I>The hospital is trying to improve its staff/patient ratio. </i><br><B>| reduce | calculate, find, work out </B> </P> <P> <U> RATIO + VERB </U><B> improve | worsen </B><I>the worsening pupil/teacher ratio in our schools </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>We mixed the oil and water in a ratio of one to five. </i><br><B>| ~ between </B><I>the ratio between the amount of time spent on the work and the profit produced </i><br><B>| ~ of sth to sth </B><I>the ratio of house prices to incomes </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in direct ratio to sth </B><I>Their sales rose in direct ration to the amount they spent on advertising. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> strictly </B><I>These foods had to be strictly rationed. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>The soldiers were rationed to one litre of water each per day. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> high, low | male/female, pupil/teacher, etc. | benefit-to-risk, power-to-weight, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RATIO </U><B> achieve, have </B><I>They have a high ratio of imports to exports. </i><br><B>| improve, increase </B><I>The hospital is trying to improve its staff/patient ratio. </i><br><B>| reduce | calculate, find, work out </B> </P> <P> <U> RATIO + VERB </U><B> improve | worsen </B><I>the worsening pupil/teacher ratio in our schools </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~ </B><I>We mixed the oil and water in a ratio of one to five. </i><br><B>| ~ between </B><I>the ratio between the amount of time spent on the work and the profit produced </i><br><B>| ~ of sth to sth </B><I>the ratio of house prices to incomes </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in direct ratio to sth </B><I>Their sales rose in direct ration to the amount they spent on advertising. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> strictly </B><I>These foods had to be strictly rationed. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>The soldiers were rationed to one litre of water each per day. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, prove | become | remain | consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sth as </B> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> really | absolutely </B><I>It's absolutely crucial that we get this right. </i><br><B>| fairly, quite | hardly | clearly, obviously </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>The talks are crucial for the success of the plan. </i><br><B>| to </B><I>Secrecy is crucial to this police operation. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> prompt, speedy | early | full </B><I>full settlement of a debt </i><br><B>| cash | debt </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ of </B><I>a cheque in settlement of the amount owing </i><br><B>| under a/the ~ </B><I>a beneficiary under the settlement </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> ancient, early | land | agricultural, rural </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SETTLEMENT </U><B> establish, found </B><I>The Romans established a settlement on the south shore. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> SETTLEMENT + VERB </U><B> grow up </B><I>A settlement grew up around the castle. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> SETTLEMENT + NOUN </U><B> site</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> completely, fully </B><I>The matter is not yet fully resolved. </i><br><B>| successfully | adequately, satisfactorily | amicably, peacefully </B><I>We hope that the dispute can be resolved peacefully. </i><br><B>| easily, readily | quickly, rapidly, speedily | immediately | eventually, finally, ultimately </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RESOLVE </U><B> attempt to, take steps to, try to | be unable to, fail to </B><I>The two countries have failed to resolve their differences on this. </i><br><B>| help (to) | be difficult to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by/through </B><I>The crisis was finally resolved through high-level negotiations. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> an attempt/effort to resolve sth </B><I>They met in a last-ditch attempt to resolve their differences. </i><br><B>| a means/method/way of resolving sth</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> clearly, sharply | carefully | easily, readily </B><I>The adult can b</i><br>e </B><I>readily distinguished by its orang</i><br>e </B><I>bill</i><br>. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DISTINGUISH </U><B> be able to, can/could | be unable to | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to, be possible to | be important to, be necessary to </B><I>It is important to distinguish between cause and effect. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> between </B><I>It is often difficul</i><br>t </B><I>to distinguish clearly between fac</i><br>t </B><I>and fiction in this book. </i><br><B>| from </B><I>She could not distinguish one chil</i><br>d </B><I>from another</i><br>. </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, great | complete, full, total | relative </B><I>The council's relative independence of the government means it can negotiate its own agreements. </i><br><B>| nominal | genuine, real, true | de facto </B><I>Aquitaine's de facto independence from the king of France </i><br><B>| continued/continuing, growing | hard-won | local, national | academic, economic, editorial, financial, judicial, personal, political, professional </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> degree, measure </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INDEPENDENCE </U><B> have </B><I>Young people have more independence these days. </i><br><B>| lack | enjoy, value </B><I>I value my independence too much to get married. </i><br><B>| display, show </B><I>She displayed independence of judgement in choosing a career quite different from that of her parents. </i><br><B>| assert </B><I>Edward III tried to assert his independence of the regime at court. </i><br><B>| achieve, gain, win </B><I>Mexico achieved independence from Spain in 1821. </i><br><B>| bring (about) </B><I>the need to bring independence to the country a colonial crisis which brought about independence </i><br><B>| declare, proclaim | ensure, maintain, preserve, retain, sustain </B><I>The army is committed to ensuring the independence of the country. </i><br><B>| give up, lose </B><I>She doesn't want to lose her hard-won independence. </i><br><B>| regain, restore | encourage, promote </B><I>Parents should encourage independence in their children. </i><br><B>| undermine </B><I>Economic aid tends to undermine the national independence of third world countries. </i><br><B>| seek | call for, demand | vote for | give sb/sth, grant sb/sth | recognize </B><I>They have agreed to recognize the breakaway republic's independence. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> INDEPENDENCE + VERB </U><B> come </B><I>Independence came to the British colonial territories in Africa in the late fifties and early sixties. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> INDEPENDENCE + NOUN </U><B> day | celebrations | movement | struggle </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> at ~ </B><I>Namibia became a full member of the UN at independence. </i><br><B>| ~ from </B><I>independence from Spain </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>the church's independence of the state independence of mind </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a declaration of independence, a lack of independence, the loss of independence, a sign/symbol of independence </B><I>The car became a symbol of independence. </i><br><B>| the struggle for independence, a war of independence </B><I>the American War of Independence </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> policy </B><I>the top civil servants who are responsible for policy formation </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FORMATION </U><B> lead to, result in </B><I>This dispute led to the formation of a new breakaway group. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> close, tight | battle </B><I>The troops advanced in battle formation. </i><br><B>| family, household, social </B><I>changing patterns of marriage and family formation </i><br> </P> <P> <U> FORMATION + NOUN </U><B> dancing, flying </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a … ~ </B><I>The men were grouped in a close formation. </i><br><B>| in ~ </B><I>a squadron of planes flying in formation </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> direct, indirect | one-way </B><I>Classes are based on discussion rather than on the one-way transmission of knowledge. </i><br><B>| onward, outward </B><I>An extra copy of each document was supplied for onward transmission to head office. </i><br><B>| data, information, voice | facsimile/fax | light, power | money | gas | cable, radio, satellite, television | analogue, digital | live, simultaneous </B><I>There will be simultaneous transmission of the concert on TV and radio. </i><br><B>| genetic, oral, person-to-person, sexual | herpes, HIV, malaria | cultural </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + TRANSMISSION </U><B> prevent </B> </P> <P> <U> TRANSMISSION + NOUN </U><B> equipment, line, technology | mechanism, network, system | route </B><I>The virus's usual transmission route is by sneezing. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ among </B><I>HIV transmission among homosexual men </i><br><B>| ~ between </B><I>transmission between patients </i><br><B>| ~ by </B><I>transmission by satellite </i><br><B>| ~ from, ~ to </B><I>transmission from one aircraft to another </i><br><B>| ~ through </B><I>HIV transmission through blood transfusion </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a mode of transmission, a risk of transmission </B><I>There is a risk of transmission of the virus between hypodermic users. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> general | changing | final | future </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHAPE </U><B> alter, change, determine, influence </B><I>He did much to determine the shape of Europe's political map at that time. </i><br><B>| take </B><I>A wonderful idea began to take shape in her brain. </i><br><B>| give </B><I>the words we use to give a shape to our feelings </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> in any shape or form </B><I>I can't stand insects in any shape or form. </i><br><B>| the shape of things to come </B><I>This revolutionary transport system could be the shape of things to come. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> profoundly </B><I>Memory can be profoundly shaped by subsequent experience. </i><br><B>| largely | actively, deliberately </B><I>actively shaping the history of their country </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHAPE </U><B> help (to) </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a part/role in shaping sth</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> early, late </B><I>A lot of cancers can now be cured if they are detected early. </i><br><B>| quickly | easily, readily </B><I>Some substances can be detected fairly easily. </i><br><B>| accurately </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DETECT </U><B> be able to, be sensitive enough to, can </B><I>a machine that is sensitive enough to detect tiny amounts of explosives </i><br><B>| be unable to | be designed to | fail to </B><I>The test failed to detect any illegal substances. </i><br><B>| be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to | be easy to, be possible to | be used to </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> be capable of detecting sth, a means/method/way of detecting sth</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> abject, absolute, extreme, grinding, severe | widespread | rural, urban </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + POVERTY </U><B> alleviate, combat, reduce | eliminate, eradicate </B><I>hoping to eradicate urban poverty </i><br> </P> <P> <U> POVERTY + NOUN </U><B> trap </B><I>Caught in the poverty trap, they are unable to save money for business ventures. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~ </B><I>Most of the population lives in grinding poverty. </i><br><B>| ~ among </B><I>the true extent of poverty among the unemployed </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>His work displays a poverty of imagination. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> below/on the poverty line </B><I>families living on incomes below the poverty line </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> original </B><I>My original intention was to study all morning, but this turned out to be impractical. </i><br><B>| declared, stated | firm | general | deliberate </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + INTENTION </U><B> have </B><I>I have no intention of changing jobs. </i><br><B>| announce, declare, state </B><I>The council has announced its intention to crack down on parking offences. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with a/the ~ of </B><I>I went to the bank with the intention of getting some traveller's cheques. </i><br><B>| ~ behind </B><I>The general intention behind the project is a good one. </i><br><B>| ~ by </B><I>The intention by the local authority to build 2,000 new houses is unrealistic. </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>His intention in inviting us to dinner was to persuade us to back his project. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> good/the best intentions </B><I>It was done with the best intentions, I assure you </i><br><B>| have every/no intention of doing sth </B><I>We have every intention of winning the next election. </i><br><B>| make your intention clear </B><I>He didn't make his intentions clear in his letter. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> gradually, slowly | rapidly | eventually </B><I>the theory which eventually evolved from this study </i><br><B>| constantly, continually | naturally | independently, separately </B><I>Monkeys in the New World evolved quite separately from those in the Old World. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EVOLVE </U><B> continue to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>More complex animals gradually evolved from these very simple creatures. </i><br><B>| into </B><I>The protest movement has evolved into a well organized political party. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> fully/highly evolved </B><I>These are very highly evolved animals. </i><br> </P>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> distinct, dramatic, fundamental, major, marked, profound, pronounced, radical, significant, substantial | discernible | slight, subtle | gradual | abrupt, sudden | decisive, irreversible, long-term | climate, cultural, demographic, ideological, policy, population </b> </p> <p> <u> VERB + SHIFT </u><b> be, represent </b><i>These proposals represent a dramatic shift in policy. </i><br><b>| bring about, cause, lead to, produce, result in | mark, see </b><i>The moment marked a significant shift in attitudes to the war. </i><br><b>| detect </b><i>I detected a subtle shift towards our point of view. </i><br><b>| explain </b><i>one factor which may explain the president's policy shift </i><br> </p> <p> <u> SHIFT + VERB </u><b> occur, take place </b><i>These climate shifts occurred over less than a decade. </i><br> </p> <p> <u> PREP. </u><b> ~ between </b><i>the many shifts between verse and prose that occur in Shakespeare </i><br><b>| ~ (away) from </b><i>the shift away from direct taxation </i><br><b>| ~ in </b><i>a shift in public opinion </i><br><b>| ~ to </b><i>a sudden shift to the right in British politics </i><br><b>| ~ towards </b><i>a shift towards part-time farming </i><br> </p>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> double, long, split </B><I>I agreed to work double shifts for a few weeks. </i><br><B>| day, early, late, night | eight-hour, ten-hour, etc. | afternoon, evening, morning, weekend </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHIFT </U><B> be/come/go on, do, work (in) ~s </B><I>I'm doing the early shift this week. I didn't realize that I'd have to work shifts. The clinic is staffed by ten doctors who work in shifts. </i><br><B>| change (your) ~s </B><I>It was 8.00 a.m. and the nurses were changing shifts. My husband has changed his shifts, from the afternoon shift to the night one. </i><br><B>| be/go/come off </B> </P> <P> <U> SHIFT + NOUN </U><B> work | supervisor, manager, worker | pattern, system </B><I>They'd altered his shift pattern twice in the past fortnight. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> on a/the ~ </B><I>a decision for the chief nurse on each shift </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> slightly </B><I>Julie shifted her position slightly and smiled. </i><br><B>| impatiently, restlessly, uncomfortably, uneasily </B><I>She shifted uncomfortably in her chair. </i><br><B>| away </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from </B><I>She shifted her gaze away from the group of tourists. </i><br><B>| onto </B><I>He shifted his weight onto his left foot. </i><br><B>| to </B><I>Her eyes shifted to his face. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> shift from foot to foot </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> dramatically, markedly </B><I>The emphasis has shifted markedly in recent years. </i><br><B>| slightly | effectively | simply </B><I>We cannot simply shift the responsibility onto someone else. </i><br><B>| gradually, slowly | rapidly | suddenly | constantly, continually </B><I>constantly shifting alliances </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SHIFT </U><B> attempt to, try to </B><I>trying to shift the blame onto the government </i><br><B>| tend to | begin to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> (away) from </B><I>I felt the advantage had suddenly shifted away from us. </i><br><B>| onto, to </B><I>His sympathies rapidly shifted to the side of the workers. </i><br><B>| towards </B><I>These changes will shift the balance in higher education more towards science subjects. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> considerable, enormous, great | added, additional, extra, increased, more | maximum, total | enough, sufficient | financial </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> degree </B><I>Police work involves a considerable degree of flexibility and discretion. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + FLEXIBILITY </U><B> have </B><I>You have considerable flexibility in this job and can choose how to do things. </i><br><B>| show | obtain </B><I>Flexibility of labour was obtained through the break up of old trade union structures. </i><br><B>| maintain, retain | restore </B><I>She had physiotherapy to restore the flexibility of her muscles. </i><br><B>| bring (sb/sth), give (sb/sth), introduce, provide (sb/sth with) </B><I>The new range of machines will bring flexibility to your business computing. </i><br><B>| allow (sb/sth), allow for, offer (sb/sth), permit (sb/sth) </B><I>The courses are designed to allow maximum flexibility. </i><br><B>| build, create </B><I>reforms to build flexibility into the system </i><br><B>| enhance, improve, increase | encourage </B><I>an initiative to encourage greater flexibility in teaching and learning </i><br><B>| reduce | need, require </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ in </B><I>This will give schools greater flexibility in their use of resources. </i><br><B>| ~ over </B><I>flexibility over the deadline </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a need for flexibility </B><I>There is a need for greater flexibility in the way the network is managed. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> private, public | Internet </B> </P> <P> <U> DOMAIN + NOUN </U><B> name </B><I>Register a domain name if you want people to find your website. </i><br><B>| registration </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in a/the ~, within a/the ~ </B><I>This information is all in the public domain. </i><br><B>| outside a/the ~ </B><I>things that happen outside the domain of the home </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> chosen | legal, medical, teaching, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROFESSION </U><B> practise </B><I>In the 1930s he was forbidden to practise his profession. </i><br><B>| enter, go into, join </B><I>She entered the legal profession after university. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>He was a consultant physician by profession. </i><br><B>| in a/sb's/the ~ </B><I>making an impact in her chosen profession </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a choice of profession </B><I>She was shocked at her daughter's choice of profession. </i><br><B>| the top of sb's profession </B><I>He reached the top of his profession in very little time. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> chosen | legal, medical, teaching, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROFESSION </U><B> practise </B><I>In the 1930s he was forbidden to practise his profession. </i><br><B>| enter, go into, join </B><I>She entered the legal profession after university. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> by ~ </B><I>He was a consultant physician by profession. </i><br><B>| in a/sb's/the ~ </B><I>making an impact in her chosen profession </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a choice of profession </B><I>She was shocked at her daughter's choice of profession. </i><br><B>| the top of sb's profession </B><I>He reached the top of his profession in very little time. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be, seem | become </B><I>It soon became apparent that the company was losing money. </i><br><B>| make sth </B><I>He made it apparent that he was very annoyed. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> glaringly, strongly, very | fully, quite | increasingly | all too </B><I>His unhappiness was all too apparent. </i><br><B>| quickly, soon | immediately, instantly </B><I>The extent of their injuries was not immediately apparent. </i><br><B>| easily, readily | clearly | painfully </B><I>Local suspicion of the incomers was painfully apparent. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>His lack of experience was quite apparent to everyone. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> important, major | severe, tight </B><I>The government has placed tight constraints on spending this year. </i><br><B>| budget, financial </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONSTRAINT </U><B> impose, place, put | remove </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> within a/the ~ </B><I>We have to work within severe constraints. </i><br><B>| without ~ </B><I>I felt free to speak to her without constraint. </i><br><B>| ~ on/upon </B><I>There are major financial constraints on all schools. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> conspicuous, important, major, notable, obvious, significant, striking </B><I>Most industries have suffered badly in the recession, but there have been a few notable exceptions. </i><br><B>| minor, rare | honourable </B><I>With a few honourable exceptions, MPs kept quiet about the corruption. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + EXCEPTION </U><B> make </B><I>No parking is allowed, but an exception is made for disabled drivers. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with the ~ of </B><I>The whole of the island was flooded with the exception of a small area in the north. </i><br><B>| without ~ </B><I>Without exception, all employees must carry their identity card with them at all times. </i><br><B>| ~ to </B><I>Guide dogs are the one exception to the store's ban on dogs. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> be no exception </B><I>The weather had been rainy for days, and the day of the race was no exception. </i><br><B>| be the exception rather than the rule </B><I>Nowadays a job for life is very much the exception rather than the rule. </i><br><B>| be the exception to the rule </B><I>Most of his family are sports enthusiasts, but he's the exception to the rule. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> VERBS </U><B> be | become | remain, stay </B><I>The scars remained visible all her life. </i><br><B>| leave sth, make sth </B><I>We cut the trees down to make the lake visible from the house. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ADV. </U><B> all too, clearly, easily, highly, obviously, particularly, plainly, readily, very </B><I>His relief was all too visible. The election poster was clearly visible from the street. Italy has a highly visible environmental movement. </i><br><B>| fully, quite </B><I>The sea was now out, leaving the wreck fully visible. Ellie's quite visible embarrassment </i><br><B>| just </B><I>The mountains were just visible, dusky and black. </i><br><B>| barely, hardly, scarcely </B><I>The low, flat boats were barely visible. </i><br><B>| almost | half, partially </B><I>She stood, half visible in the dim light. </i><br><B>| dimly, faintly </B><I>A figure was dimly visible in the evening gloom. </i><br><B>| externally | immediately </B><I>Women are advised to wait where they are not immediately visible to approaching traffic. </i><br><B>| still | no longer </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>Its contents were visible to all of them. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> visible to the naked eye </B><I>tiny spiders that are hardly visible to the naked eye </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> accepted, established | ethical, moral | cultural, social | statistical | community, family, group </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + NORM </U><B> conform to </B><I>Their behaviour conforms to the group norm. </i><br><B>| break, challenge | deviate from, differ from </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> above the ~, below the ~, over the ~ </B><I>They want to discourage pay settlements over the norm. </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>On-screen editing has become the norm for all student work. </i><br><B>| ~ of </B><I>accepted norms of behaviour </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a deviation/departure from the norm, an exception to the norm, the norm rather than the exception </B><I>In the inner-city areas, poverty is the norm rather than the exception. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> slightly | finely </B><I>It is important to have equipment that can be finely adjusted. </i><br><B>| automatically | carefully | accordingly </B><I>Children are sensitive to disapproval and adjust their behaviour accordingly. </i><br><B>| downwards, upwards </B><I>This estimate may have to be adjusted downwards. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for </B><I>Salaries are adjusted for inflation. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> quickly, rapidly | gradually, slowly </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADJUST </U><B> be difficult/hard to </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADJUST </U><B> need/take time to </B><I>It may take a little time to adjust to the climate here. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ADJUST </U><B> try to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> to </B><I>She will gradually adjust to her new role. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> heavy, high </B><I>the country with the highest fuel consumption in the world </i><br><B>| low | average | overall, total | excessive | conspicuous </B>(= buying expensive goods in order to impress people and show how rich you are) <B>| annual, daily </B><I>Annual consumption of wine has risen from five to eleven litres per head. </i><br><B>| per capita | domestic, local, home </B><I>It is important that the recovery be export-led rather than led by domestic consumption. Half the small crop was kept for home consumption. </i><br><B>| foreign, world | household | individual, personal | mass | public | private | future </B><I>households that save for future consumption </i><br><B>| alcohol, beer, cigarette, food, meat, tobacco, water | electricity, energy, fuel, gas, oil, petrol, power </B> </P> <P> <U> QUANT. </U><B> level </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CONSUMPTION </U><B> boost, encourage, increase, stimulate </B><I>Doctors say that children need to increase their consumption of fruit and vegetables. The industry faced a serious challenge in trying to stimulate consumption. </i><br><B>| cut down, reduce </B><I>You need to reduce your alcohol consumption. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> CONSUMPTION + VERB </U><B> go up, increase, rise | decline, decrease, fall, go down </B> </P> <P> <U> CONSUMPTION + NOUN </U><B> expenditure, spending | figures, levels | habits, patterns </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> for sb's ~ </B>(= intended to be read or heard by sb) <I>The documents were for the committee rather than for public consumption. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> fit/unfit for human consumption </B>(= safe/not safe to be eaten) <I>meat that is unfit for human consumption </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> clear, dramatic, perfect, potent, powerful, supreme, ultimate </B><I>The Berlin wall was the supreme symbol of the Cold War. </i><br><B>| universal </B><I>The dove is a universal symbol of peace. </i><br><B>| outward, physical, visual </B><I>The company car is an outward symbol of the employee's status. </i><br><B>| ancient, traditional | national | cultural, military, political | divine, religious, sacred | Christian, Hindu, etc. | fertility, phallic, sexual, virility </B><I>The villagers took fertility symbols into the fields to ensure a good harvest. </i><br><B>| sex </B>(= a person famous for being attractive) <I>He is not most people's idea of a sex symbol. </i><br><B>| status </B><I>A stressful job can actually be a status symbol. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SYMBOL </U><B> adopt sth as, regard sth as, see sth as, use sth as </B><I>Eggs are seen as the symbol of new life. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> identifying </B><I>All GM products carry an identifying symbol. </i><br><B>| abstract, geometric, geometrical | graphic, written | chemical, Chinese, linguistic, mathematical, musical, phonemic, phonetic, punctuation </B><I>A list of phonetic symbols is given in the front of the dictionary. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SYMBOL </U><B> bear, be marked with, have </B><I>The coin bears a Jewish symbol. The bottle had a skull and crossbones symbol on it. </i><br><B>| display, show, use </B><I>Hotels that show this symbol offer activities for children. </i><br><B>| look out for, see </B><I>Always look out for the special ABTA symbol at your travel agent's. You can use your tokens wherever you see this symbol. </i><br><B>| decipher, interpret, understand </B> </P> <P> <U> SYMBOL + VERB </U><B> denote sth, indicate sth, mean sth, represent sth </B><I>What does this little symbol mean? </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in ~s </B><I>a message written in symbols </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>O is the chemical symbol for oxygen. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> physical | crash, crush, flood, police, protective, security, ticket | sound </B><I>(figurative) the first plane to break the sound barrier </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BARRIER </U><B> build, erect, install | break through </B><I>The crowd managed to break through the barriers and get onto the pitch. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> at a/the ~ </B><I>Please show your ticket at the barrier. </i><br><B>| behind a/the ~ </B><I>The police waited behind the barriers. </i><br><B>| through a/the ~ </B><I>There was a slow trickle of people through the barriers. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> effective, formidable, major | class, cultural, language, racial, trade </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BARRIER </U><B> build, create, erect, put up, set up </B><I>The old laws created barriers to free trade. </i><br><B>| break down, lift, lower, reduce, remove | cross </B><I>They believe that sport can cross any barriers. </i><br><B>| be faced with, encounter, face | overcome, transcend </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ against </B><I>The country has set up barriers against imports. </i><br><B>| ~ between </B><I>a class barrier between the two families </i><br><B>| ~ to </B><I>a formidable barrier to communication </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> large, powerful | small | diesel, electric | outboard </B><I>a boat with a powerful outboard motor </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MOTOR </U><B> start, turn on | turn off </B> </P> <P> <U> MOTOR + VERB </U><B> run, work </B><I>He left the motor running. </i><br><B>| drive sth </B><I>A powerful motor drives the mill wheel. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> free </B><I>The club offers free entry to women on Thursdays. </i><br><B>| school, university </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTRY </U><B> apply for | gain | allow sb, grant sb </B><I>They were later allowed entry into the country. </i><br><B>| refuse sb, restrict </B><I>It has been necessary to restrict entry into the club. </i><br><B>| guarantee sb </B> </P> <P> <U> ENTRY + NOUN </U><B> criteria, qualifications, requirements, standard | visa | ticket </B><I>Entry tickets to most attractions are included in the price of the holiday. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ into </B><I>These qualifications will not guarantee you entry into the police force. </i><br><B>| ~ to </B><I>She applied for entry to Nottingham University. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> right of entry </B><I>The landlord had the right of entry to the flat with due warning. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> forced, forcible </B><I>The house was quiet, and there were no signs of a forced entry. </i><br><B>| unauthorized </B><I>The sign on the gates read ‘No Unauthorized Entry’. </i><br><B>| illegal | dramatic | triumphal </B><I>Caesar's triumphal entry into Rome </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTRY </U><B> force, gain </B><I>He found the door locked, but he forced an entry. </i><br><B>| make </B><I>The champion made his usual dramatic entry into the arena. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> ENTRY + NOUN </U><B> point </B><I>Drugs are believed to come into the country through five main entry points. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ into </B><I>Hungary's entry into the EU </i><br><B>| ~ to </B><I>She wondered how she could gain entry to the building. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> winning </B><I>The winning entry will be published in next month's issue. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTRY </U><B> post, send (in) </B><I>Send in your entry as soon as possible! </i><br><B>| attract, get, have, receive </B><I>The show attracted entries from all over the country. We have had a lot of entries this year. </i><br><B>| judge </B> </P> <P> <U> ENTRY + NOUN </U><B> coupon, form | fee </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>We had too many entries for this event. </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>There were a record 2,000 entries in the under-17 section. </i><br><B>| ~ to </B><I>one of the best entries to our competition </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> diary | dictionary </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTRY </U><B> make, write </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in an/the ~ </B><I>Very little information is given in the diary entries. </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>Look at the dictionary entry for ‘welcome’. </i><br><B>| ~ in </B><I>the last entry she made in her diary </i><br><B>| ~ on </B><I>First examine the entries on the marriage register. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> clearly | just, merely, only, simply </B><I>This disaster merely underlines the need for a consistent foreign policy. </i><br><B>| further </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + UNDERLINE </U><B> serve to | seem to | be intended to </B><I>a move intended to underline US concern over the issue </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> underline the fact that …</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> clear, definite, marked, obvious, strong | left-wing, right-wing | cultural, political </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + BIAS </U><B> have </B><I>The newspaper has a clear bias towards the Conservative Party. </i><br><B>| display, show | avoid, eliminate, reduce | correct </B><I>We have now tried to correct the bias in our original report. </i><br><B>| be free from </B><I>The newspaper was free from political bias. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> BIAS + VERB </U><B> creep in, exist </B><I>Bias often creeps in through the wording of questions. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> with/without ~ </B><I>All material must be selected and presented without bias. </i><br><B>| with a ~ </B><I>a newspaper with a strong left-wing bias </i><br><B>| ~ against </B><I>a bias against women </i><br><B>| ~ in favour of/towards </B><I>a bias in favour of small firms </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> positively | unfairly </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> against </B><I>The present law discriminates unfairly against women. </i><br><B>| in favour of </B><I>discriminating positively in favour of people from ethnic minorities </i><br><B>| on (the) grounds of </B><I>Workers must avoid discriminating on the grounds of race or sex. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> approximate, rough | accurate </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GUIDE </U><B> give (sb), provide (sb with) | use sth as </B><I>Use the table below as a guide to how much washing powder to use. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ as to </B><I>These figures give a rough guide as to the sales we can expect. </i><br><B>| ~ to </B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> essential, good, helpful, informative, invaluable, practical, reliable, useful, valuable | brief, quick, short, simple | complete, comprehensive, definitive, in-depth </B><I>This book is the definitive guide to world cuisine. </i><br><B>| step-by-step </B><I>a step-by-step guide to creating your own website </i><br><B>| reference </B><I>The book contains a quick reference guide to essential grammar at the back. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ to </B><I>a guide to British birds </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> firmly </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GUIDE </U><B> help (to) </B><I>the information and data which help guide the affairs of the business </i><br><B>| try to </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> into </B><I>the ways in which young people are guided into employment </i><br><B>| on </B><I>Schools were firmly guided on the details of the curriculum </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> carefully </B><I>Their teacher Phil Bailey carefully guides them through rehearsals. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + GUIDE </U><B> help (to) </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in </B><I>He guided me in my research. </i><br><B>| on </B><I>guiding teachers on how to maintain discipline </i><br><B>| through </B><I>He guided us through the intricacies of the divorce law. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> close </B><I>There needs to be a closer dialogue between management and staff. </i><br><B>| direct </B><I>The government refused to engage in direct dialogue with the terrorists. </i><br><B>| constructive, serious | political </B><I>a serious political dialogue </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + DIALOGUE </U><B> engage in, have, hold </B><I>Managers are willing to hold a dialogue with union leaders. </i><br><B>| begin, enter into, open | resume </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ about </B><I>dialogue about concrete issues </i><br><B>| ~ among </B><I>The head encourages a climate of open dialogue among the teachers. </i><br><B>| ~ between </B><I>the need for dialogue between the two sides in the dispute </i><br><B>| ~ on </B><I>a constructive dialogue on pay and working conditions </i><br><B>| ~ with </B><I>They have agreed to resume their dialogue with the teachers. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> large-scale, small-scale | commercial, industrial | local </B><I>cotton ropes of local manufacture </i><br><B>| metal, steel, etc. | cloth, cotton, textile, woollen, etc. | car, vehicle, etc. | drug, food, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MANUFACTURE </U><B> commence, start </B><I>They commenced large-scale commercial manufacture of the chairs in January. </i><br><B>| complete | be engaged in </B> </P> <P> <U> MANUFACTURE + VERB </U><B> start </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> costs of manufacture, date of manufacture </B><I>The date of manufacture of the jewellery has not been authenticated. </i><br><B>| the method/process of manufacture</B> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, large, leading, major </B><I>the world's largest computer manufacturer </i><br><B>| well-known | commercial | independent | foreign, overseas | car, chemical, computer, motor, textile, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the manufacturer's instructions </B><I>The guarantee may be rendered invalid if the manufacturer's instructions are not followed. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> large-scale, small-scale | commercial, industrial | local </B><I>cotton ropes of local manufacture </i><br><B>| metal, steel, etc. | cloth, cotton, textile, woollen, etc. | car, vehicle, etc. | drug, food, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + MANUFACTURE </U><B> commence, start </B><I>They commenced large-scale commercial manufacture of the chairs in January. </i><br><B>| complete | be engaged in </B> </P> <P> <U> MANUFACTURE + VERB </U><B> start </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> costs of manufacture, date of manufacture </B><I>The date of manufacture of the jewellery has not been authenticated. </i><br><B>| the method/process of manufacture</B> </P> <P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> big, large, leading, major </B><I>the world's largest computer manufacturer </i><br><B>| well-known | commercial | independent | foreign, overseas | car, chemical, computer, motor, textile, etc. </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the manufacturer's instructions </B><I>The guarantee may be rendered invalid if the manufacturer's instructions are not followed. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> great | exciting | ambitious, difficult, hazardous | common, cooperative, joint </B><I>The programme is a joint enterprise with the National Business School. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTERPRISE </U><B> embark on/upon, start, undertake </B><I>They are willing to undertake a new enterprise. </i><br><B>| abandon </B> </P> <P> <U> ENTERPRISE + VERB </U><B> fail, succeed </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> in an/the ~ </B><I>The team leader will be the most important factor in this difficult enterprise. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> great </B><I>I thought she showed great enterprise. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + ENTERPRISE </U><B> show </B> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> a spirit of enterprise</B> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> full </B><I>In her new house she had full scope for her passion for gardening. </i><br><B>| ample, considerable, enormous, great, tremendous | limited </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SCOPE </U><B> have | allow (sb), give sb, leave (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with) </B><I>These courses give students more scope for developing their own ideas. </i><br><B>| increase | cut down, reduce </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ for </B><I>There is limited scope for creativity in my job. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> broad, wide | limited, narrow </B><I>The scope of the exhibition is disappointingly narrow. </i><br><B>| geographical, territorial </B><I>The geographical scope of product markets has widened since the war. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + SCOPE </U><B> broaden, expand, extend, increase, widen | limit, reduce, restrict | define, determine </B><I>These criteria were used to determine the scope of the curriculum. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> SCOPE + VERB </U><B> broaden, expand, extend, increase, widen | narrow </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> beyond/outside the ~ of </B><I>The subject lies outside the scope of this book. </i><br><B>| in (sth's) ~ </B><I>The survey is too limited in (its) scope. </i><br><B>| within the ~ of </B><I>These disputes fall within the scope of the local courts. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> northern, southern, etc. | central, coastal, frontier </B><I>the central province of Ghor </i><br><B>| English-speaking, French-speaking, etc. | autonomous 2 the provinces </B>not the capital city </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + PROVINCE </U><B> tour </B><I>The show is currently touring the provinces. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> from the ~ </B><I>She's from the provinces and not familiar with Rome. </i><br><B>| in the ~ </B><I>There are a number of press agencies based in London and in the provinces. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADV. </U><B> still | no longer | somehow </B><I>Despite the decay the mosque somehow retained a profound grandeur. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> VERB + RETAIN </U><B> be keen to, hope to, want to, wish to | attempt to, seek to, struggle to, try to </B><I>He struggled to retain control of the situation. </i><br><B>| manage to | help (to) | be allowed to, be entitled to, have the right to </B><I>He was allowed to retain his parliamentary seat. </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> as </B><I>The president retained her as his chief adviser. </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> enormous | limited </B><I>The company's manufacturing capability is quite limited. </i><br><B>| potential | proven </B><I>the proven capability of this technology </i><br><B>| human </B><I>beyond the scope of human capability </i><br><B>| intellectual, mental | technical, technological | manufacturing, production | research | computing, design, graphics, multimedia, networking, printing, processing, sound, video | defence, fighting, military, missile, nuclear, offensive, weapons </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + CAPABILITY </U><B> have </B><I>She has the capability to become a very fine actress. </i><br><B>| increase </B><I>The government wants to increase its military capability. </i><br><B>| lose </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> beyond your ~ </B><I>Organizing a whole department is beyond his capability. </i><br><B>| within your ~ </B><I>I'm sure that your new job is well within your capabilities. </i><br><B>| ~ for </B><I>her capability for making sensible decisions </i><br> </P>",
"<P> <U> ADJ. </U><B> complete, considerable, drastic, extensive, fundamental, major, radical, substantial, thorough | minor | constant, frequent | downward, upward </B><I>an upward revision of government expenditure plans </i><br><B>| policy, treaty </B> </P> <P> <U> VERB + REVISION </U><B> propose, recommend, suggest | call for, demand </B><I>They called for revisions to the treaty. </i><br><B>| be open to, be subject to </B><I>Our conclusions are always open to revision in the light of fresh evidence. </i><br><B>| undergo </B><I>The scheme has recently undergone drastic revision. </i><br><B>| agree (to), announce, approve </B><I>In October Parliament approved a revision of the budget. </i><br><B>| bring about, lead to, result in | carry out, complete, conduct, make, undertake </B> </P> <P> <U> PREP. </U><B> ~ in </B><I>This has brought about a radical revision in the style of school management. </i><br><B>| ~ to </B><I>revisions to the plan </i><br> </P> <P> <U> PHRASES </U><B> the process of revision </B><I>The process of revision continued at rehearsals. </i><br> </P>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> basic, central, essential, important, key, main, major, significant | conspicuous, distinctive, distinguishing, dominant, notable, noteworthy, noticeable, predominant, prominent </b><i>a distinctive feature of his poems </i><br><br><b>| outstanding, remarkable, striking | attractive, endearing, eye-catching | interesting, special, unusual | salient </b><i>He took me around our new offices, pointing out all the salient features. </i><br><br><b>| useful | characteristic, typical | unique | common </b><i>the common feature in all these cases </i><br><br><b>| permanent, regular </b><i>These walks became a regular feature of his day. </i><br><br><b>| recurring </b><i>Self-deprecation is a recurring feature as Stevenson talks. </i><br><br><b>| redeeming </b><i>The one redeeming feature of the scheme was its low cost to the council. </i><br><br><b>| original </b><i>The house retains most of its original features. </i><br><br><b>| built-in | additional | constructional, design, physical, structural | energy-saving, safety </b><i>a car with new built-in safety features </i><br><br> </p>\n<p> <u> VERB + FEATURE </u><b> have </b><i>The site had a number of interesting features. </i><br><br><b>| retain | point out </b> </p>\n<p> <u> FEATURE + VERB </u><b> distinguish sth </b><i>the essential feature that distinguishes anorexia nervosa from other eating disorders </i><br><br><b>| characterize sth </b><i>A feature that characterizes all anteaters is an extremely slow metabolic rate. </i><br><br><b>| include sth </b><i>Special features include passenger airbags and an electric sunroof. </i><br><br> </p>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> handsome | delicate, fine | rugged </b><i>admiring his rugged features </i><br><br><b>| chiselled </b><i>a slim figure with strongly chiselled features </i><br><br><b>| aquiline, hawk-like | facial </b> </p>\n<p> <u> VERB + FEATURE </u><b> have </b><i>She's got very delicate features. </i><br><br> </p>\n<p> <u> PREP. </u><b> with ~ </b><i>a young woman with fine features </i><br><br> </p>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> big, major, special | regular </b><i>The magazine runs a regular feature on ethnic cooking. </i><br><br><b>| in-depth </b> </p>\n<p> <u> VERB + FEATURE </u><b> do, have, publish, run </b><i>Next month they will publish a special feature on computer books. </i><br><br> </p>\n<p> <u> FEATURE + NOUN </u><b> writer </b> </p>\n<p> <u> PREP. </u><b> ~ on </b><i>an in-depth feature on the Italian fashion scene </i><br><br> </p>\n",
"<p> <u> VERBS </u><b> be </b> </p>\n<p> <u> ADV. </u><b> deeply, heavily </b><i>those who are deeply engaged in party politics </i><br><br><b>| fully, totally | largely, mainly, primarily | directly | constantly | currently | actively, busily | otherwise </b><i>I'm afraid Mr Wilson cannot see you now as he is otherwise engaged. </i><br><br> </p>\n<p> <u> PREP. </u><b> in </b><i>She was engaged in conversation with a client. </i><br><br><b>| on </b><i>He is actively engaged on several projects. </i><br><br><b>| with </b><i>Mrs Scott is engaged with a customer at the moment. </i><br><br> </p>",
"<p> <u> VERBS </u><b> be | become, get </b><i>The couple got engaged last month. </i><br><br> </p>\n<p> <u> PREP. </u><b> to </b><i>She's engaged to an actor. </i><br><br> </p>",
"<p> <u> VERBS </u><b> be | become </b> </p>\n<p> <u> ADV. </u><b> highly | largely | partly </b> </p>\n<p> <u> PREP. </u><b> in </b><i>They were highly instrumental in bringing the business to Newtown. </i><br><br> </p>\n",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> false, unfounded, unsubstantiated | conflicting </b><i>There are conflicting claims about the cause of the fire. </i><br><br><b>| absurd, astonishing, extravagant,\ngrandiose </b> </p>\n<p> <u> VERB + CLAIM </u><b> make </b><i>The company had made false claims about its products. I make no claim to understand modern art. </i><br><br><b>| accept </b><i>They accepted her\nclaim that she had been ill-treated. </i><br><br><b>| challenge | deny, dismiss, dispute, reject </b><i>Claims of a cover-up were dismissed. </i><br><br><b>| back up, substantiate, support </b><i>They were able to produce witnesses to support their claim. </i><br><br><b>| investigate </b> </p>\n<p> <u> PREP. </u><b> ~ about </b><i>to investigate claims about appalling prison conditions </i><br><br><b>| ~ of </b><i>Claims of corruption within the police force were denied. </i><br><br> </p>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> large, small | excessive </b><i>excessive wage claims </i><br><br><b>| legal, legitimate | bogus, fraudulent </b><i>Police are investigating fraudulent claims for fire damage. </i><br><br><b>| accident, compensation, damage/damages, insurance, pay, wage | civil </b><i>to file a civil claim for damages </i><br><br> </p>\n<p> <u> VERB + CLAIM </u><b> bring, file, lodge, make, put forward/in, submit </b><i>She brought a claim for damages against the company. </i><br><br><b>| drop, waive, withdraw | investigage | allow, uphold </b><i>His claim for compensation was upheld in court. </i><br><br> <b>| dismiss | win | meet, pay, settle </b><i>We will need extra funds to meet all the insurance claims. </i><br><br> </p>\n<p> <u> CLAIM + VERB </u><b> arise </b><i>claims arising out of accidents at work </i><br><br><b>| fail </b><i>The claim failed because the company had not been misled. </i><br><br> </p>\n<p> <u> CLAIM + NOUN </u><b> form </b> </p>\n<p> <u> PREP. </u><b> ~ against </b><i>claims against the company for breach of contract </i><br><br><b>| ~ for </b><i>a claim for compensation </i><br><br><b>| ~ on </b><i>to make a claim on your insurance policy I have many claims on my time. </i><br><br> </p>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> good, strong | competing, rival </b><i>competing claims for public money </i><br><br><b>| prior </b><i>She had a prior claim on his affections. </i><br><br><b>| moral | territorial </b> </p>\n<p> <u> VERB + CLAIM </u><b> have </b><i>He has a good claim to the land. </i><br><br><b>| assert, lay, press, stake </b><i>Four men laid claim to leadership of the country. to stake a claim to some of the prize money </i><br><br><b>| establish, prove </b><i>You will have to prove your claim to the property in a court of law. </i><br><br><b>| relinquish, renounce, withdraw </b> </p>\n<p> <u> PREP. </u><b> ~ on </b><i>His children have a claim on his estate. </i><br><br><b>| ~ to </b><i>She renounced her claim to the property. </i><br><br> </p>",
"<p> <u> VERBS </u><b> be </b> </p>\n<p> <u> ADV. </u><b> far, greatly, well </b><i>The disease was too far advanced for doctors to operate. </i><br><br><b>| fairly, quite | further</b> </p>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> big, considerable, great, important, invaluable, precious, priceless, real, tremendous, useful, valuable </b><i>The teachers are the school's biggest asset. </i><br><br><b>| best, main, major, principal, prize | cultural </b><i>The tourist industry requires that the country's cultural assets be made more accessible. </i><br><br><b>| natural </b><i>Bow windows are a natural asset to any room and should be highlighted. </i><br><br> </p>\n<p> <u> PREP. </u><b> ~ to </b><i>She will be an asset to any school she attends. </i><br><br> </p>",
"<p> <u> ADJ. </u><b> combined, total | gross | net </b><i>The company's net assets are worth millions. </i><br><br><b>| business, company, corporate | commercial, financial | current, disposable, liquid </b><i>Liquid assets can be sold more quickly. </i><br><br><b>| capital, fixed, non-cash, non-monetary, physical, property | tangible | intangible | depreciable, wasting | hidden </b><i>They have hidden assets in banks around the world. </i><br><br><b>| foreign, overseas | personal | national, public, state </b> </p>\n<p> <u> VERB + ASSET </u><b> have, hold, own, possess </b><i>assets held by the company in Asia </i><br><br><b>| transfer </b><i>He transferred all his assets into his wife's name. </i><br><br><b>| accumulate, acquire, buy | dispose of, realize, sell </b><i>The business disposed of all its capital assets. </i><br><br><b>| increase, reduce </b><i>The company has increased its UK assets. </i><br><br><b>| freeze </b><i>The courts can order a company's assets to be frozen. </i><br><br><b>| release, unfreeze </b> </p>\n<p> <u> ASSET + VERB </u><b> appreciate, grow </b><i>Net assets have grown to $169 million. </i><br><br><b>| decline, depreciate, dwindle </b> </p>\n<p> <u> ASSET + NOUN </u><b> value | management | sale | stripping </b><i>measures to prevent asset stripping </i><br><br> </p>\n<p> <u> PHRASES </u><b> assets and liabilities</b> </p>",
